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Faulstich M, Hagen F, Avota E, Kozjak-Pavlovic V, Winkler AC, Xian Y, Schneider-Schaulies S, Rudel T. Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 is a key factor for PorB-dependent invasion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:241-53. [PMID: 25224994 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI) is a rare but serious complication caused by the spread of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the human host. Gonococci associated with DGI mainly express the outer membrane protein PorBIA that binds to the scavenger receptor expressed on endothelial cells (SREC-I) and mediates bacterial uptake. We recently demonstrated that this interaction relies on intact membrane rafts that acquire SREC-I upon attachment of gonococci and initiates the signalling cascade that finally leads to the uptake of gonococci in epithelial cells. In this study, we analysed the role of sphingomyelinases and their breakdown product ceramide. Gonococcal infection induced increased levels of ceramide that was enriched at bacterial attachment sites. Interestingly, neutral but not acid sphingomyelinase was mandatory for PorBIA -mediated invasion into host cells. Neutral sphingomyelinase was required to recruit the PI3 kinase to caveolin and thereby activates the PI3 kinase-dependent downstream signalling leading to bacterial uptake. Thus, this study elucidates the initial signalling processes of bacterial invasion during DGI and demonstrates a novel role for neutral sphingomyelinase in the course of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Faulstich
- Department of Microbiology, University of Würzburg Biocenter, Würzburg, Germany
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Review and international recommendation of methods for typing neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates and their implications for improved knowledge of gonococcal epidemiology, treatment, and biology. Clin Microbiol Rev 2011; 24:447-58. [PMID: 21734242 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00040-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonorrhea, which may become untreatable due to multiple resistance to available antibiotics, remains a public health problem worldwide. Precise methods for typing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, together with epidemiological information, are crucial for an enhanced understanding regarding issues involving epidemiology, test of cure and contact tracing, identifying core groups and risk behaviors, and recommending effective antimicrobial treatment, control, and preventive measures. This review evaluates methods for typing N. gonorrhoeae isolates and recommends various methods for different situations. Phenotypic typing methods, as well as some now-outdated DNA-based methods, have limited usefulness in differentiating between strains of N. gonorrhoeae. Genotypic methods based on DNA sequencing are preferred, and the selection of the appropriate genotypic method should be guided by its performance characteristics and whether short-term epidemiology (microepidemiology) or long-term and/or global epidemiology (macroepidemiology) matters are being investigated. Currently, for microepidemiological questions, the best methods for fast, objective, portable, highly discriminatory, reproducible, typeable, and high-throughput characterization are N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) or full- or extended-length porB gene sequencing. However, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and Opa typing can be valuable in specific situations, i.e., extreme microepidemiology, despite their limitations. For macroepidemiological studies and phylogenetic studies, DNA sequencing of chromosomal housekeeping genes, such as multilocus sequence typing (MLST), provides a more nuanced understanding.
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Sun A, Fan X, Gu Y, Du P, Tang R, Mao Y, Lin X, Yan J. Predominant porB1A and porB1B genotypes and correlation of gene mutations with drug resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Eastern China. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:323. [PMID: 21067570 PMCID: PMC2992536 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations of porB1A and porB1B genes and their serotypes exist in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from different geographical areas, and some site mutations in the porB1B gene correlate with drug resistance. METHODS The β-lactamase production of N. gonorrhoeae isolates was determined by paper acidometric test and nitrocefin discs. The porB1A and porB1B genes of 315 non-penicillinase-producting N. gonorrhoeae (non-PPNG) strains were amplified by PCR for sequencing to determine serotypes and site mutations. A duplex PCR was designed to simultaneously detect both porB1A and porB1B genes. Penicillin and tetracycline resistance was assessed by an in vitro drug sensitivity test. RESULTS Of the N. gonorrhoeae isolates, 31.1% tested positive for porB1A and 68.9% for porB1B genes. All the 98 porB1A+ isolates belonging to IA6 serotype with either no mutation at the 120 and 121 sites (88.8%) or a D120G (11.2%) mutation and were no resistance to both penicillin and tetracycline. Among the 217 porB1B+ isolates, 26.7%, 22.6% and 11.5% belonged to IB3, IB3/6 and IB4 serotypes, respectively. Particularly, two novel chimeric serotypes, IB3/6-IB2 and IB2-IB4-IB2, were found in 77 and 8 porB1B+ isolates. Two hundred and twelve (97.7%) of the porB1B+ isolates were presented G120 and/or A121 mutations with 163 (76.9%) at both sites. Interestingly, within the 77 porB1B+ isolates belonging to IB3/6-IB2 serotype, 15 were discovered to possess novel deletions at both A121 and N122 sites. All the replacement mutations at these sites in PorB1B were correlated with resistance and the deletion mutation showed the highest resistance. CONCLUSION N. gonorrhoeae isolates circulating in Eastern China include a sole PorB1A serotype (IA6) and five PorB1B serotypes. Multiple mutations in porB1B genes, including novel A121 and N122 deletions, are correlated with high levels of penicillin and tetracycline resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Sun
