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Chew R, Tozer S, Ulett K, Paterson DL, Whiley D, Sloots T, Fielding D, Zappala C, Bashirzadeh F, Hundloe J, Bletchley C, Woods ML. Comparing Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing of Nasopharyngeal Swab and Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens for the Diagnosis of Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae071. [PMID: 38444816 PMCID: PMC10913836 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Using nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples instead of lower respiratory tract specimens for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to diagnose Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) may be better tolerated and improve diagnostic accessibility. In this 2-year Australian retrospective cohort study of patients with clinically suspected PJP, P jirovecii PCR on NP swab samples had perfect specificity but low sensitivity (0.66).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusheng Chew
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Mathematical and Economic Modelling Department, Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kimberly Ulett
- Department of Medicine, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - David L Paterson
- Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Whiley
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Fielding
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher Zappala
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Farzad Bashirzadeh
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Justin Hundloe
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cheryl Bletchley
- Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marion L Woods
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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2
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Safford B, Api AM, Barratt C, Comiskey D, Daly EJ, Ellis G, McNamara C, O'Mahony C, Robison S, Smith B, Thomas R, Tozer S. Corrigendum to "Use of an aggregate exposure model to estimate consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients in personal care and cosmetic products" [Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 72 3 (2015) 673-68]. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 147:105545. [PMID: 38177031 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- B Safford
- B-Safe Toxicology Consulting, 31 Hayway, Rushden, Northants, NN10 6AG, United Kingdom
| | - A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, United States.
| | - C Barratt
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Beds, MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - D Comiskey
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - E J Daly
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - G Ellis
- Givaudan International S.A., 5 chemin de la parfumerie, CH1214, Vernier, Switzerland
| | - C McNamara
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - C O'Mahony
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S Robison
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH, 45040, United States
| | - B Smith
- Firmenich Inc., P.O. Box 5880, Princeton, NJ, 08543, United States
| | - R Thomas
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S Tozer
- Procter&Gamble, Surrey, TW20 9NW, United Kingdom
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3
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Tozer S, Alexander-White C, Amin R, Audebert F, Barratt C, O'Brien J, Burke T, Bury D, Nguea HD, Dimopoulou M, Farahmand S, Fritz S, Gerber E, Giusti A, Goodwin W, Kirsch T, Oreffo V, McNamara C. From worst-case to reality - Case studies illustrating tiered refinement of consumer exposure to cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105436. [PMID: 37429522 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Consumer exposure to cosmetic ingredients is estimated in a tiered manner. Simple Tier1 deterministic aggregate exposure modelling generates a worst case estimate of exposure. Tier1 assumes that a consumer uses all cosmetic products concomitantly daily, at maximum frequency, and products always contain the ingredient at the maximum allowed % w/w concentration. Refining exposure assessment from worst case to more realistic estimates uses evidence from surveys of actual use levels of ingredients and Tier2 probabilistic models, where distributions of consumer use data can be applied. In Tier2+ modelling, occurrence data provides evidence of products on the market actually containing the ingredient. Three case studies are presented using this tiered approach to illustrate progressive refinement. The scale of refinements from Tier1 to Tier2+ modelling for the ingredients, propyl paraben, benzoic acid and DMDM hydantoin were: 0.492 to 0.026; 1.93 to 0.042 and 1.61 to 0.027 mg/kg/day exposure dose. For propyl paraben, moving from Tier1 to Tier2+ represents a refinement from 49-fold to 3-fold overestimate of exposure when compared to a maximum estimate of 0.01 mg/kg/day exposure seen in human studies. Such refinements from worst case to realistic levels of exposure estimation can be critical in the demonstration of consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tozer
- Procter & Gamble Technical Centres Ltd, Reading, RG2 0QE, UK
| | | | - Ripal Amin
- Avon Products International, 1 Avon Place, Suffern, NY, 10901, USA
| | | | - Catherine Barratt
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - John O'Brien
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Dagmar Bury
- Worldwide Safety Evaluation Department, L'Oreal Research and Innovation, 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Hermine Dika Nguea
- Worldwide Safety Evaluation Department, L'Oreal Research and Innovation, 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | | | - Sarah Farahmand
- Edgewell Personal Care, 75 Commerce Drive, Allendale, NJ, 07401, USA
| | - Sabrina Fritz
- Kao Germany GmbH, Pfungstädter Straße 98-100, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Arianna Giusti
- Cosmetics Europe - The Personal Care Association, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Goodwin
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Taryn Kirsch
- Procter & Gamble, Sulzbacher Str. 40, 65824, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - Victor Oreffo
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Cronan McNamara
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
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4
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Bialasiewicz S, May M, Tozer S, Day R, Bernard A, Zaugg J, Gartrell K, Alexandersen S, Chamings A, Wang CYT, Clark J, Grimwood K, Heney C, Schlapbach LJ, Ware RS, Speers D, Andrews RM, Lambert S. Novel Human Parechovirus 3 Diversity, Recombination, and Clinical Impact Across 7 Years: An Australian Story. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:278-287. [PMID: 35867852 PMCID: PMC9833435 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel human parechovirus 3 Australian recombinant (HPeV3-AR) strain emerged in 2013 and coincided with biennial outbreaks of sepsis-like illnesses in infants. We evaluated the molecular evolution of the HPeV3-AR strain and its association with severe HPeV infections. METHODS HPeV3-positive samples collected from hospitalized infants aged 5-252 days in 2 Australian states (2013-2020) and from a community-based birth cohort (2010-2014) were sequenced. Coding regions were used to conduct phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses. A recombinant-specific polymerase chain reaction was designed and utilized to screen all clinical and community HPeV3-positive samples. RESULTS Complete coding regions of 54 cases were obtained, which showed the HPeV3-AR strain progressively evolving, particularly in the 3' end of the nonstructural genes. The HPeV3-AR strain was not detected in the community birth cohort until the initial outbreak in late 2013. High-throughput screening showed that most (>75%) hospitalized HPeV3 cases involved the AR strain in the first 3 clinical outbreaks, with declining prevalence in the 2019-2020 season. The AR strain was not statistically associated with increased clinical severity among hospitalized infants. CONCLUSIONS HPeV3-AR was the dominant strain during the study period. Increased hospital admissions may have been from a temporary fitness advantage and/or increased virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Correspondence: Seweryn Bialasiewicz, MSc, PhD, Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, The University of Queensland, Level 5, Bldg 76, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia ()
