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Chew R, Tozer S, Ulett K, Paterson DL, Whiley D, Sloots T, Fielding D, Zappala C, Bashirzadeh F, Hundloe J, Bletchley C, Woods ML. Comparing Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing of Nasopharyngeal Swab and Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens for the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae071. [PMID: 38444816 PMCID: PMC10913836 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Using nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples instead of lower respiratory tract specimens for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) may be better tolerated and improve diagnostic accessibility. In this 2-year Australian retrospective cohort study of patients with clinically suspected PJP, P jirovecii PCR on NP swab samples had perfect specificity but low sensitivity (0.66).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusheng Chew
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mathematical and Economic Modelling Department, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberly Ulett
- Department of Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - David L Paterson
- Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Whiley
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Fielding
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher Zappala
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Farzad Bashirzadeh
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin Hundloe
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cheryl Bletchley
- Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marion L Woods
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Tozer S, Wood C, Si D, Nissen M, Sloots T, Lambert S. The improving state of Q fever surveillance. A review of Queensland notifications, 2003-2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44. [PMID: 32536338 DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2020.44.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is a notifiable zoonotic disease in Australia, caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii. This study has reviewed 2,838 Q fever notifications reported in Queensland between 2003 and 2017 presenting descriptive analyses, with counts, rates, and proportions. For this study period, Queensland accounted for 43% of the Australian national Q fever notifications. Enhanced surveillance follow-up of Q fever cases through Queensland Public Health Units was implemented in 2012, which improved the data collected for occupational risk exposures and animal contacts. For 2013-2017, forty-nine percent (377/774) of cases with an identifiable occupational group would be considered high risk for Q fever. The most common identifiable occupational group was agricultural/farming (31%). For the same period, at-risk environmental exposures were identified in 82% (961/1,170) of notifications; at-risk animal-related exposures were identified in 52% (612/1,170) of notifications; abattoir exposure was identified in 7% of notifications. This study has shown that the improved follow-up of Q fever cases since 2012 has been effective in the identification of possible exposure pathways for Q fever transmission. This improved surveillance has highlighted the need for further education and heightened awareness of Q fever risk for all people living in Queensland, not just those in previously-considered high risk occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tozer
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, Lady Cilento Research Precinct, South Brisbane, Queensland; Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland
| | - Caitlin Wood
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, Lady Cilento Research Precinct, South Brisbane, Queensland; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland
| | - Damin Si
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Prevention Division, Department of Health, Queensland Government
| | - Michael Nissen
- Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland; Director of Scientific Affairs & Public Health, GSK Vaccines Intercontinental, Singapore
| | - Theo Sloots
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, Lady Cilento Research Precinct, South Brisbane, Queensland; Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Stephen Lambert
- Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland
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Li-Kim-Moy JP, Yin JK, Heron L, Leask J, Lambert SB, Nissen M, Sloots T, Booy R. Influenza vaccine efficacy in young children attending childcare: A randomised controlled trial. J Paediatr Child Health 2017; 53:47-54. [PMID: 27592696 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM Influenza causes a substantial burden in young children. Vaccine efficacy (VE) data are limited in this age group. We examined trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) efficacy and safety in young children attending childcare. METHODS A double-blind, randomised controlled trial in children aged 6 to <48 months was conducted with recruitment from Sydney childcare centres in 2011. Children were randomised to receive two doses of TIV or control hepatitis A vaccine. Efficacy was evaluated against polymerase chain reaction-confirmed influenza using parent-collected nose/throat swabs during influenza-like-illness. Safety outcomes were assessed during 6 months of follow-up. RESULTS Fifty-seven children were allocated to influenza vaccine and 67 to control; all completed the study. The influenza attack rate was 1.8 vs 13.4% in the TIV and control groups, respectively; VE 87% (95%CI: 0-98%). For children aged 24 to <48 months, 0 vs 8 (18.6%) influenza infections occurred in the TIV and control groups respectively, giving a VE of 100% (16-100%). Efficacy was not shown in children 6 to <24 months, probably due to insufficient power. Injection site and systemic adverse events were mostly mild to moderate with no significant differences, apart from more mild diarrhoea following dose 2 in TIV recipients (11.8 vs 0%). CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccine appeared efficacious in the subgroup of children aged 24 to <48 months, although caution is required due to the small number of participants. There were no serious adverse events and most parents would vaccinate again. Influenza vaccination in a childcare setting could be valuable and a larger confirmatory study would be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean P Li-Kim-Moy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jiehui K Yin
