1
|
Affiliation(s)
- Marilynn Ransom Fairfax
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Clinical Microbiology Laboratories, DMC University Laboratories, 4201 St. Antoine Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Martin H Bluth
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Pathology Laboratories, Michigan Surgical Hospital, 21230 Dequindre Road, Warren, MI 48091, USA
| | - Hossein Salimnia
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Clinical Microbiology Laboratories, DMC University Laboratories, 4201 St. Antoine Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Simultaneous detection of herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with seizures and encephalitis. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 53:343-5. [PMID: 25355765 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02718-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 62-year-old female with seizures and encephalitis. Molecular testing of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid was positive for both herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of simultaneous detection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in cerebrospinal fluid.
Collapse
|
4
|
Rapid and direct detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid by use of a commercial real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:4361-2. [PMID: 25274992 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02623-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infection due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a medical emergency and requires rapid diagnosis and initiation of therapy. In this study, we compared a routine real-time PCR assay for HSV types 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) to a recently FDA-approved direct PCR assay (Simplexa HSV-1/2 Direct; Focus Diagnostics, Cypress, CA) using cerebrospinal fluid samples (n = 100). The Simplexa HSV-1/2 assays demonstrated a combined sensitivity and specificity of 96.2% (50/52) and 97.9% (47/48), respectively. In addition, the Simplexa assay does not require nucleic acid extraction, and the results are available in 60 min.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zuckerman R, Manji K, Matee M, Naburi H, Bisimba J, Martinez R, Wieland-Alter W, Kim F, von Reyn CF, Palumbo P. HSV oropharyngeal shedding among HIV-infected children in Tanzania. Int J STD AIDS 2014; 26:456-61. [PMID: 25028453 DOI: 10.1177/0956462414543122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) oral shedding has not been studied among HIV-positive children in Africa. We sought to evaluate longitudinal oral HSV reactivation in HIV-positive and -negative children. Twenty HIV-positive antiretroviral-naive and 10 HIV-negative children aged 3-12 years in Tanzania were followed prospectively for 14 days. Oral swabs were collected daily and submitted for HSV DNA PCR analysis. Clinical data were collected via chart review and daily diaries. HSV DNA was detected in 10 (50%) of HIV-positive and 4 (40%) of HIV-negative children. Children who shed HSV had virus detected in a median of 21.4% of samples; shedding was intermittent. Median CD4 count among HIV-infected children was 667 cells/µL in those with positive HSV DNA and 886 cells/µL in those who were negative (p = 0.6). Of the HIV-positive children reporting prior sores, five (83%) had positive HSV swabs, whereas the one HIV-negative child with prior sores did not have a PCR-positive swab. HSV is detected frequently in children with and without HIV. HIV-infected children reporting oral sores have a high rate of HSV detection. Given the proven strong interactions between HIV and HSV, further study of co-infection with these viruses is warranted in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Zuckerman
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Karim Manji
- DarDar Pediatric Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Mecky Matee
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Helga Naburi
- DarDar Pediatric Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Jema Bisimba
- DarDar Pediatric Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Raquel Martinez
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul Palumbo
- Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA DarDar Pediatric Program, Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Marilynn Ransom Fairfax
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, and Microbiology Division, Detroit Medical Center University Laboratories, 4201 Saint Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Characterization of a novel melt curve by use of the Roche LightCycler HSV 1/2 analyte-specific reagent real-time PCR assay: frequencies of this novel (low) melt curve and commonly encountered (intermediate) melt curves. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 52:957-9. [PMID: 24352998 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03062-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterize a novel probe binding-site polymorphism detectable solely by melt curve analysis using the Roche LightCycler HSV 1/2 analyte-specific reagent real-time PCR assay. The frequencies of this novel (47°C) and previously described intermediate (60 to 62°C) melt curves were 0.016% and 4.9%, respectively.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the most common, yet frequently overlooked, sexually transmitted infections. Since the type of HSV infection affects prognosis and subsequent counseling, type-specific testing to distinguish HSV-1 from HSV-2 is recommended. Although PCR has been the diagnostic standard for HSV infections of the central nervous system, until now viral culture has been the test of choice for HSV genital infection. However, HSV PCR, with its consistently and substantially higher rate of HSV detection, will likely replace viral culture as the gold standard for the diagnosis of genital herpes in people with active mucocutaneous lesions, regardless of anatomic location or viral type. Alternatively, type-specific serologic tests based on glycoprotein G should be the test of choice to establish the diagnosis of HSV infection when no active lesion is present. Given the difficulty in making the clinical diagnosis of HSV, the growing worldwide prevalence of genital herpes and the availability of effective antiviral therapy, there is an increased demand for rapid, accurate laboratory diagnosis of patients with HSV.