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, 310053 Zhejiang Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingli Fan
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, 310053 Zhejiang Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Gu
- College of Foreign Languages, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Zhejiang 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Du
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Medical College, 310053 Zhejiang Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Xuzhou Medical College, Jiangsu 221009, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yafei Mao
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuai Lin
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Division of Basic Medical Microbiology, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310003, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310058, Hangzhou, China
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Molecular Typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates by Opa-Typing and Ribotyping in New Delhi, India. Int J Microbiol 2009; 2009:934823. [PMID: 20016674 PMCID: PMC2775202 DOI: 10.1155/2009/934823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Control and preventive measures for gonococcal infections are based on precise epidemiological characteristics of N. gonorrhoeae isolates. In the present study the potential utility of opa-typing and ribotyping for molecular epidemiological study of consecutive gonococcal strains was determined. Sixty gonococcal isolates were subjected to ribotyping with two restriction enzymes, AvaII and HincII, and opa-typing with TaqI and HpaII for epidemiological characterization of gonococcal population. Ribotyping with AvaII yielded 6 ribotype patterns while twelve RFLP patterns were observed with HincII. Opa-typing of the 60 isolates revealed a total 54 opa-types, which 48 were unique and 6 formed clusters. Fifty-two opa-types were observed with TaqI-digested PCR product while opa-typing with HpaII demonstrated 54 opa-types. The opa-types from isolates that were epidemiologically unrelated were distinct, whereas those from the sexual contacts were identical. The results showed that opa-typing is highly useful for characterizing gonococcal strains from sexual contacts and has more discriminatory than ribotyping that could differentiate between gonococci of the same ribotype. The technique even with a single restriction enzyme has a high level of discrimination (99.9%) between epidemiologically unrelated isolates. In conclusion, the molecular methods such as opa-typing and ribotyping can be used for epidemiological characterization of gonococcal strains.
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Comparison of Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing and porB sequence analysis for identification of clusters of N. gonorrhoeae isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 47:489-91. [PMID: 19052176 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01612-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
porB DNA sequence analysis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) methods were compared for their abilities to discriminate strains and to identify epidemiologically congruent pairs of N. gonorrhoeae. Both methods provided high-level discrimination of strains. NG-MAST further differentiated large porB-based clusters. However, considerations of cost suggest that porB DNA sequence analysis is a useful tool for preliminary molecular analysis of the epidemiology of N. gonorrhoeae.
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Phenotypic and genotypic analyses of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates that express frequently recovered PorB PIA variable region types suggest that certain P1a porin sequences confer a selective advantage for urogenital tract infection. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3700-9. [PMID: 18541655 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00265-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Typing of the porB variable region (VR) is an epidemiological tool that classifies gonococcal strains based on sequence differences in regions of the porB gene that encode surface-exposed loops. The frequent isolation of certain porB VR types suggests that some porin sequences confer a selective advantage during infection and/or transmission. Alternatively, certain porin types may be markers of strains that are successful due to factors unrelated to porin. In support of the first hypothesis, here we show urogenital tract isolates representing the most common PIA VR types identified in an urban clinic in Baltimore, MD, over a 10-year period belonged to several different clonal types, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Serum resistance, which was confirmed by factor H and C4b-binding protein binding studies, was more often associated with gonococcal the most common VR types. In contrast, three porin-independent phenotypes, namely, lactoferrin utilization, beta-lactamase production, and multiple transferable resistance (Mtr), were segregated with the PFGE cluster and not with the VR type. Data combined with another PIA strain collection showed a strong correlation between serum resistance and the most common VR types. A comparison of VR typing hybridization patterns and nucleotide sequences of 12 porB1a genes suggests that certain porin loop 1, 3, 6, and/or 7 sequences may play a role in the serum resistance phenotype. We conclude that some PorB PIA sequences confer a survival or transmission advantage in the urogenital tract, perhaps via increased resistance to complement-mediated killing. The capacity of some porin types to evade a porin-specific adaptive immune response must also be considered.