| | | | - Sarah Tozer
- Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Centre for Children’s Health Research, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Day
- Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Centre for Children’s Health Research, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anne Bernard
- QCIF Bioinformatics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Julian Zaugg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Kyana Gartrell
- Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Centre for Children’s Health Research, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Soren Alexandersen
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia,Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Claire Y T Wang
- Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Centre for Children’s Health Research, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julia Clark
- Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Australia,Departments of Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Southport, Australia
| | - Claire Heney
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, South Brisbane, Australia,Department of Intensive Care and Neonatology, Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robert S Ware
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - David Speers
- Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Ross M Andrews
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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5
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de Ligt R, Westerhout J, Grossouw D, Buters TP, Rissmann R, Burggraaf J, Windhorst AD, Tozer S, Pappa G, Wall B, Bury D, Mason DR, Vaes WHJ. Assessment of dermal absorption of aluminium from a representative antiperspirant formulation using a (26Al)Al microtracer approach: a follow-up study in humans. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:511-519. [PMID: 35782644 PMCID: PMC9244721 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A follow-up study was performed in 12 healthy women to evaluate systemic exposure to aluminium following topical application of a representative antiperspirant formulation under real-life use conditions (part A) and to assess the local fate of topically applied aluminium by taking additional tape strips and skin biopsies (Part B). A simple roll-on formulation, containing the maximal possible radioactive dose, was prepared with [26Al] aluminium-labeled chlorohydrate (ACH). The microtracer of [26Al] was used to distinguish aluminium from the natural background, using accelerator mass spectrometry. [26Al] aluminiumcitrate was administered intravenously to estimate the dermal fraction absorbed. Despite the 25-fold increase of the topical dose compared with the previous study, only 12 blood samples gave results above the lower limit of quantitation (0.118 fg/mL). The most reliable estimates of the dermal fraction absorbed are derived from noncompartmental analysis with the urine data. By using the intravenous dose to normalize the urinary excretion to 100% bioavailability, the best estimate of the fraction absorbed of [26Al] from a topical application of [26Al]-aluminium-labeled chlorohydrate in an antiperspirant formulation was 0.00052%. Part B of the study demonstrated that the majority of the aluminium in the formulation remained associated with the external layers of the skin without penetration through the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas P Buters
- Center for Human Drug Research , 2333CL Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Robert Rissmann
- Center for Human Drug Research , 2333CL Leiden , The Netherlands
| | | | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine , Free University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007MB, Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Procter & Gamble Technical Centres Ltd , Reading RG2 0QE , UK
| | | | - Brian Wall
- Colgate Palmolive Company , 909 River Road, Piscataway, NJ 08855 , USA
| | - Dagmar Bury
- L’Oréal Research & Innovation , 9 rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110 Clichy , France
| | - David R Mason
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre , Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK44 1LQ , UK
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6
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Lynch KD, Brian G, Ahwang T, Newie T, Newie V, Perrett C, Wharton G, Brown A, Tozer S, Kaldor JM, Whop LJ, Andrews RM, Lambert SB. Discord between presence of follicular conjunctivitis and Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a single Torres Strait Island community: a cross-sectional survey. Aust N Z J Public Health 2022; 46:155-160. [PMID: 34978363 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent surveys identified trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF) at endemic levels in the Torres Strait Islands; however, local health staff do not report trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in adults. We undertook a cross-sectional survey involving eye examination and microbiological testing to better understand this disconnect. METHODS We examined 169 of 207 (82%) residents and collected ocular swabs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for Chlamydia trachomatis. Other viral PCR tests and bacterial culture were also performed. RESULTS TF prevalence in children aged 5-9 years was 23% (7/30). No ocular C. trachomatis was identified by PCR. For the 72 participants (43%) with follicles, bacterial culture was positive for 11 (15%) individuals. No individual had trachomatous trichiasis. CONCLUSIONS Follicular conjunctivitis consistent with TF was prevalent but ocular C. trachomatis and cicatricial trachoma were absent. Non-chlamydial infections or environmental causes of follicular conjunctivitis may be causing TF in this community. Implications for public health: In similar settings, reliance on simplified clinical assessment alone may lead to an overestimation of the public health problem posed by trachoma. Consideration should be given to incorporating C. trachomatis PCR, and in certain settings, a detailed clinical exam could be performed by an experienced ophthalmologist during prevalence surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Lynch
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Health.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland
| | - Garry Brian
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Health.,Torres and Cape Hospital and Health Service, Queensland
| | | | - Tomi Newie
- Torres and Cape Hospital and Health Service, Queensland
| | | | | | - Ghislaine Wharton
- Torres and Cape Hospital and Health Service, Queensland.,Cairns Eye & Laser Centre, Cairns, Queensland
| | - Anthony Brown
- Torres and Cape Hospital and Health Service, Queensland
| | - Sarah Tozer
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland
| | | | - Lisa J Whop
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Ross M Andrews
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Northern Territory.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Health.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland.,National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Australian Capital Territory