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Leon Heron
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Leask
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Nissen
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Children's Health Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Mowlaboccus S, Perkins TT, Smith H, Sloots T, Tozer S, Prempeh LJ, Tay CY, Peters F, Speers D, Keil AD, Kahler CM. Temporal Changes in BEXSERO® Antigen Sequence Type Associated with Genetic Lineages of Neisseria meningitidis over a 15-Year Period in Western Australia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158315. [PMID: 27355628 PMCID: PMC4927168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is the causative agent of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). The BEXSERO® vaccine which is used to prevent serogroup B disease is composed of four sub-capsular protein antigens supplemented with an outer membrane vesicle. Since the sub-capsular protein antigens are variably expressed and antigenically variable amongst meningococcal isolates, vaccine coverage can be estimated by the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) which measures the propensity of the strain to be killed by vaccinated sera. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) which identifies the alleles of the antigens that may be recognised by the antibody response could represent, in future, an alternative estimate of coverage. In this study, WGS of 278 meningococcal isolates responsible for 62% of IMD in Western Australia from 2000–2014 were analysed for association of genetic lineage (sequence type [ST], clonal complex [cc]) with BEXSERO® antigen sequence type (BAST) and MATS to predict the annual vaccine coverage. A hyper-endemic period of IMD between 2000–05 was caused by cc41/44 with the major sequence type of ST-146 which was not predicted by MATS or BAST to be covered by the vaccine. An increase in serogroup diversity was observed between 2010–14 with the emergence of cc11 serogroup W in the adolescent population and cc23 serogroup Y in the elderly. BASTs were statistically associated with clonal complex although individual antigens underwent antigenic drift from the major type. BAST and MATS predicted an annual range of 44–91% vaccine coverage. Periods of low vaccine coverage in years post-2005 were not a result of the resurgence of cc41/44:ST-146 but were characterised by increased diversity of clonal complexes expressing BASTs which were not predicted by MATS to be covered by the vaccine. The driving force behind the diversity of the clonal complex and BAST during these periods of low vaccine coverage is unknown, but could be due to immune selection and inter-strain competition with carriage of non-disease causing meningococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Mowlaboccus
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Timothy T. Perkins
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Helen Smith
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lydia-Jessica Prempeh
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Chin Yen Tay
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Fanny Peters
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David Speers
- Department of Microbiology, QEII Medical Centre, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Keil
- Department of Microbiology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Charlene M. Kahler
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Syrmis MW, Pandey S, Tolson C, Carter R, Congdon J, Sloots T, Coulter C, Whiley D. Identification of Mycobacterium abscessus complex and M. abscessus subsp. massiliense culture isolates by real-time assays. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:790-794. [PMID: 25976000 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie W Syrmis
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Health Services, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sushil Pandey
- Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carla Tolson
- Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robyn Carter
- Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jake Congdon
- Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Health Services, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Coulter
- Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Whiley
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Health Services, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Trembizki E, Doyle C, Buckley C, Jennison A, Smith H, Bates J, Sloots T, Nissen M, Lahra MM, Whiley D. Estimating the prevalence of mixed-type gonococcal infections in Queensland, Australia. Sex Health 2015; 12:439-44. [PMID: 26145099 DOI: 10.1071/sh15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background Mixed gonococcal infections within the one anatomical site have been recognised but questions remain over how often they occur. In this study, the aim was to estimate the prevalence of mixed gonococcal infections using novel real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods that were developed and validated, targeting the gonococcal porB gene. METHODS Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains were categorised into three different porB groups, based on sequence data derived from N. gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) analyses of local isolates. Specific PCR methods for each group were then developed and these PCR methods were used to test clinical samples (n=350) that were positive for gonorrhoea as determined by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) diagnostic screening. RESULTS Initial validation using isolates showed the group PCR methods proved 100% sensitive and 100% specific for their respective porB groups. When applied to the clinical specimens, 298/350 (85%) provided positive results by the group PCR methods. Of these, four specimens showed evidence of mixed infections, supported by subsequent DNA sequencing of the PCR products. CONCLUSIONS The data provide further evidence of mixed gonococcal infections at the same anatomical site, but show that such infections may be relatively infrequent (1.3%; 95% confidence interval 0.01-2.6%) in a general screening population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Trembizki