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Liao M, Bell K, Gu WM, Yang Y, Eng NF, Fu W, Wu L, Zhang CG, Chen Y, Jolly AM, Dillon JAR. Clusters of circulating Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains and association with antimicrobial resistance in Shanghai. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61:478-87. [PMID: 18227091 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (i) To distinguish Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Shanghai by porB typing; (ii) to ascertain the congruence of porB DNA sequence typing with cases linked epidemiologically; (iii) to determine the association of specific PorB mutations with antimicrobial resistance to penicillin or tetracycline. METHODS porB DNA sequences of 174 N. gonorrhoeae isolates, collected from 143 male patients and 31 female sexual partners in Shanghai were determined. Phylogenetic analysis was used to determine sequence associations and concordance with epidemiologically linked cases. PorB protein sequences were compared with the wild-type sequence to identify mutations associated with antimicrobial resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. RESULTS porB1a genotypes comprised 27.0% of the isolates and included 15 distinct DNA sequences, while 73.0% of the isolates carried porB1b genotypes with 63 distinct DNA sequences. porB DNA sequence typing was congruent with patient-reported sexual contacts. In addition, porB DNA sequence analysis revealed a number of strains with identical DNA sequences not identified through traditional epidemiological methods. The porB1b isolates had a significantly higher percentage of chromosomally mediated resistance to tetracycline and higher MIC50s to penicillin and ciprofloxacin. G120K/A121D mutations were observed in 71.1% of PIB isolates and were associated with resistance to penicillin and/or tetracycline. The majority of the PIA isolates (82.1%) also carried G120D/A121G double mutations. The index of discrimination for porB DNA sequence analysis was 95%. CONCLUSIONS The porB1b genotype was found to be predominant in Shanghai. porB DNA sequence typing was sufficiently discriminatory for differentiating N. gonorrhoeae isolates and was congruent with epidemiological linkages. Novel porB sequences of N. gonorrhoeae and novel mutations of PorB proteins were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Liao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E3
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Tapsall J, Whiley D, Sloots T. Applications of molecular testing in clinical laboratories for the diagnosis and control of gonorrhea. Future Microbiol 2007; 1:317-24. [PMID: 17661644 DOI: 10.2217/17460913.1.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for enhanced diagnosis and control of gonococcal infection through the application of advances in molecular medicine is now being realized. However, the introduction of diagnostic nucleic acid amplification assays (NAATs) revealed some significant limitations of these applications. Resolution of some, but not all, of these problems has led to recommendations for refined testing algorithms and a better recognition and acceptance of the limitations of NAATs. Resource restriction has limited the use of diagnostic NAATs, especially in less-developed countries where disease rates are highest. However, NAATs have also proved useful in public health approaches to gonorrhea control in all settings. Additional applications including molecular typing of gonococci to identify and interrupt gonococcal transmission chains and definition of antimicrobial resistance patterns in the gonococcus have been proposed. These approaches, especially those for antimicrobial resistance determination, have been less successful for a number of reasons, including their cost and other unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tapsall
- The Prince of Wales Hospital, WHO Collaborating Centre for STD & HIV, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Randwick, Sydney, Australia.