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7
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Whiley DM, Ye S, Tozer S, Clark JE, Bletchly C, Lambert SB, Grimwood K, Nimmo GR. Over-diagnosis of Rotavirus Infection in Infants Due to Detection of Vaccine Virus. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:1324-1326. [PMID: 31848594 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An accurate rotavirus diagnosis is important for clinical management and monitoring active disease and vaccine effectiveness. Between 2016-2018, rotavirus-positive results in our laboratory were from vaccine virus shedding in 71/152 (46.7%) infants with a request for rotavirus testing. Routine infant diagnostic testing should ideally distinguish vaccine from wild-type viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Whiley
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Microbiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Suifang Ye
- Microbiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julia E Clark
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cheryl Bletchly
- Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- The School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Departments of Paediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Graeme R Nimmo
- Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Wang CYT, Ware RS, Lambert SB, Mhango LP, Tozer S, Day R, Grimwood K, Bialasiewicz S. Parechovirus A Infections in Healthy Australian Children During the First 2 Years of Life: A Community-based Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:116-127. [PMID: 31406985 PMCID: PMC7108192 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hospital-based studies identify parechovirus (PeV), primarily PeV-A3, as an important cause of severe infections in young children. However, few community-based studies have been published and the true PeV infection burden is unknown. We investigated PeV epidemiology in healthy children participating in a community-based, longitudinal birth cohort study. Methods Australian children (n = 158) enrolled in the Observational Research in Childhood Infectious Diseases (ORChID) study were followed from birth until their second birthday. Weekly stool and nasal swabs and daily symptom diaries were collected. Swabs were tested for PeV by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and genotypes determined by subgenomic sequencing. Incidence rate, infection characteristics, clinical associations, and virus codetections were investigated. Results PeV was detected in 1423 of 11 124 (12.8%) and 17 of 8100 (0.2%) stool and nasal swabs, respectively. Major genotypes among the 306 infection episodes identified were PeV-A1 (47.9%), PeV-A6 (20.1%), and PeV-A3 (18.3%). The incidence rate was 144 episodes (95% confidence interval, 128–160) per 100 child-years. First infections appeared at a median age of 8 (interquartile range, 6.0–11.7) months. Annual seasonal peaks changing from PeV-A1 to PeV-A3 were observed. Infection was positively associated with age ≥6 months, summer season, nonexclusive breastfeeding at age <3 months, and formal childcare attendance before age 12 months. Sole PeV infections were either asymptomatic (38.4%) or mild (32.7%), while codetection with other viruses in stool swabs was common (64.4%). Conclusions In contrast with hospital-based studies, this study showed that diverse and dynamically changing PeV genotypes circulate in the community causing mild or subclinical infections in children. Parechovirus can cause severe illnesses in children. However, studies focus mainly on hospitalized populations. True disease burden in the community remains largely unknown. From our community-based cohort, we found diverse parechovirus genotypes in the community, causing mild or subclinical infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y T Wang
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert S Ware
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lebogang P Mhango
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Day
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Departments of Infectious Diseases and Paediatrics, Gold Coast Health, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Children's Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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9
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Clark NJ, Tozer S, Wood C, Firestone SM, Stevenson M, Caraguel C, Chaber AL, Heller J, Soares Magalhães RJ. Unravelling animal exposure profiles of human Q fever cases in Queensland, Australia, using natural language processing. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2133-2145. [PMID: 32259390 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Q fever, caused by the zoonotic bacterium Coxiella burnetii, is a globally distributed emerging infectious disease. Livestock are the most important zoonotic transmission sources, yet infection in people without livestock exposure is common. Identifying potential exposure pathways is necessary to design effective interventions and aid outbreak prevention. We used natural language processing and graphical network methods to provide insights into how Q fever notifications are associated with variation in patient occupations or lifestyles. Using an 18-year time-series of Q fever notifications in Queensland, Australia, we used topic models to test whether compositions of patient answers to follow-up exposure questionnaires varied between demographic groups or across geographical areas. To determine heterogeneity in possible zoonotic exposures, we explored patterns of livestock and game animal co-exposures using Markov Random Fields models. Finally, to identify possible correlates of Q fever case severity, we modelled patient probabilities of being hospitalized as a function of particular exposures. Different demographic groups consistently reported distinct sets of exposure terms and were concentrated in different areas of the state, suggesting the presence of multiple transmission pathways. Macropod exposure was commonly reported among Q fever cases, even when exposure to cattle, sheep or goats was absent. Males, older patients and those that reported macropod exposure were more likely to be hospitalized due to Q fever infection. Our study indicates that follow-up surveillance combined with text modelling is useful for unravelling exposure pathways in the battle to reduce Q fever incidence and associated morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clark
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Caitlin Wood
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Mark Stevenson
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Charles Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jane Heller
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- UQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Qld, Australia
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10