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Health Services, Block 28, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia
| | - Christine Doyle
- Public Health Microbiology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Qld 4108, Australia
| | - Cameron Buckley
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Health Services, Block 28, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia
| | - Amy Jennison
- Public Health Microbiology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Qld 4108, Australia
| | - Helen Smith
- Public Health Microbiology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Qld 4108, Australia
| | - John Bates
- Public Health Microbiology, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Qld 4108, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Health Services, Block 28, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia
| | - Michael Nissen
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Health Services, Block 28, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia
| | - Monica M Lahra
- WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - David Whiley
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children's Health Services, Block 28, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston Road, Herston, Qld 4029, Australia
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7
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Trembizki E, Lahra M, Stevens K, Freeman K, Hogan T, Hogg G, Lawrence A, Limnios A, Pearson J, Smith H, Nissen M, Sloots T, Whiley D. A national quality assurance survey of Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:45-49. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.065094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) conduct a national survey of Neisseria gonorrhoeae identification by National Neisseria Network (NNN) reference laboratories contributing data to the Australian Gonococcal Surveillance Programme and (2) determine the prevalence in Australia of strains of N. gonorrhoeae lacking gene sequences commonly targeted by in-house PCR assays for confirmation of gonococcal nucleic acid amplification tests. Gonococcal clinical isolates referred to NNN laboratories for the first half of 2012 were screened using in-house real-time PCR assays targeting multicopy opa, porA pseudogene and cppB genes. There were 2455 clinical gonococcal isolates received in the study period; 98.6 % (2420/2455) of isolates harboured all three gene targets, 0.12 % (3/2455) were porA-negative, 0.04 % (1/2455) opa-negative and 1.14 % (28/2455) cppB-negative by PCR. Notably, no isolates were simultaneously negative for two targets. However, three isolates failed to be amplified by all three PCR methods, one isolate of which was shown to be a commensal Neisseria strain by 16S rRNA sequencing. Using PCR as the reference standard the results showed that (1) identification of N. gonorrhoeae isolates by NNN laboratories was highly specific (99.96 %) and (2) strains of N. gonorrhoeae lacking gene sequences commonly targeted by in-house PCR assays are present but not widespread throughout Australia at this point in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Trembizki
- Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children’s Health Services, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monica Lahra
- WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrie Stevens
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin Freeman
- Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Tiffany Hogan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Hogg
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Lawrence
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Athena Limnios
- WHO Collaborating Centre for STD, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Pearson
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine-WA, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Smith
- Public Health Microbiology, Communicable Disease, Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services, Archerfield, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Nissen
- Microbiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Campus, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children’s Health Services, Queensland, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Microbiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Campus, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children’s Health Services, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Whiley
- Queensland Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Queensland Children’s Health Services, Queensland, Australia
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McCarthy JS, Griffin PM, Sekuloski S, Bright AT, Rockett R, Looke D, Elliott S, Whiley D, Sloots T, Winzeler EA, Trenholme KR. Experimentally induced blood-stage Plasmodium vivax infection in healthy volunteers. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:1688-94. [PMID: 23908484 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major impediments to development of vaccines and drugs for Plasmodium vivax malaria are the inability to culture this species and the extreme difficulty in undertaking clinical research by experimental infection. METHODS A parasite bank was collected from a 49-year-old woman with P. vivax infection, characterized, and used in an experimental infection study. RESULTS The donor made a full recovery from malaria after collection of a parasite bank, which tested negative for agents screened for in blood donations. DNA sequence analysis of the isolate indicated that it was clonal. Two subjects inoculated with the isolate became polymerase chain reaction positive on days 8 and 9, with onset of symptoms and positive blood smears on day 14, when they were treated with artemether-lumefantrine, with rapid clinical and parasitologic response. Transcripts of the parasite gene pvs25 that is expressed in gametocytes, the life cycle stage infectious to mosquitoes, were first detected on days 11 and 12. CONCLUSIONS This experimental system results in in vivo parasite growth, probably infectious to mosquitoes. It offers the opportunity to undertake studies previously impossible in P. vivax that will facilitate a better understanding of the pathology of vivax malaria and development of antimalarial drugs and vaccines. Trial Registration. ANZCTR: 12612001096842.