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Ling A, Bash M, Lynn F, Lister N, Zhu P, Garland S, Fairley C, Tabrizi S. Evaluation of PorB variable region typing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae using PCR-ELISA in samples collected from men who have sex with men. J Clin Lab Anal 2007; 21:237-43. [PMID: 17621363 PMCID: PMC6649155 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.20173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methodology was developed to characterize Neisseria gonorrhoeae porB gene variable regions (VR); the methodology was evaluated in comparison to porB VR typing by checkerboard hybridization. Clinical noncultured samples from 35 men who have sex with men (MSM), positive by nucleic amplification assays for N. gonorrhoeae, were typed using a panel of 40 oligonucleotide probes to porB VRs and compared to checkerboard hybridization. Complete concordance was observed between the two methods at PIB VRs 1, 3, and 7. At the more degenerate VRs 5 and 6, PCR ELISA resulted in obtaining more typeable VRs than checkerboard hybridization due to single nucleotide mismatches. By PCR ELISA, two predominant PIB porB types were identified in 58% of the samples and the remaining 16 samples had one of six other porB types. Both PCR ELISA and checkerboard hybridization methods of porB VR typing allowed characterization of N. gonorrhoeae from noncultured clinical samples including throat and rectal swabs and discriminated N. gonorrhoeae from N. meningitidis present in some of the samples. PCR ELISA is a rapid, relatively inexpensive and alternative molecular typing method for N. gonorrhoeae, suitable for use in conjunction with molecular diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M.C. Bash
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - F. Lynn
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - N.A. Lister
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P. Zhu
- Creatv MicroTech, Inc., Potomac, Maryland
| | - S.M. Garland
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - C.K. Fairley
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S.N. Tabrizi
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Bennett JS, Jolley KA, Sparling PF, Saunders NJ, Hart CA, Feavers IM, Maiden MCJ. Species status of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: evolutionary and epidemiological inferences from multilocus sequence typing. BMC Biol 2007; 5:35. [PMID: 17825091 PMCID: PMC2031879 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-5-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Various typing methods have been developed for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, but none provide the combination of discrimination, reproducibility, portability, and genetic inference that allows the analysis of all aspects of the epidemiology of this pathogen from a single data set. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) has been used successfully to characterize the related organisms Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria lactamica. Here, the same seven locus Neisseria scheme was used to characterize a diverse collection of N. gonorrhoeae isolates to investigate whether this method would allow differentiation among isolates, and to distinguish these three species. Results A total of 149 gonococcal isolates were typed and submitted to the Neisseria MLST database. Although relatively few (27) polymorphisms were detected among the seven MLST loci, a total of 66 unique allele combinations (sequence types, STs), were observed, a number comparable to that seen among isolate collections of the more diverse meningococcus. Patterns of genetic variation were consistent with high levels of recombination generating this diversity. There was no evidence for geographical structuring among the isolates examined, with isolates collected in Liverpool, UK, showing levels of diversity similar to a global collection of isolates. There was, however, evidence that populations of N. meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae and N. lactamica were distinct, with little support for frequent genetic recombination among these species, with the sequences from the gdh locus alone grouping the species into distinct clusters. Conclusion The seven loci Neisseria MLST scheme was readily adapted to N. gonorrhoeae isolates, providing a highly discriminatory typing method. In addition, these data permitted phylogenetic and population genetic inferences to be made, including direct comparisons with N. meningitidis and N. lactamica. Examination of these data demonstrated that alleles were rarely shared among the three species. Analysis of variation at a single locus, gdh, provided a rapid means of identifying misclassified isolates and determining whether mixed cultures were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Bennett
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Keith A Jolley
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - P Frederick Sparling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nigel J Saunders
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - C Anthony Hart
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Genitourinary Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Ian M Feavers
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Martin CJ Maiden
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
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Lindbäck E, Islam S, Unemo M, Lang C, Wretlind B. Transformation of ciprofloxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae gyrA, parE and porB1b genes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 28:206-11. [PMID: 16872806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In several transformation experiments, we have shown that introduction of an alteration in GyrA at position 95 of a ciprofloxacin-susceptible Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.008 mg/L) increases the MIC to 0.064 mg/L. Two alterations (positions 91 and 95) increase the MIC to 0.125-0.25 mg/L. Transformants with ciprofloxacin MICs of 0.5-16 mg/L were obtained from a moderately ciprofloxacin-resistant strain (MIC 0.25 mg/L). These transformants had alterations in the gene for PorB1b and probably other genes. In one transformant, an alteration in ParE was also introduced, which probably contributed to ciprofloxacin resistance. The ciprofloxacin-resistant transformants had the donor porB1b sequence, and most of them also had altered serovars. We conclude that alterations in N. gonorrhoeae PorB1b could be involved in ciprofloxacin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lindbäck
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, F82 Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a common cause of genitourinary sexually transmitted infections. N. gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen that has evidence of tissue-specific host interactions and diverse extragenital manifestations of infection both in adult and pediatric populations. The clinical presentation of extragenital gonorrhea, diagnostic methods, treatment and preventive measures are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Spencer
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, HFM-428, 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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