Collapse
|
9
|
Iroha IR, Esimone CO, Neumann S, Marlinghaus L, Korte M, Szabados F, Gatermann S, Kaase M. First description of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-15- extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) in out-patients from south eastern Nigeria. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2012; 11:19. [PMID: 22824236 PMCID: PMC3473344 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the presence of extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) in 44 clinical isolates of Escherichia coli collected from out-patients in two university teaching hospitals in South-Eastern Nigeria. Species identification was performed by standard microbiology methods and re-confirmed by MALDI-TOF technology. Phenotypic characterization of ESBL enzymes was done by double disc synergy test and presence of ESBL genes was determined by specific PCR followed by sequencing. Transfer of plasmid DNA was carried out by transformation using E. coli DH5 as recipient strain. Phenotypic characterization identified all isolates to be ESBL positive. 77% of strains were from urine, 13.6% from vaginal swabs and 9.0% from wound swabs. 63.6% were from female patients, 68% were from outpatients and 95.5% from patients younger than 30 years. All ESBL producers were positive in a PCR for blaCTX-M-1 cluster, in exemplary strains blaCTX-M-15 was found by sequencing. In all strains ISEcp1 was found upstream and ORF477 downstream of blaCTX-M. PCR for blaTEM and blaOXA-1 was positive in 93.1% of strains, whereas blaSHV was not detected, aac(6′)-Ib-cr was found in 97.7% of strains. RAPD analysis revealed seven different clonal groups named A through G with the majority of the strains (65.9%) belonging to clone A. Transfer of an ESBL plasmid with co-resistance to gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, doxycycline and trimethropim-sulfamethoxazole was successful in 19 (43.2%) strains. This study showed a high rate of CTX-M-1 cluster - ESBLs in South-Eastern Nigeria and further confirms the worldwide spread of CTX-M ESBL in clinical isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyichukwu R Iroha
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Ebonyi State University, P.M.B. 053, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ruskova L, Raclavsky V. The potential of high resolution melting analysis (hrma) to streamline, facilitate and enrich routine diagnostics in medical microbiology. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 155:239-52. [PMID: 22286809 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2011.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine medical microbiology diagnostics relies on conventional cultivation followed by phenotypic techniques for identification of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This is not only due to tradition and economy but also because it provides pure culture needed for antibiotic susceptibility testing. This review focuses on the potential of High Resolution Melting Analysis (HRMA) of double-stranded DNA for future routine medical microbiology. METHODS AND RESULTS Search of MEDLINE database for publications showing the advantages of HRMA in routine medical microbiology for identification, strain typing and further characterization of pathogenic bacteria and fungi in particular. The results show increasing numbers of newly-developed and more tailor-made assays in this field. For microbiologists unfamiliar with technical aspects of HRMA, we also provide insight into the technique from the perspective of microbial characterization. CONCLUSIONS We can anticipate that the routine availability of HRMA in medical microbiology laboratories will provide a strong stimulus to this field. This is already envisioned by the growing number of medical microbiology applications published recently. The speed, power, convenience and cost effectiveness of this technology virtually predestine that it will advance genetic characterization of microbes and streamline, facilitate and enrich diagnostics in routine medical microbiology without interfering with the proven advantages of conventional cultivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Ruskova
- Department of Microbiology, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
The diagnosis of genital herpes - beyond culture: An evidence-based guide for the utilization of polymerase chain reaction and herpes simplex virus type-specific serology. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 18:233-40. [PMID: 18923735 DOI: 10.1155/2007/505364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accurate identification of persons with genital herpes is necessary for optimal patient management and prevention of transmission. Because of inherent inaccuracies, clinical diagnosis of genital herpes should be confirmed by laboratory testing for the causative agents herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV type 2 (HSV-2). Further identification of the HSV type is valuable for counselling on the natural history of infection and risk of transmission. Laboratory methods include antigen detection, culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and conventional and type-specific serology (TSS). PCR has, by far, the greater sensitivity and should be the test of choice for symptomatic cases. HSV-2 TSS is indicated for patients with genital lesions in whom antigen detection, culture or PCR fail to detect HSV, and for patients who are asymptomatic but have a history suggestive of genital herpes. HSV-2 TSS is further indicated for patients infected with HIV. HSV-2 TSS along with HSV-1 TSS may be considered, as appropriate, in evaluating infection and/or immune status in couples discordant for genital herpes, women who develop their first clinical episode of genital herpes during pregnancy, asymptomatic pregnant women whose partners have a history of genital herpes or HIV infection, and women contemplating pregnancy or considering sexual partnership with those with a history of genital herpes. The above should be performed in conjunction with counselling of infected persons and their sex partners.