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Trembizki E, Lahra MM, Stevens S, Freeman K, Hogg G, Lawrence A, Pearson J, Smith H, Sloots T, Whiley D. P2.032 A National Quality Assurance Survey: Low Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Misidentification Rates in Australia, 2012. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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McCaw JM, Howard PF, Richmond PC, Nissen M, Sloots T, Lambert SB, Lai M, Greenberg M, Nolan T, McVernon J. Household transmission of respiratory viruses - assessment of viral, individual and household characteristics in a population study of healthy Australian adults. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:345. [PMID: 23231698 PMCID: PMC3538067 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Household transmission of influenza-like illness (ILI) may vary with viral and demographic characteristics. We examined the effect of these factors in a population-based sample of adults with ILI. Methods We conducted a prospective cohort study in community-dwelling Australian adults nested within an influenza vaccine effectiveness trial. On presentation with ILI, participants were swabbed for a range of respiratory viruses and asked to return a questionnaire collecting details of household members with or without similar symptoms. We used logistic and Poisson regression to assess the key characteristics of household transmission. Results 258 participants from multi-occupancy households experienced 279 ILI episodes and returned a questionnaire. Of these, 183 were the primary case in the household allowing assessment of factors associated with transmission. Transmission was significantly associated in univariate analyses with female sex (27% vs. 13%, risk ratio (RR) = 2.13 (1.08, 4.21)) and the presence of a child in the house (33% vs. 17%, RR = 1.90 (1.11, 3.26)). The secondary household attack proportion (SHAP) was 0.14, higher if influenza was isolated (RR = 2.1 (1.0, 4.5)). Vaccinated participants who nonetheless became infected with influenza had a higher SHAP (Incidence RR = 5.24 (2.17, 12.6)). Conclusions The increased SHAP in households of vaccinated participants who nonetheless had confirmed influenza infection supports the hypothesis that in years of vaccine mismatch, not only is influenza vaccine less protective for the vaccine recipient, but that the population’s immunity is also lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M McCaw
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute & Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Howard PF, McCaw JM, Richmond PC, Nissen M, Sloots T, Lambert SB, Lai M, Greenberg M, Nolan T, McVernon J. Virus detection and its association with symptoms during influenza-like illness in a sample of healthy adults enrolled in a randomised controlled vaccine trial. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:330-9. [PMID: 22712831 PMCID: PMC5779839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2012.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral respiratory infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Many new aetiological agents have been described recently. OBJECTIVES We looked for respiratory viruses in a population-based sample of healthy adults with influenza-like illness (ILI). We investigated host and spatio-temporal associations with virus isolation and host, spatio-temporal and virus associations with self-reported symptoms. PATIENTS/METHODS We recruited 586 participants experiencing 651 illness episodes from a population of healthy adults enrolled in an influenza vaccine effectiveness trial. At ILI assessment visits, a respiratory swab was collected and tested for viruses using a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Participants also completed a questionnaire detailing their clinical course in 336 episodes. RESULTS Of 643 samples analysed, a virus was identified in 44%. Half were picornaviruses, with influenza and coronaviruses the next most common. Individuals with influenza were significantly less likely to have been immunised than the reference (virus negative) population (OR = 0·52 (0·31, 0·87) P = 0·01). The mean symptom score (95% CI) reported by individuals with influenza was significantly higher than in all other episodes [Influenza: 10·2 (9·4, 10·9); Other: 7·4 (7·2, 7·7); Difference (95% CI): 2·5 (1·5, 3·5); P < 0·001]. In an analysis restricted to influenza-positive cases, the symptom score was not attenuated by vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that a greater number of symptoms are displayed by individuals presenting with influenza confirmed ILI compared with other agents that cause ILI. While influenza vaccination reduced the probability of influenza virus detection, symptom score for influenza-positive ILI was not attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Howard