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Tozer S, Wood C, Si D, Nissen M, Sloots T, Lambert S. The improving state of Q fever surveillance. A review of Queensland notifications, 2003-2017. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44. [PMID: 32536338 DOI: 10.33321/cdi.2020.44.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Q fever is a notifiable zoonotic disease in Australia, caused by infection with Coxiella burnetii. This study has reviewed 2,838 Q fever notifications reported in Queensland between 2003 and 2017 presenting descriptive analyses, with counts, rates, and proportions. For this study period, Queensland accounted for 43% of the Australian national Q fever notifications. Enhanced surveillance follow-up of Q fever cases through Queensland Public Health Units was implemented in 2012, which improved the data collected for occupational risk exposures and animal contacts. For 2013-2017, forty-nine percent (377/774) of cases with an identifiable occupational group would be considered high risk for Q fever. The most common identifiable occupational group was agricultural/farming (31%). For the same period, at-risk environmental exposures were identified in 82% (961/1,170) of notifications; at-risk animal-related exposures were identified in 52% (612/1,170) of notifications; abattoir exposure was identified in 7% of notifications. This study has shown that the improved follow-up of Q fever cases since 2012 has been effective in the identification of possible exposure pathways for Q fever transmission. This improved surveillance has highlighted the need for further education and heightened awareness of Q fever risk for all people living in Queensland, not just those in previously-considered high risk occupations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tozer
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, Lady Cilento Research Precinct, South Brisbane, Queensland; Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland
| | - Caitlin Wood
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, Lady Cilento Research Precinct, South Brisbane, Queensland; The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland
| | - Damin Si
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Prevention Division, Department of Health, Queensland Government
| | - Michael Nissen
- Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland; Director of Scientific Affairs & Public Health, GSK Vaccines Intercontinental, Singapore
| | - Theo Sloots
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, Lady Cilento Research Precinct, South Brisbane, Queensland; Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland
| | - Stephen Lambert
- Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland
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11
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Chong KC, Lee TC, Bialasiewicz S, Chen J, Smith DW, Choy WSC, Krajden M, Jalal H, Jennings L, Alexander B, Lee HK, Fraaij P, Levy A, Yeung ACM, Tozer S, Lau SYF, Jia KM, Tang JWT, Hui DSC, Chan PKS. Association between meteorological variations and activities of influenza A and B across different climate zones: a multi-region modelling analysis across the globe. J Infect 2019; 80:84-98. [PMID: 31580867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the effects of meteorological variations on the activity of influenza A and B in 11 sites across different climate regions. METHODS Daily numbers of laboratory-confirmed influenza A and B cases from 2011-2015 were collected from study sites where the corresponding daily mean temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and daily precipitation amount were used for boosted regression trees analysis on the marginal associations and the interaction effects. RESULTS Cold temperature was a major determinant that favored both influenza A and B in temperate and subtropical sites. Temperature-to-influenza A, but not influenza B, exhibited a U-shape association in subtropical and tropical sites. High relative humidity was also associated with influenza activities but was less consistent with influenza B activity. Compared with relative humidity, absolute humidity had a stronger association - it was negatively associated with influenza B activity in temperate zones, but was positively associated with both influenza A and B in subtropical and tropical zones. CONCLUSION The association between meteorological factors and with influenza activity is virus type specific and climate dependent. The heavy influence of temperature on influenza activity across climate zones implies that global warming is likely to have an impact on the influenza burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Chun Chong
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Tsz Cheung Lee
- Hong Kong Observatory, Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Children's Health Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jian Chen
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - David W Smith
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Microbiology, PathWest QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Wisely S C Choy
- Hong Kong Observatory, Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hamid Jalal
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Health Protection Agency, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Jennings
- Pathology Department, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Burmaa Alexander
- National Influenza Center, National Center of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Mongolia
| | - Hong Kai Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Avram Levy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Department of Microbiology, PathWest QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Apple C M Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Children's Health Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Steven Y F Lau
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Katherine M Jia
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Julian W T Tang
- University Hospitals Leicester, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - David S C Hui
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Paul K S Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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12
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McKenna R, Joseph L, Sargent P, May M, Tozer S, Bialasiewicz S, Heney C, Schlapbach LJ, Clark JE. Paediatric intensive care admissions during the 2015-2016 Queensland human parechovirus outbreak. J Paediatr Child Health 2019; 55:968-974. [PMID: 30677199 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The human parechovirus (HPeV) has emerged as a pathogen causing sepsis-like presentations in young infants, but there is a lack of data on HPeV presentations requiring intensive care support. We aimed to characterise the clinical presentation, disease severity, management and outcome of a population-based cohort of children with microbiologically confirmed HPeV infection requiring admission to paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in Queensland, Australia during a recent outbreak. METHODS This was a multicentre retrospective study of children admitted to PICU between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2016 with confirmed HPeV infection. RESULTS Thirty infants (median age 20 days) with HPeV genotype 3 were admitted to PICU, representing 16% of all children with HPeV admitted to hospital and 6.4% of non-elective PICU admissions in children <1 year of age. Children requiring PICU admission were younger than children admitted to hospital (P = 0.001). Apnoea, haemodynamic instability with tachycardia and seizures represented the main reasons for PICU admission. Eleven children (37%) required mechanical ventilation for a median duration of 62 h, 22 (73%) received fluid boluses and 7 (23%) were treated with vasoactive agents for a median duration of 53 h. Median length of stay was 2.62 days. A total of 24 children (80%) fulfilled sepsis criteria, 14 (47%) severe sepsis and 7 (23%) septic shock criteria. Eight (27%) had abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging. No patient died. CONCLUSIONS We confirm that HPeV infection is an important cause of sepsis-like syndrome in infants with substantial associated morbidity. Optimal management and long-term outcomes require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan McKenna
- Children's Critical Care Unit, Children's Research Collaborative Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lindsay Joseph
- Department of Paediatrics, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Philip Sargent
- Children's Critical Care Unit, Children's Research Collaborative Gold Coast University Hospital, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meryta May