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Abstract
In routine molecular diagnostics, detection of herpesviruses has made a major impact. Infection with herpesviruses is indicated by demonstrating the presence of the virus in selected specimens. Rapid and reliable detection of herpesvirus DNA helps to decrease the lethality as well as the sequelae of herpesvirus infection in patients at risk. This chapter discusses specimen types and both laboratory-developed and commercially available assays useful for molecular detection of herpesviruses. To meet the need for reliable laboratory results, it is advisable to employ maximum automated and standardized kits based on reagents and standards of reproducible high quality. In the routine diagnostic laboratory, introduction of IVD/CE and/or FDA-labeled tests is preferred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald H Kessler
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IHMEM, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu L, Dong X, Lian W, Peng X, Liu Z, He Z, Wang Q. Homogeneous Competitive Hybridization Assay Based on Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Anal Chem 2010; 82:1381-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902467w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlong Lian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoniu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhike He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ququan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Acoustic and Photonic Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Selvaraju SB, Wurst M, Horvat RT, Selvarangan R. Evaluation of three analyte-specific reagents for detection and typing of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 63:286-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
16
|
[Utility of molecular biology techniques in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2009; 26 Suppl 9:42-9. [PMID: 19195446 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(08)76540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has been difficult. The introduction of molecular biology techniques in microbiological diagnosis and their application to non-invasive samples has produced significant advances in the diagnosis of these diseases. Overall, detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by molecular biology techniques provides a presumptive diagnosis and requires confirmation by culture in areas with a low prevalence. For Chlamydia trachomatis infections, these techniques are considered to be the most sensitive and specific procedures for mass screening studies, as well as for the diagnosis of symptomatic patients. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium infection by culture is very slow and consequently molecular techniques are the only procedures that can provide relevant diagnostic information. For Treponema pallidum, molecular techniques can provide direct benefits in the diagnosis of infection. Molecular techniques are not established for the routine diagnosis of donovanosis, but can be recommended when performed by experts. Molecular methods are advisable in Haemophilus ducreyi, because of the difficulties of culture and its low sensitivity. In genital herpes, molecular techniques have begun to be recommended for routine diagnosis and could soon become the technique of choice. For other genital infections, bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidosis and trichomoniasis, diagnosis by molecular methods is poorly established. With genital warts, techniques available for screening and genotyping of endocervical samples could be used for certain populations, but are not validated for this purpose.
Collapse
|
17
|
Herpes simplex virus type 2 displays atypical melting-temperature profiles at low viral titers. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2786-9. [PMID: 18524967 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02177-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR is a powerful tool for the detection and typing of herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV types 1 and 2 can be distinguished by using the differences in the melting temperatures (T(m)s) of the hybridization probes. The efficacy of T(m) profiling with low DNA concentrations was evaluated in this study.
Collapse
|
18
|
Meylan S, Robert D, Estrade C, Grimbuehler V, Péter O, Meylan PR, Sahli R. Real-time PCR for type-specific identification of herpes simplex in clinical samples: Evaluation of type-specific results in the context of CNS diseases. J Clin Virol 2008; 41:87-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Hymas WC, Aldous WK, Taggart EW, Stevenson JB, Hillyard DR. Description and validation of a novel real-time RT-PCR enterovirus assay. Clin Chem 2007; 54:406-13. [PMID: 18039718 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.095414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses are a leading cause of aseptic meningitis in adult and pediatric populations. We describe the development of a real-time RT-PCR assay that amplifies a small target in the 5' nontranslated region upstream of the classical Rotbart enterovirus amplicon. The assay includes an RNA internal control and incorporates modified nucleotide chemistry. METHODS We evaluated the performance characteristics of this design and performed blinded parallel testing on clinical samples, comparing the results with a commercially available RT-PCR assay (Pan-Enterovirus OligoDetect kit) that uses an enzyme immunoassay-like plate end detection. RESULTS We tested 778 samples and found 14 discrepant samples between the 2 assays. Of these, the real-time assay detected 6 samples that were negative by the OligoDetect kit, 5 of which were confirmed as positive by sequence analysis using an alternative primer set. Eight discrepant samples were positive by the OligoDetect kit and real-time negative, with 6 confirmed by sequencing. Overall, detection rates of 97% and 96% were obtained for the OligoDetect kit and real-time assays, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the targeted region. The comparative sensitivities of the 2 assays were equivalent, with the limit of detection for the real-time assay determined to be approximately 430 copies per milliliter in cerebrospinal fluid. CONCLUSIONS This novel real-time enterovirus assay is a sensitive and suitable assay for routine clinical testing. The presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms can affect real-time PCR assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weston C Hymas