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute & Melbourne School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Lai R, Liang F, Pearson D, Barnett G, Whiley D, Sloots T, Barnard RT, Corrie SR. PrimRglo: a multiplexable quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction system for nucleic acid detection. Anal Biochem 2012; 422:89-95. [PMID: 22266293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a new real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection system that uses oligonucleotide "tagged" PCR primers, a fluorophore-labeled "universal" detection oligonucleotides, and a complementary quenching oligonucleotide. The fluorescence signal decreases as PCR product accumulates due to the increase in detection/quencher hybrid formation as the tagged primer is consumed. We use plasmids containing the influenza A matrix gene and the porA and ctrA genes of Neisseria meningitidis as targets for developing the system. Cycle threshold (Ct) values were generated, and the sensitivity of the new system (dubbed "PrimRglo") compared favorably with the commonly used SYBR green and Taqman detection systems and, unlike the latter system, does not require the design of a new dual-labeled detection oligonucleotide for each new target sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lai
- Biochip Innovations, Mount Gravatt, Queensland 4122, Australia
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13
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Goire N, Freeman K, Tapsall J, Lambert S, Nissen M, Sloots T, Whiley D. P3-S1.21 Non-culture based Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance surveillance. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Binks MJ, Cheng AC, Smith-Vaughan H, Sloots T, Nissen M, Whiley D, McDonnell J, Leach AJ. Viral-bacterial co-infection in Australian Indigenous children with acute otitis media. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:161. [PMID: 21649905 PMCID: PMC3128050 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute otitis media with perforation (AOMwiP) affects 40% of remote Indigenous children during the first 18 months of life. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis are the primary bacterial pathogens of otitis media and their loads predict clinical ear state. Our hypothesis is that antecedent respiratory viral infection increases bacterial density and progression to perforation. Methods A total of 366 nasopharyngeal swabs from 114 Indigenous children were retrospectively examined. A panel of 17 respiratory viruses was screened by PCR, and densities of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis were estimated by quantitative real time PCR. Data are reported by clinical ear state. Results M. catarrhalis (96%), H. influenzae (91%), S. pneumoniae (89%) and respiratory viruses (59%) were common; including rhinovirus (HRV) (38%), polyomavirus (HPyV) (14%), adenovirus (HAdV) (13%), bocavirus (HBoV) (8%) and coronavirus (HCoV) (4%). Geometric mean bacterial loads were significantly higher in children with acute otitis media (AOM) compared to children without evidence of otitis media. Children infected with HAdV were 3 times more likely (p < 0.001) to have AOM with or without perforation. Conclusion This study confirms a positive association between nasopharyngeal bacterial load and clinical ear state, exacerbated by respiratory viruses, in Indigenous children. HAdV was independently associated with acute ear states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Binks
- Ear and Respiratory Unit, Child Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.