- Infection Management and Prevention Services, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Children's Health Queensland, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Seweryn Bialasiewicz
- Children's Health Queensland, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire Heney
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luregn J Schlapbach
- Paediatric Critical Care Research Group, Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia E Clark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Infection Management and Prevention Services, Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Wood C, Muleme M, Tan T, Bosward K, Gibson J, Alawneh J, McGowan M, Barnes TS, Stenos J, Perkins N, Firestone SM, Tozer S. Validation of an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the detection of IgG antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in bovine serum. Prev Vet Med 2019; 169:104698. [PMID: 31311644 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is limited knowledge of the true prevalence and distribution of coxiellosis in dairy and beef cattle populations in Australia. For this to occur, apparent prevalence estimates need to be reliably adjusted, accounting for diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) of the test used. However, there are few tests available with known diagnostic specifications suitable to inform screening and surveillance activities in the Australian context. We initially modified and optimised a human indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) test for the detection of IgG antibodies against phase I and/or phase II Coxiella burnetii in bovine sera and determined an optimal screening dilution cut-off to be 1:160. Direct comparison of the modified IFA with the commercial IDEXX enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Q Fever Ab Test IDEXX Laboratories, United States of America) was performed by testing 458 serum samples from four distinct cattle populations across the east coast of Australia and New Zealand. Cross classified test results were then analysed using Bayesian latent class modelling, to validate the tests in the absence of a gold standard reference test. Results from this analysis indicate that the IFA, at a 1:160 serum dilution, has an estimated DSe of 73.6% (95% Credible Interval (CrI) 61.1, 85.9) and DSp of 98.2% (95% CrI 95.1, 99.7). The commercial IDEXX ELISA kit was found to have a higher DSe of 87.9% (95% CrI 73.9, 96.4) and similar DSp of 97.7% (95% CrI 93.2, 99.7). Evaluation of the diagnostic performance of the IFA and ELISA methods, specifically for use in cattle will enable more accurate interpretation of prevalence estimates of C. burnetii exposure to be reported for cattle in Australia and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Wood
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, Lady Cilento Research Precinct, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia.
| | - Michael Muleme
- The University of Melbourne, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tabita Tan
- The University of Melbourne, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Katrina Bosward
- The University of Sydney, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camden, NSW, 2570, Australia
| | - Justine Gibson
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - John Alawneh
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Michael McGowan
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia; The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - John Stenos
- Australian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Bellarine Street, University Hospital Geelong, Victoria, 3220 Australia
| | - Nigel Perkins
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- The University of Melbourne, Asia-Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, Parkville Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Disease Laboratory, Lady Cilento Research Precinct, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
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14
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Faddy HM, Gorman EC, Hoad VC, Frentiu FD, Tozer S, Flower RLP. Seroprevalence of antibodies to primate erythroparvovirus 1 (B19V) in Australia. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:631. [PMID: 30526514 PMCID: PMC6286569 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgroud Primate erythroparvovirus 1 (B19V) is a globally ubiquitous DNA virus. Infection results in a variety of clinical presentations including erythema infectiosum in children and arthralgia in adults. There is limited understanding of the seroprevalence of B19V antibodies in the Australian population and therefore of population-wide immunity. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of B19V antibodies in an Australian blood donor cohort, along with a cohort from a paediatric population. Methods Age/sex/geographical location stratified plasma samples (n = 2221) were collected from Australian blood donors. Samples were also sourced from paediatric patients (n = 223) in Queensland. All samples were screened for B19V IgG using an indirect- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Overall, 57.90% (95% CI: 55.94%–59.85%) of samples tested positive for B19V IgG, with the national age-standardized seroprevalence of B19V exposure in Australians aged 0 to 79 years estimated to be 54.41%. Increasing age (p < 0.001) and state of residence (p < 0.001) were independently associated with B19V exposure in blood donors, with the highest rates in donors from Tasmania (71.88%, 95% CI: 66.95%–76.80%) and donors aged 65–80 years (78.41%, 95% CI: 74.11%–82.71%). A seroprevalence of 52.04% (95% CI: 47.92%–56.15%) was reported in women of child-bearing age (16 to 44 years). Sex was not associated with exposure in blood donors (p = 0.547) or in children (p = 0.261) screened in this study. Conclusions This study highlights a clear association between B19V exposure and increasing age, with over half of the Australian population likely to be immune to this virus. Differences in seroprevalence were also observed in donors residing in different states, with a higher prevalence reported in those from the southern states. The finding is consistent with previous studies, with higher rates observed in countries with a higher latitude. This study provides much needed insight into the prevalence of B19V exposure in the Australian population, which has implications for public health as well as transfusion and transplantation safety in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. .,School of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Elise C Gorman
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Veronica C Hoad
- Clinical Services and Research, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Francesca D Frentiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Centre for Children's Health Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - R L P Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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15
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Nepelska M, Cronin M, Cubberley R, Dent M, Firman J, Fisher J, Kenna G, Mahony C, Nicol B, Piechota S, Przybylak K, Schepky A, Tozer S, Troutman J, Desprez B. Cosmetic Europe's long range science strategy – A non-animal safety assessment case study for phenoxyethanol, a cosmetic ingredient. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Wehinger B, Fiolka C, Lanza A, Scatena R, Kubus M, Grockowiak A, Coniglio WA, Graf D, Skoulatos M, Chen JH, Gukelberger J, Casati N, Zaharko O, Macchi P, Krämer KW, Tozer S, Mudry C, Normand B, Rüegg C. Giant Pressure Dependence and Dimensionality Switching in a Metal-Organic Quantum Antiferromagnet. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 121:117201. [PMID: 30265101 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.117201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report an extraordinary pressure dependence of the magnetic interactions in the metal-organic system [CuF_{2}(H_{2}O)_{2}]_{2}pyrazine. At zero pressure, this material realizes a quasi-two-dimensional spin-1/2 square-lattice Heisenberg antiferromagnet. By high-pressure, high-field susceptibility measurements we show that the dominant exchange parameter is reduced continuously by a factor of 2 on compression. Above 18 kbar, a phase transition occurs, inducing an orbital re-ordering that switches the dimensionality, transforming the quasi-two-dimensional lattice into weakly coupled chains. We explain the microscopic mechanisms for both phenomena by combining detailed x-ray and neutron diffraction studies with quantitative modeling using spin-polarized density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Wehinger
