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Li H, Mao G, Carlson J, Leng SX. A novel flow cytometry-based tool for determining the efficiency of human cytomegalovirus infection in THP-1 derived macrophages. J Virol Methods 2015; 221:127-30. [PMID: 25958130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes congenital infection and severe infections in immunocompromised patients. Chronic hCMV infection may also play an important role in immunosenescence and adverse health outcomes in older adults. THP-1, a human monocytic cell line and its derived macrophages serve as a useful cell culture model for mechanistic studies of hCMV infection and its underlying biology. A major methodological challenge is the lack of a quick and reliable tool to accurately determine the efficiency of hCMV infection in THP-1 derived macrophages. In this study, we developed a flow cytometry based method using commercially available monoclonal antibody (MAb) against hCMV immediate early (IE) antigen that can accurately determine infection efficiency. We used 0.5% formaldehyde for fixation, 90% methanol for permeabilization, and incubation with FITC conjugated MAb at 37°C. The method was tested by hCMV infection with laboratory Towne strain in the presence or absence of hydrocortisone. It was also compared with the routine flow cytometry protocol using Cytofix/Cytoperm solution and with immunofluorescence. The results indicate that this new method is reliable and time saving for accurate determination of infection efficiency. It may facilitate further investigations into the underlying biological mechanisms of hCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Genxiang Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Joshua Carlson
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Abstract
Since the early 1990s, great efforts have been made in the field of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) diagnosis. Besides HCMV diagnosis in immunosuppressed patients (solid organ transplant recipients, hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients and AIDS patients), diagnosis in connection with congenital HCMV infection is of great interest. This review focuses on the development and clinical utility of serological assays, as well as on virological tests (molecular and nonmolecular assays). Interpretation of these tests is strongly dependent on the patient group (solid organ transplant recipients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients) and whether the tests are used for screening, risk stratification or diagnosis. Furthermore, a better understanding of HCMV infection has led to new approaches in HCMV diagnosis and monitoring. Thus, assays for viral resistance testing and assays for monitoring the HCMV-specific cellular immune response are increasingly important for the guidance of antiviral therapy.
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Daikoku T, Saito K, Aihara T, Ikeda M, Takahashi Y, Hosoi H, Nishida T, Takemoto M, Shiraki K. Rapid detection of human cytomegalovirus UL97 and UL54 mutations for antiviral resistance in clinical specimens. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:396-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Daikoku
- Department of Virology; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani; Toyama; 930-0194; Japan
| | - Kazuhide Saito
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University; 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo Ku; Niigata; 951-8510; Japan
| | - Takamitsu Aihara
- Department of Virology; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani; Toyama; 930-0194; Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikeda
- Division of Urology, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University; 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo Ku; Niigata; 951-8510; Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya; 466-8550; Japan
| | - Hiroki Hosoi
- Department of Hematology/Oncology; Wakayama Medical University; 811-1 Kimiidera; Wakayama; 641-8519; Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nishida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku; Nagoya; 466-8550; Japan
| | - Masaya Takemoto
- Department of Virology; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani; Toyama; 930-0194; Japan
| | - Kimiyasu Shiraki
- Department of Virology; University of Toyama; 2630 Sugitani; Toyama; 930-0194; Japan
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Jung GS, Kim YY, Kim JI, Ji GY, Jeon JS, Yoon HW, Lee GC, Ahn JH, Lee KM, Lee CH. Full genome sequencing and analysis of human cytomegalovirus strain JHC isolated from a Korean patient. Virus Res 2011; 156:113-20. [PMID: 21255625 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen and contains double stranded DNA genome with approximately 230 kbp. Because of its huge size, comparative genomic studies of HCMV genome have been limited. In this study it was attempted to obtain and analyze the full genome sequence from clinical isolate from Korea. The strain JHC was isolated from Korean patient undergoing bone marrow transplantation who exhibited resistance to ganciclovir treatment (Lee et al., 2005). The virus was plaque-purified, and the full genome sequence was determined by pyrosequencing technique. The JHC genome was found to contain 235,476 bp and 165 open reading frames (ORFs). Comparison with the full genome nucleotide sequences of 11 other HCMV strains suggest that JHC is not closely related with any other strains at genome level. As expected, JHC lacked IRL sequences found in lab-adapted AD169-varUK strain and this region was replaced by ORFs UL133-UL150 as in other clinical isolates. Two ORFs (UL1 and UL119) of the strain JHC were found to be truncated due to early stop codons, and RL6 contains an unusual start codon TTG. The strain JHC contains all the genetic information for micro RNAs known to be present in HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyoo Seung Jung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Chungbuk National University, 410 Seongbong-Ro, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
The study of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antiviral drug resistance has enhanced knowledge of the virological targets and the mechanisms of antiviral activity. The currently approved drugs, ganciclovir (GCV), foscarnet (FOS), and cidofovir (CDV), target the viral DNA polymerase. GCV anabolism also requires phosphorylation by the virus-encoded UL97 kinase. GCV resistance mutations have been identified in both genes, while FOS and CDV mutations occur only in the DNA polymerase gene. Confirmation of resistance mutations requires phenotypic analysis; however, phenotypic assays are too time-consuming for diagnostic purposes. Genotypic assays based on sequencing provide more rapid results but are dependent on prior validation by phenotypic methods. Reports from many laboratories have produced an evolving list of confirmed resistance mutations, although differences in interpretation have led to some confusion. Recombinant phenotyping methods performed in a few research laboratories have resolved some of the conflicting results. Treatment options for drug-resistant HCMV infections are complex and have not been subjected to controlled clinical trials, although consensus guidelines have been proposed. This review summarizes the virological and clinical data pertaining to HCMV antiviral drug resistance.
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Choi SM, Lee DG, Park SH, Kim SH, Kim YJ, Min CK, Kim HJ, Lee S, Choi JH, Yoo JH, Kim DW, Lee JW, Min WS, Shin WS, Kim CC. Characteristics of Cytomegalovirus Diseases among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients : A 10-year Experience at an University Hospital in Korea. Infect Chemother 2009. [DOI: 10.3947/ic.2009.41.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mi Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si-Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Je Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan-Shik Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun-Choo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Schnepf N, Boiteau N, Petit F, Alain S, Sanson-Le Pors MJ, Mazeron MC. Rapid determination of antiviral drug susceptibility of human cytomegalovirus by real-time PCR. Antiviral Res 2008; 81:64-7. [PMID: 18992772 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative real-time PCR-based assay was developed for determination of cytomegalovirus (HCMV) susceptibility to antiviral drugs. After HCMV isolate-growth for 4 days, antiviral drug susceptibility was determined by measuring the reduction of intracellular HCMV DNA in the presence of increasing concentrations of either ganciclovir, or foscarnet or cidofovir. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) was the drug concentration that reduced the number of HCMV genome copies by 50%. The IC(50) values were measured for seven HCMV reference strains sensitive or resistant to one or more antiviral drugs. The antiviral susceptibility of 21 HCMV isolates was then tested and the results were consistent with prior determination of their phenotype and/or genotype by plaque reduction assay and sequencing. The real-time PCR susceptibility assay reported here was found to be highly reproducible, simpler to perform than the plaque reduction assay, and amenable to use in the routine diagnostic virology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Schnepf
- AP-HP, Hôpital Lariboisière, Service de Bactériologie-Virologie, Laboratoire Associé au Centre National de Référence du cytomégalovirus, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris cedex 10, France
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Fluorescence-based antiviral assay for the evaluation of compounds against vaccinia virus, varicella zoster virus and human cytomegalovirus. J Virol Methods 2008; 151:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2008.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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