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Tozer S, Alexander-White C, Amin R, Audebert F, Barratt C, O'Brien J, Burke T, Bury D, Nguea HD, Dimopoulou M, Farahmand S, Fritz S, Gerber E, Giusti A, Goodwin W, Kirsch T, Oreffo V, McNamara C. From worst-case to reality - Case studies illustrating tiered refinement of consumer exposure to cosmetic ingredients. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 143:105436. [PMID: 37429522 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Consumer exposure to cosmetic ingredients is estimated in a tiered manner. Simple Tier1 deterministic aggregate exposure modelling generates a worst case estimate of exposure. Tier1 assumes that a consumer uses all cosmetic products concomitantly daily, at maximum frequency, and products always contain the ingredient at the maximum allowed % w/w concentration. Refining exposure assessment from worst case to more realistic estimates uses evidence from surveys of actual use levels of ingredients and Tier2 probabilistic models, where distributions of consumer use data can be applied. In Tier2+ modelling, occurrence data provides evidence of products on the market actually containing the ingredient. Three case studies are presented using this tiered approach to illustrate progressive refinement. The scale of refinements from Tier1 to Tier2+ modelling for the ingredients, propyl paraben, benzoic acid and DMDM hydantoin were: 0.492 to 0.026; 1.93 to 0.042 and 1.61 to 0.027 mg/kg/day exposure dose. For propyl paraben, moving from Tier1 to Tier2+ represents a refinement from 49-fold to 3-fold overestimate of exposure when compared to a maximum estimate of 0.01 mg/kg/day exposure seen in human studies. Such refinements from worst case to realistic levels of exposure estimation can be critical in the demonstration of consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tozer
- Procter & Gamble Technical Centres Ltd, Reading, RG2 0QE, UK
| | | | - Ripal Amin
- Avon Products International, 1 Avon Place, Suffern, NY, 10901, USA
| | | | - Catherine Barratt
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - John O'Brien
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Dagmar Bury
- Worldwide Safety Evaluation Department, L'Oreal Research and Innovation, 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | - Hermine Dika Nguea
- Worldwide Safety Evaluation Department, L'Oreal Research and Innovation, 9 Rue Pierre Dreyfus, 92110, Clichy, France
| | | | - Sarah Farahmand
- Edgewell Personal Care, 75 Commerce Drive, Allendale, NJ, 07401, USA
| | - Sabrina Fritz
- Kao Germany GmbH, Pfungstädter Straße 98-100, 64297, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Arianna Giusti
- Cosmetics Europe - The Personal Care Association, Avenue Herrmann-Debroux 40, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Goodwin
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Taryn Kirsch
- Procter & Gamble, Sulzbacher Str. 40, 65824, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - Victor Oreffo
- Unilever Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Cronan McNamara
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Nguea HD, de Reydellet A, Le Faou A, Zaiou M, Rihn B. Macrophage culture as a suitable paradigm for evaluation of synthetic vitreous fibers. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:675-95. [PMID: 18686077 DOI: 10.1080/10408440802194915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of toxicologic investigation of synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) is to provide essential input for the assessment of human risk to their exposure. Toxicity of mineral fibers is usually evaluated by testing biopersistence in rodent model. However, a cellular model would be much appreciated in order to reduce, refine, and replace animal models. Pulmonary disorders triggered by inhalation of occupational or environmental mineral particulates can be the endpoints of a chronic inflammatory process in which alveolar macrophages (AMs) play a crucial role. Depending on the type of SVF involved, phagocytosis of fiber leads to activation of macrophages, resulting in release of fiber components and potent mediators, such as reactive oxygen or nitrogen species and cytokines. As a matter of fact, macrophages should be the cells of choice since SVF toxicity is the consequence of fibers and alveolar macrophages interaction. Today, monocytes and macrophages culture are firmly established as a paradigm in toxicology when several endpoints are assayed in macrophages: (1) fiber durability, (2) fiber surface changes, (3) oxidative stress and genotoxicity in macrophage, and (4) macrophage cell viability and apoptosis. This article is a review of up-to-date knowledge of in vitro studies involving macrophages, and assesses endpoints of macrophage toxicity with an emphasis on (1) dissolution, (2) scanning electron microscopy analysis, (3) cytotoxicity, and (4) gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Dika Nguea
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Virologie, Faculté de Medecine, Nancy University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Dika Nguea H, Rihn B, Mahon D, Bernard JL, De Reydellet A, Le Faou A. Effects of various man-made mineral fibers on cell apoptosis and viability. Arch Toxicol 2005; 79:487-92. [PMID: 15856181 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-005-0661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the pathogenic potentials of man-made mineral fibers (MMMF) is an important task performed by the European Community. Noting that it has been proposed that the use of laboratory animals for scientific tests should be reduced or phased out, macrophages then become the cells of choice for conducting in vitro studies. We have evaluated the in vitro toxicity of six commercial stonewool fibers (A, B1, B2, C, D, and E) on U-937 cells. The physical interaction between U-937 cells and MMMF was observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the cytotoxicity was evaluated by studying cell viability using MTT assay and cell apoptosis with an ELISA detection kit. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis has shown that long fibers can be covered by several macrophages, and that a small fiber can be completely engulfed by one cell. With 50 microg/mL of MMMF, a decrease in cell viability appeared after seven days of incubation, whereas 200 microg/mL induced loss of viability and apoptosis after one day. Fiber D, comprising a high proportion of fibers >20 microm in length and a high concentration of MgO, induced the highest loss in viability and the highest rate of apoptosis compared to the other five fibers. Whether this toxic effect is related to either the physical characteristics of the fibers (such as length), or to the high concentration of magnesium is still to be determined. Because the results can be rapidly obtained, the proposed model is suitable for studying the toxicities of mineral components, even if the tested concentrations are far from the ones reached in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Dika Nguea
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS-UHP, 7565, BP 184, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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