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24, Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - C Fiolka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Lanza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - R Scatena
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Kubus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Grockowiak
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - W A Coniglio
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - D Graf
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - M Skoulatos
- Heinz-Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum and Physics Department, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - J-H Chen
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
- Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J Gukelberger
- Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Département de Physique and Institut Quantique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - N Casati
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - O Zaharko
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Macchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - K W Krämer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Tozer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - C Mudry
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - B Normand
- Neutrons and Muons Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ch Rüegg
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24, Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève, Switzerland
- Neutrons and Muons Research Division, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
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17
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Brealey JC, Chappell KJ, Galbraith S, Fantino E, Gaydon J, Tozer S, Young PR, Holt PG, Sly PD. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization of the nasopharynx is associated with increased severity during respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children. Respirology 2017; 23:220-227. [PMID: 28913912 PMCID: PMC7169064 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most significant cause of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in early life. RSV and other respiratory viruses are known to stimulate substantial outgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the upper airways of young children. However, the clinical significance of interactions between viruses and bacteria is currently unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the effect of viral and bacterial co‐detections on disease severity during paediatric ARI. Methods Nasopharyngeal aspirates from children under 2 years of age presenting with ARI to the emergency department were screened by quantitative PCR for 17 respiratory viruses and the bacterial pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Associations between pathogen detection and clinical measures of disease severity were investigated. Results RSV was the most common virus detected, present in 29 of 58 samples from children with ARI (50%). Detection of S. pneumoniae was significantly more frequent during RSV infections compared to other respiratory viruses (adjusted effect size: 1.8, P: 0.03), and co‐detection of both pathogens was associated with higher clinical disease severity scores (adjusted effect size: 1.2, P: 0.03). Conclusion Co‐detection of RSV and S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx was associated with more severe ARI, suggesting that S. pneumoniae colonization plays a pathogenic role in young children. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/resp.13209/abstract High loads of bacteria colonizing the upper respiratory tract are often observed during paediatric respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. The present study identified an association between co‐detection of RSV and Streptococcus pneumoniae and more severe disease, suggesting the bacteria has a pathogenic role in these young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaelle C Brealey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Keith J Chappell
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sally Galbraith
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Fantino
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jane Gaydon
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Children's Health Queensland, Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Children's Health Queensland, Centre for Children's Health Research, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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18
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Comiskey D, Api A, Barrett C, Ellis G, McNamara C, O'Mahony C, Robison S, Rose J, Safford B, Smith B, Tozer S. Integrating habits and practices data for soaps, cosmetics and air care products into an existing aggregate exposure model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 88:144-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1034] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Safford B, Api A, Barratt C, Comiskey D, Ellis G, McNamara C, O'Mahony C, Robison S, Rose J, Smith B, Tozer S. Application of the expanded Creme RIFM consumer exposure model to fragrance ingredients in cosmetic, personal care and air care products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:148-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1014] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Friedemann S, Chang H, Gamża MB, Reiss P, Chen X, Alireza P, Coniglio WA, Graf D, Tozer S, Grosche FM. Erratum: Large Fermi Surface of Heavy Electrons at the Border of Mott Insulating State in NiS 2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36690. [PMID: 27830714 PMCID: PMC5103203 DOI: 10.1038/srep36690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Mowlaboccus S, Perkins TT, Smith H, Sloots T, Tozer S, Prempeh LJ, Tay CY, Peters F, Speers D, Keil AD, Kahler CM. Temporal Changes in BEXSERO® Antigen Sequence Type Associated with Genetic Lineages of Neisseria meningitidis over a 15-Year Period in Western Australia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158315. [PMID: 27355628 PMCID: PMC4927168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is the causative agent of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD). The BEXSERO® vaccine which is used to prevent serogroup B disease is composed of four sub-capsular protein antigens supplemented with an outer membrane vesicle. Since the sub-capsular protein antigens are variably expressed and antigenically variable amongst meningococcal isolates, vaccine coverage can be estimated by the meningococcal antigen typing system (MATS) which measures the propensity of the strain to be killed by vaccinated sera. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) which identifies the alleles of the antigens that may be recognised by the antibody response could represent, in future, an alternative estimate of coverage. In this study, WGS of 278 meningococcal isolates responsible for 62% of IMD in Western Australia from 2000–2014 were analysed for association of genetic lineage (sequence type [ST], clonal complex [cc]) with BEXSERO® antigen sequence type (BAST) and MATS to predict the annual vaccine coverage. A hyper-endemic period of IMD between 2000–05 was caused by cc41/44 with the major sequence type of ST-146 which was not predicted by MATS or BAST to be covered by the vaccine. An increase in serogroup diversity was observed between 2010–14 with the emergence of cc11 serogroup W in the adolescent population and cc23 serogroup Y in the elderly. BASTs were statistically associated with clonal complex although individual antigens underwent antigenic drift from the major type. BAST and MATS predicted an annual range of 44–91% vaccine coverage. Periods of low vaccine coverage in years post-2005 were not a result of the resurgence of cc41/44:ST-146 but were characterised by increased diversity of clonal complexes expressing BASTs which were not predicted by MATS to be covered by the vaccine. The driving force behind the diversity of the clonal complex and BAST during these periods of low vaccine coverage is unknown, but could be due to immune selection and inter-strain competition with carriage of non-disease causing meningococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Mowlaboccus
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Timothy T. Perkins
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Helen Smith
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Theo Sloots
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Royal Children’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lydia-Jessica Prempeh
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Chin Yen Tay
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Fanny Peters
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David Speers
- Department of Microbiology, QEII Medical Centre, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Anthony D. Keil
- Department of Microbiology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia
| | - Charlene M. Kahler
- Marshall Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Training, School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
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22
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Friedemann S, Chang H, Gamża MB, Reiss P, Chen X, Alireza P, Coniglio WA, Graf D, Tozer S, Grosche FM. Large Fermi Surface of Heavy Electrons at the Border of Mott Insulating State in NiS2. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25335. [PMID: 27174799 PMCID: PMC4865941 DOI: 10.1038/srep25335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One early triumph of quantum physics is the explanation why some materials are metallic whereas others are insulating. While a treatment based on single electron states is correct for most materials this approach can fail spectacularly, when the electrostatic repulsion between electrons causes strong correlations. Not only can these favor new and subtle forms of matter, such as magnetism or superconductivity, they can even cause the electrons in a half-filled energy band to lock into position, producing a correlated, or Mott insulator. The transition into the Mott insulating state raises important fundamental questions. Foremost among these is the fate of the electronic Fermi surface and the associated charge carrier mass, as the Mott transition is approached. We report the first direct observation of the Fermi surface on the metallic side of a Mott insulating transition by high pressure quantum oscillatory measurements in NiS2. Our results point at a large Fermi surface consistent with Luttinger’s theorem and a strongly enhanced quasiparticle effective mass. These two findings are in line with central tenets of the Brinkman-Rice picture of the correlated metal near the Mott insulating state and rule out alternative scenarios in which the carrier concentration vanishes continuously at the metal-insulator transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Friedemann
- HH Wills Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK
| | - H Chang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - M B Gamża
- Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.,Jeremiah Horrocks Institute for Mathematics, Physics and Astronomy, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - P Reiss
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - X Chen
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - P Alireza
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - W A Coniglio
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 83810, USA
| | - D Graf
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 83810, USA
| | - S Tozer
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 83810, USA
| | - F M Grosche
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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23
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Stevenson S, Gowardman J, Tozer S, Woods M. Life-threatening Q fever infection following exposure to kangaroos and wallabies. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-210808. [PMID: 26385915 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-210808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 28-year-old woman, a park ranger, developed acute Q fever with associated sepsis, profound jaundice, disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiorgan failure necessitating prolonged admission to the intensive care unit for ventilatory support. She recovered fully and remains well 4 years later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stevenson
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Gowardman
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Tozer
- University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marion Woods
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
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24
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Safford B, Api AM, Barratt C, Comiskey D, Daly EJ, Ellis G, McNamara C, O'Mahony C, Robison S, Smith B, Thomas R, Tozer S. Use of an aggregate exposure model to estimate consumer exposure to fragrance ingredients in personal care and cosmetic products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:673-82. [PMID: 26071898 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1399] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring the toxicological safety of fragrance ingredients used in personal care and cosmetic products is essential in product development and design, as well as in the regulatory compliance of the products. This requires an accurate estimation of consumer exposure which, in turn, requires an understanding of consumer habits and use of products. Where ingredients are used in multiple product types, it is important to take account of aggregate exposure in consumers using these products. This publication investigates the use of a newly developed probabilistic model, the Creme RIFM model, to estimate aggregate exposure to fragrance ingredients using the example of 2-phenylethanol (PEA). The output shown demonstrates the utility of the model in determining systemic and dermal exposure to fragrances from individual products, and aggregate exposure. The model provides valuable information not only for risk assessment, but also for risk management. It should be noted that data on the concentrations of PEA in products used in this article were obtained from limited sources and not the standard, industry wide surveys typically employed by the fragrance industry and are thus presented here to illustrate the output and utility of the newly developed model. They should not be considered an accurate representation of actual exposure to PEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Safford
- B-Safe Toxicology Consulting, 31 Hayway, Rushden, Northants NN10 6AG, United Kingdom
| | - A M Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, United States.