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15
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Tapsall J, Read P, Carmody C, Bourne C, Ray S, Limnios A, Sloots T, Whiley D. Two cases of failed ceftriaxone treatment in pharyngeal gonorrhoea verified by molecular microbiological methods. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:683-687. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.007641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic, genotypic and antibiotic-resistance determinants of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were analysed by molecular methods to verify the failure of ceftriaxone treatment in two cases of pharyngeal gonorrhoea. Monoplex assays were needed to define competitive inhibition of a positive Chlamydia PCR in a duplex assay. Different penA changes were detected in the N. gonorrhoeae isolated from the two cases. These were associated with raised ceftriaxone MICs of 0.03 and 0.016 mg l−1, which may have contributed to the treatment failures in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tapsall
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for STD, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillip Read
- Sydney Sexual Health Centre, Sydney Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Sanghamitra Ray
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for STD, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Athena Limnios
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for STD, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital and Health Service District, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Whiley
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital and Health Service District, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Syrmis M, Bell S, Bye P, Coulter C, Harbour C, Iredell J, Kidd T, O’Carroll M, Rose B, Wainwright C, Sloots T, Nissen M. High prevalence of a class 1 integron-associated aadB gene cassette in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from an Australian cystic fibrosis patient population. Pathology 2008; 40:524-5. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020802197921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Ferguson P, Kerridge I, Wang B, McPhie K, Saksena NK, Hurt A, Sloots T, Nissen M, Sorrell T, Dwyer D. FATAL OSELTAMIVIR-RESISTANT INFLUENZA A/ SOLOMAN ISLANDS/3/2006 (H1N1) INFECTION IN A CORD BLOOD HAEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANT (HSCT) RECIPIENT. Transplantation 2008. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000330535.51203.7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Nissen MD, Sloots T. Respiratory infections in the newborn. Microbiol Aust 2008. [DOI: 10.1071/ma08197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognised that acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) occurs commonly in children younger than 5 years of age, with pneumonia being the most serious complication. The greatest risk of death from pneumonia in childhood is in the neonatal period; it is estimated that pneumonia contributes to between 0.75-1.2 million neonatal deaths annually, accounting for approximately 10% of global child mortality. Of all neonatal deaths due to pneumonia, 96% occur in the developing world.
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Abstract
The potential for enhanced diagnosis and control of gonococcal infection through the application of advances in molecular medicine is now being realized. However, the introduction of diagnostic nucleic acid amplification assays (NAATs) revealed some significant limitations of these applications. Resolution of some, but not all, of these problems has led to recommendations for refined testing algorithms and a better recognition and acceptance of the limitations of NAATs. Resource restriction has limited the use of diagnostic NAATs, especially in less-developed countries where disease rates are highest. However, NAATs have also proved useful in public health approaches to gonorrhea control in all settings. Additional applications including molecular typing of gonococci to identify and interrupt gonococcal transmission chains and definition of antimicrobial resistance patterns in the gonococcus have been proposed. These approaches, especially those for antimicrobial resistance determination, have been less successful for a number of reasons, including their cost and other unresolved issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tapsall
- The Prince of Wales Hospital, WHO Collaborating Centre for STD & HIV, Microbiology Department, South Eastern Area Laboratory Services, Randwick, Sydney, Australia.
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20
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Barry-Murphy K, Sloots T, Setterquist S, Gray G, Reid S, Elliott G. Detection of human metapneumovirus in clinical specimens using a novel immunoassay. J Clin Virol 2006. [PMCID: PMC7128659 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(06)80754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mahalingam S, Schwarze J, Zaid A, Nissen M, Sloots T, Tauro S, Storer J, Alvarez R, Tripp RA. Perspective on the host response to human metapneumovirus infection: what can we learn from respiratory syncytial virus infections? Microbes Infect 2005; 8:285-93. [PMID: 16182587 PMCID: PMC7110670 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a recently discovered pathogen first identified in respiratory specimens from young children suffering from clinical respiratory syndromes ranging from mild to severe lower respiratory tract