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Altuglu I, Zeytinoglu A, Sirin H, Yuceyar N, Erensoy S. Comparison of different polymerase chain reaction methods for detection of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 encephalitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 25:669-71. [PMID: 17047902 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-006-0202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Altuglu
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Ege University Medical Faculty, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Podzorski RP. Evaluation of the Cepheid herpes simplex virus typing real-time PCR assay using dermal and genital specimens. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 56:173-7. [PMID: 16698214 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Cepheid herpes simplex virus (HSV) (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, CA) typing multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was evaluated for its ability to detect HSV in dermal and genital specimens stored in M5 media. Swab specimens (n = 114) for HSV testing were placed in M5 media and split between our laboratory and a highly experienced reference laboratory. Aliquots for testing with the Cepheid assay were processed using a simple boil-and-go procedure and then run in a SmartCycler II (Cepheid). Aliquots tested at the reference laboratory were processed using a MagNA Pure LC DNA extractor (Roche Molecular Systems, Alameda, CA) and tested by the Roche HSV real-time PCR assay. Both laboratories detected 35 positives. Of the positive specimens, the Cepheid assay typed 16 as HSV 1 and 19 as HSV 2; the reference laboratory typed 15 as HSV 1, 19 as HSV 2, and 1 as HSV indeterminate. Our results demonstrate that the Cepheid real-time PCR assay, using specimens subjected to minimal specimen processing, performed as well as the Roche real-time PCR assay, using DNA extracts, for the detection of HSV DNA in genital and dermal specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Podzorski
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Waukesha Memorial Hospital, Waukesha, WI 53188, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Watzinger F, Ebner K, Lion T. Detection and monitoring of virus infections by real-time PCR. Mol Aspects Med 2006. [PMID: 16481036 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2005.12.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
The employment of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for virus detection and quantification offers the advantages of high sensitivity and reproducibility, combined with an extremely broad dynamic range. A number of qualitative and quantitative PCR virus assays have been described, but commercial PCR kits are available for quantitative analysis of a limited number of clinically important viruses only. In addition to permitting the assessment of viral load at a given time point, quantitative PCR tests offer the possibility of determining the dynamics of virus proliferation, monitoring of the response to treatment and, in viruses displaying persistence in defined cell types, distinction between latent and active infection. Moreover, from a technical point of view, the employment of sequential quantitative PCR assays in virus monitoring helps identifying false positive results caused by inadvertent contamination of samples with traces of viral nucleic acids or PCR products. In this review, we provide a survey of the current state-of-the-art in the application of the real-time PCR technology to virus analysis. Advantages and limitations of the RQ-PCR methodology, and quality control issues related to standardization and validation of diagnostic assays are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Watzinger
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, St. Anna Kinderspital, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The employment of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques for virus detection and quantification offers the advantages of high sensitivity and reproducibility, combined with an extremely broad dynamic range. A number of qualitative and quantitative PCR virus assays have been described, but commercial PCR kits are available for quantitative analysis of a limited number of clinically important viruses only. In addition to permitting the assessment of viral load at a given time point, quantitative PCR tests offer the possibility of determining the dynamics of virus proliferation, monitoring of the response to treatment and, in viruses displaying persistence in defined cell types, distinction between latent and active infection. Moreover, from a technical point of view, the employment of sequential quantitative PCR assays in virus monitoring helps identifying false positive results caused by inadvertent contamination of samples with traces of viral nucleic acids or PCR products. In this review, we provide a survey of the current state-of-the-art in the application of the real-time PCR technology to virus analysis. Advantages and limitations of the RQ-PCR methodology, and quality control issues related to standardization and validation of diagnostic assays are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. Lion
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 40470 489; fax: +43 1 40470 437.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Espy MJ, Uhl JR, Sloan LM, Buckwalter SP, Jones MF, Vetter EA, Yao JDC, Wengenack NL, Rosenblatt JE, Cockerill FR, Smith TF. Real-time PCR in clinical microbiology: applications for routine laboratory testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:165-256. [PMID: 16418529 PMCID: PMC1360278 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.165-256.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 800] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR has revolutionized the way clinical microbiology laboratories diagnose many human microbial infections. This testing method combines PCR chemistry with fluorescent probe detection of amplified product in the same reaction vessel. In general, both PCR and amplified product detection are completed in an hour or less, which is considerably faster than conventional PCR detection methods. Real-time PCR assays provide sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of conventional PCR combined with Southern blot analysis, and since amplification and detection steps are performed in the same closed vessel, the risk of releasing amplified nucleic acids into the environment is negligible. The combination of excellent sensitivity and specificity, low contamination risk, and speed has made real-time PCR technology an appealing alternative to culture- or immunoassay-based testing methods for diagnosing many infectious diseases. This review focuses on the application of real-time PCR in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Espy
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Hilton 470, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|