| | - C Barratt
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Beds MK44 1LQ, United Kingdom
| | - D Comiskey
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - E J Daly
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - G Ellis
- Givaudan International S.A., 5 chemin de la parfumerie, CH1214 Vernier, Switzerland
| | - C McNamara
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - C O'Mahony
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S Robison
- The Procter and Gamble Company, Mason Business Center, 8700 Mason Montgomery Rd, Mason, OH 45040, United States
| | - B Smith
- Firmenich Inc., P.O. Box 5880, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - R Thomas
- Creme Global Ltd, The Tower, Trinity Enterprise Centre, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - S Tozer
- Procter&Gamble, Surrey TW20 9NW, United Kingdom
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Tozer S, O’Mahony C, Nash J, Kelly S, Daly E. Probabilistic aggregate exposure modelling to aluminium from the diet, cosmetics and medicines. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Prescimone A, Parsons S, Brechin EK, Hill S, Tozer S. The effect of high-pressure on molecular magnetism. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311087356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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27
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Hall B, Steiling W, Safford B, Coroama M, Tozer S, Firmani C, McNamara C, Gibney M. European consumer exposure to cosmetic products, a framework for conducting population exposure assessments Part 2. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:408-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Tozer S, Whiley DM, Lum G, Rawlinson WD, Sammels LM, Sloots TP, Nissen MD. Identification of Australian human respiratory syncytial virus strains containing a 60-nucleotide duplication within the G glycoprotein gene. Pathology 2008; 40:632-5. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020802320655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Acuff K, Broening B, Crofton K, Fix A, Julien E, Nash J, Richard A, Tozer S, Yang C. Conversion of Developmental Neurotoxicity (DNT) information into a structure-searchable relational database. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2008.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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McNamara C, Rohan D, Golden D, Gibney M, Hall B, Tozer S, Safford B, Coroama M, Leneveu-Duchemin MC, Steiling W. Probabilistic modelling of European consumer exposure to cosmetic products. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2086-96. [PMID: 17804138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the statistical analysis of the usage profile of the European population to seven cosmetic products. The aim of the study was to construct a reliable model of exposure of the European population from use of the selected products: body lotion, shampoo, deodorant spray, deodorant non-spray, facial moisturiser, lipstick and toothpaste. The first step in this process was to gather reliable data on consumer usage patterns of the products. These data were sourced from a combination of market information databases and a controlled product use study by the trade association Colipa. The market information study contained a large number of subjects, in total 44,100 households and 18,057 habitual users (males and females) of the studied products, in five European countries. The data sets were then combined to generate a realistic distribution of frequency of use of each product, combined with distribution of the amount of product used at each occasion using the CREMe software. A Monte Carlo method was used to combine the data sets. This resulted in a new model of European exposure to cosmetic products being constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C McNamara
- CREMe Software Ltd., Innovation Centre, O'Reilly Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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31
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Singleton J, Goddard PA, Ardavan A, Coldea AI, Blundell SJ, McDonald RD, Tozer S, Schlueter JA. Persistence to high temperatures of interlayer coherence in an organic superconductor. Phys Rev Lett 2007; 99:027004. [PMID: 17678248 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.027004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The interlayer magnetoresistance rho(zz) of the organic metal kappa-(BEDT-TTF)(2)Cu(NCS)(2) is studied in fields of up to 45 T and at temperatures T from 0.5 to 30 K. The peak in rho(zz) seen in in-plane fields, a definitive signature of interlayer coherence, remains to Ts exceeding the Anderson criterion for incoherent transport by a factor approximately 30. Angle-dependent magnetoresistance oscillations are modeled using an approach based on field-induced quasiparticle paths on a 3D Fermi surface, to yield the T dependence of the scattering rate tau(-1). The results suggest that tau(-1) does not vary strongly over the Fermi surface, and that it has a T(2) dependence due to electron-electron scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Singleton
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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32
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Hall B, Tozer S, Safford B, Coroama M, Steiling W, Leneveu-Duchemin MC, McNamara C, Gibney M. European consumer exposure to cosmetic products, a framework for conducting population exposure assessments. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2097-108. [PMID: 17683841 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Access to reliable exposure data is essential to evaluate the toxicological safety of ingredients in cosmetic products. This study was carried out by European cosmetic manufacturers acting within the trade association Colipa, with the aim to construct a probabilistic European population model of exposure. The study updates, in distribution form, the current exposure data on daily quantities of six cosmetic products. Data were collected using a combination of market information databases and a controlled product use study. In total 44,100 households and 18,057 individual consumers in five European countries provided data using their own products. All product use occasions were recorded, including those outside of home. The raw data were analysed using Monte Carlo simulation and a European Statistical Population Model of exposure was constructed. A significant finding was an inverse correlation between frequency of product use and quantity used per application for body lotion, facial moisturiser, toothpaste and shampoo. Thus it is not appropriate to calculate daily exposure to these products by multiplying the maximum frequency value by the maximum quantity per event value. The results largely confirm the exposure parameters currently used by the cosmetic industry. Design of this study could serve as a model for future assessments of population exposure to chemicals in products other than cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hall
- L'Oréal, Worldwide Safety Evaluation, River Plaza 25-29 quai Aulagnier, 92600 Asnières-sur-Seine, France.
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