illness. HMPV has worldwide prevalence, and is a leading cause of respiratory tract infection in the first years of life, with a spectrum of disease similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The disease burden associated with HMPV infection has not been fully elucidated; however, studies indicate that HMPV may cause upper or lower respiratory tract illness in patients between ages 2 months and 87 years, may co-circulate with RSV, and HMPV infection may be associated with asthma exacerbation. The mechanisms and effector pathways contributing to immunity or disease pathogenesis following infection are not fully understood; however, given the clinical significance of HMPV, there is a need for a fundamental understanding of the immune and pathophysiological processes that occur following infection to provide the foundation necessary for the development of effective vaccine or therapeutic intervention strategies. This review provides a current perspective on the processes associated with HMPV infection, immunity, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendran Mahalingam
- Viral Arthritis/Asthma Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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22
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Dimech W, Bowden DS, Brestovac B, Byron K, James G, Jardine D, Sloots T, Dax EM. Validation of assembled nucleic acid-based tests in diagnostic microbiology laboratories. Pathology 2004; 36:45-50. [PMID: 14757556 DOI: 10.1080/0031302032000174941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Medical microbiology and virology laboratories use nucleic acid tests (NAT) to detect genomic material of infectious organisms in clinical samples. Laboratories choose to perform assembled (or in-house) NAT if commercial assays are not available or if assembled NAT are more economical or accurate. One reason commercial assays are more expensive is because extensive validation is necessary before the kit is marketed, as manufacturers must accept liability for the performance of their assays, assuming their instructions are followed. On the other hand, it is a particular laboratory's responsibility to validate an assembled NAT prior to using it for testing and reporting results on human samples. There are few published guidelines for the validation of assembled NAT. One procedure that laboratories can use to establish a validation process for an assay is detailed in this document. Before validating a method, laboratories must optimise it and then document the protocol. All instruments must be calibrated and maintained throughout the testing process. The validation process involves a series of steps including: (i) testing of dilution series of positive samples to determine the limits of detection of the assay and their linearity over concentrations to be measured in quantitative NAT; (ii) establishing the day-to-day variation of the assay's performance; (iii) evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of the assay as far as practicable, along with the extent of cross-reactivity with other genomic material; and (iv) assuring the quality of assembled assays using quality control procedures that monitor the performance of reagent batches before introducing new lots of reagent for testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Dimech
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, Fitzroy, Vic., Australia.
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23
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MacGinley R, Bartley PB, Sloots T, Johnson DW. Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis in a renal allograft recipient diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid and successfully treated with ganciclovir. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:197-8. [PMID: 11209035 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/16.1.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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24
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Krueger GR, Koch B, Leyssens N, Berneman Z, Rojo J, Horwitz C, Sloots T, Margalith M, Conradie JD, Imai S, Urasinski I, de Bruyère M, Ferrer Argote V, Krueger J. Comparison of seroprevalences of human herpesvirus-6 and -7 in healthy blood donors from nine countries. Vox Sang 2000; 75:193-7. [PMID: 9852406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to register antibody prevalences of HHV-7 in various locations of the world in comparison to the closely related HHV-6. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera of healthy blood donors from nine countries in five continents were titered by indirect immunofluorescent assays using HHV-6 infected HSB2 and HHV-7 infected SupT1 cells. RESULTS Antibody prevalence for HHV-7 is high (75-98%) in practically all countries except for Northern Japan (44%), with no simple correlation to elevated HHV-6 antibody titers. There were regions of low, intermediate and high mean antibody titers against HHV-7 such as 78.5-91.3 for Belgium, Israel, Japan, USA and Australia, 175.4-182.6 for Mexico and Cologne/Germany, and 389.2 for South Africa for which geographic characteristics may be responsible. CONCLUSION HHV-7, similar to HHV-6, is a widespread human herpesvirus with elevated antibody titers in the healthy human population essentially everywhere. The data warrant further studies to evaluate its possible pathologic potential, preferentially in persons with defective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Krueger
- Immunopathology Laboratory, University of Cologne, Germany.
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25
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Klussmann JP, Müller A, Wagner M, Guntinas-Lichius O, Jungehuelsing M, Sloots T, Ablashi DV, Krueger GR. Human herpesvirus type 8 in salivary gland tumors. J Clin Virol 2000; 16:239-46. [PMID: 10738142 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(99)00077-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The new human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) has been detected in all types of Kaposi's sarcomas, as well as in body-cavity lymphomas and Castleman's disease, furthermore molecular biologic studies have identified a number of potential viral oncogenes. There is evidence for sexual transmission of HHV-8 in HIV-seropositive patients, but the route of infection among the HIV-seronegative population is uncertain. Findings of HHV-8 DNA in saliva in some cases are suggestive of nonsexual transmission associated with latent infection of the salivary gland (as it is known for EBV, CMV, HHV-6 and HHV-7). OBJECTIVE As little is known about the etiological factors of salivary gland tumors and to give more insights into HHV-8 cell tropism normal salivary gland tissue (n=12) and different salivary glands neoplasm (n=58) were tested for HHV-8 sequences and antigens in HIV-seronegative patients. STUDY DESIGN Biopsies of both normal salivary gland and tumors were investigated for HHV-8 sequences. A nested-PCR method was used for amplification of HHV-8 DNA fragments and the nature of the amplification products was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. In addition, we used an in situ hybridization technique and immunohistochemical staining for detection of HHV-8 infected cells. The sera of the respective patients were tested for anti-HHV-8 antibodies using commercial IFA and an ELISA-assay. RESULTS HHV-8 DNA sequences could be detected in one bilateral MALT-lymphoma of the parotid gland of a HHV-8 seropositive female patient suffering from Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The remaining parotid samples did neither show HHV-8 sequences nor HHV-8 antigens. Using above assays only one additional patient was seropositive for HHV-8. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that HHV-8 does not usually infect the salivary gland in HIV-seronegative patients and does not seem to play a pathogenic role in vascular and epithelial salivary gland neoplasm. Pathogenic role of HHV-8 in Sjögren's syndrome associated MALT-lymphoma remains unclear and should be subject of further studies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Blotting, Southern
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/isolation & purification
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization
- Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/virology
- Salivary Glands/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Cologne Medical School, D-50924, Cologne, Germany.
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26
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Krueger GRF, Koch B, Leyssens N, Berneman Z, Rojo J, Horwitz C, Sloots T, Margalith M, Conradie JD, Imai S, Urasinski I, Bruyere M, Ferrer Argote V, Krueger J. Comparison of Seroprevalences of Human Herpesvirus-6 and -7 in Healthy Blood Donors from Nine Countries. Vox Sang 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.1998.7530193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Klussmann JP, Krueger E, Sloots T, Berneman Z, Arnold G, Krueger GR. Ultrastructural study of human herpesvirus-7 replication in tissue culture. Virchows Arch 1997; 430:417-26. [PMID: 9174632 DOI: 10.1007/s004280050051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) was grown in a CD4+ lymphoblastic cell line (SupT1) and in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC). Virus infection was demonstrated by immunohistology with positive control sera, with monoclonal antibodies and by in situ hybridization for viral DNA. Cytopathic effects following HHV-7 infection generally resemble those after HHV-6 infection but are less pronounced. The ultrastructural appearance of HHV-7 and the replicative stages were similar to those described by Kramarsky and Sander for HHV-6. There were some minor discrepancies, including quite an extensive and space-filling tegument, a slightly different structure of the nucleoid, the frequent finding of nucleocapsids without any visible core and apparently scarce or delicate spikes on the envelope. These differences may suggest HHV-7 rather than HHV-6, but this finding needs confirmation. Mature HHV-7 particles measured 170 nm in diameter, with nucleocapsids of 90-95 nm and a tegument of about 30 nm.
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MESH Headings
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- DNA Replication
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Fetal Blood/cytology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/physiology
- Herpesvirus 7, Human/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/chemistry
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/ultrastructure
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Nucleocapsid/analysis
- Virion/ultrastructure
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Klussmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Cologne, Germany
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Sloots T, Devine PL. Evaluation of four commercial enzyme immunoassays for detection of immunoglobulin M antibodies to human parvovirus B19. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15:758-61. [PMID: 8922581 DOI: 10.1007/bf01691968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Four commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for the detection of parvovirus B19-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies [Biotrin Parvovirus B19 IgM (Biotrin International, Ireland); Parvoscan B19 IgM (Euro-Diagnostica, Sweden); Parvovirus IgM (Immunobiological Laboratories [IBL], Germany); and human parvovirus B19 IgM (Hillcrest Biologicals, USA)] were compared to indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using IFA as the reference test, high sensitivities (> or = 97%) were observed with all four EIAs, though the specificities of the Biotrin and IBL EIAs (99% and 96% respectively) were significantly higher than those of the Hillcrest and Euro-Diagnostica EIAs (81% and 79% respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sloots
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nissen
- Department of Intensive Care, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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