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Wang T, Luo R, Zhang J, Lan J, Lu Z, Zhai H, Li LF, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. The African swine fever virus MGF300-4L protein is associated with viral pathogenicity by promoting the autophagic degradation of IKK β and increasing the stability of I κB α. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2333381. [PMID: 38501350 PMCID: PMC11018083 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2333381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which imposes a substantial economic burden on the global pig industry. When screening for the virus replication-regulating genes in the left variable region of the ASFV genome, we observed a notable reduction in ASFV replication following the deletion of the MGF300-4L gene. However, the role of MGF300-4L in ASFV infection remains unexplored. In this study, we found that MGF300-4L could effectively inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, which are regulated by the NF-κB signaling pathway. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that MGF300-4L interacts with IKKβ and promotes its lysosomal degradation via the chaperone-mediated autophagy. Meanwhile, the interaction between MGF300-4L and IκBα competitively inhibits the binding of the E3 ligase β-TrCP to IκBα, thereby inhibiting the ubiquitination-dependent degradation of IκBα. Remarkably, although ASFV encodes other inhibitors of NF-κB, the MGF300-4L gene-deleted ASFV (Del4L) showed reduced virulence in pigs, indicating that MGF300-4L plays a critical role in ASFV pathogenicity. Importantly, the attenuation of Del4L was associated with a significant increase in the production of IL-1β and TNF-α early in the infection of pigs. Our findings provide insights into the functions of MGF300-4L in ASFV pathogenicity, suggesting that MGF300-4L could be a promising target for developing novel strategies and live attenuated vaccines against ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-Reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Jiao Y, Zhao P, Xu LD, Yu JQ, Cai HL, Zhang C, Tong C, Yang YL, Xu P, Sun Q, Chen N, Wang B, Huang YW. Enteric coronavirus nsp2 is a virulence determinant that recruits NBR1 for autophagic targeting of TBK1 to diminish the innate immune response. Autophagy 2024; 20:1762-1779. [PMID: 38597182 PMCID: PMC11262224 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2340420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein 2 (nsp2) exists in all coronaviruses (CoVs), while its primary function in viral pathogenicity, is largely unclear. One such enteric CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), causes high mortality in neonatal piglets worldwide. To determine the biological role of nsp2, we generated a PEDV mutant containing a complete nsp2 deletion (rPEDV-Δnsp2) from a highly pathogenic strain by reverse genetics, showing that nsp2 was dispensable for PEDV infection, while its deficiency reduced viral replication in vitro. Intriguingly, rPEDV-Δnsp2 was entirely avirulent in vivo, with significantly increased productions of IFNB (interferon beta) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in various intestinal tissues of challenged newborn piglets. Notably, nsp2 targets and degrades TBK1 (TANK binding kinase 1), the critical kinase in the innate immune response. Mechanistically, nsp2 induced the macroautophagy/autophagy process and recruited a selective autophagic receptor, NBR1 (NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor). NBR1 subsequently facilitated the K48-linked ubiquitination of TBK1 and delivered it for autophagosome-mediated degradation. Accordingly, the replication of rPEDV-Δnsp2 CoV was restrained by reduced autophagy and excess productions of type I IFNs and ISGs. Our data collectively define enteric CoV nsp2 as a novel virulence determinant, propose a crucial role of nsp2 in diminishing innate antiviral immunity by targeting TBK1 for NBR1-mediated selective autophagy, and pave the way to develop a new type of nsp2-based attenuated PEDV vaccine. The study also provides new insights into the prevention and treatment of other pathogenic CoVs.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; CoV: coronavirus; CQ: chloroquine; dpi: days post-inoculation; DMVs: double-membrane vesicles; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GIGYF2: GRB10 interacting GYF protein 2; hpi: hours post-infection; IFA: immunofluorescence assay; IFIH1: interferon induced with helicase C domain 1; IFIT2: interferon induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2; IFITM1: interferon induced transmembrane protein 1; IFNB: interferon beta; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; ISGs: interferon-stimulated genes; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; nsp2: non-structural protein 2; OAS1: 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1; PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PRRs: pattern recognition receptors; RIGI: RNA sensor RIG-I; RT-qPCR: reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious doses; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Jiao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Dong Xu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Qi Yu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hou-Li Cai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Chao Tong
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Yong-Le Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pinglong Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Cardiology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica (China) Co. Ltd, Taizhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Venkateswaran D, Prakash A, Nguyen QA, Salman M, Suntisukwattana R, Atthaapa W, Tantituvanont A, Lin H, Songkasupa T, Nilubol D. Comprehensive Characterization of the Genetic Landscape of African Swine Fever Virus: Insights into Infection Dynamics, Immunomodulation, Virulence and Genes with Unknown Function. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2187. [PMID: 39123713 PMCID: PMC11311002 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is a lethal contagious hemorrhagic viral disease affecting the swine population. The causative agent is African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). There is no treatment or commercial vaccine available at present. This virus poses a significant threat to the global swine industry and economy, with 100% mortality rate in acute cases. ASFV transmission occurs through both direct and indirect contact, with control measures limited to early detection, isolation, and culling of infected pigs. ASFV exhibits a complex genomic structure and encodes for more than 50 structural and 100 non-structural proteins and has 150 to 167 open reading frames (ORFs). While many of the proteins are non-essential for viral replication, they play crucial roles in mediating with the host to ensure longevity and transmission of virus in the host. The dynamic nature of ASFV research necessitates constant updates, with ongoing exploration of various genes and their functions, vaccine development, and other ASF-related domains. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the structural and functional roles of both newly discovered and previously recorded genes involved in distinct stages of ASFV infection and immunomodulation. Additionally, the review discusses the virulence genes and genes with unknown functions, and proposes future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhithya Venkateswaran
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anwesha Prakash
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Quynh Anh Nguyen
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Roypim Suntisukwattana
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Waranya Atthaapa
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutic and Industrial Pharmacies, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hongyao Lin
- MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd., Singapore 718847, Singapore
| | - Tapanut Songkasupa
- National Institute of Animal Health, Department of Livestock Development, 50/2 Kasetklang, Phahonyothin 45-15, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Thaweerattanasinp T, Kaewborisuth C, Viriyakitkosol R, Saenboonrueng J, Wanitchang A, Tanwattana N, Sonthirod C, Sangsrakru D, Pootakham W, Tangphatsornruang S, Jongkaewwattana A. Adaptation of African swine fever virus to MA-104 cells: Implications of unique genetic variations. Vet Microbiol 2024; 291:110016. [PMID: 38340553 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a large, double-stranded DNA virus that causes a fatal, contagious disease specifically in pigs. However, prevention and control of ASFV outbreaks have been hampered by the lack of an effective vaccine or antiviral treatment for ASFV. Although ASFV has been reported to adapt to a variety of continuous cell lines, the phenotypic and genetic changes associated with ASFV adaptation to MA-104 cells remain poorly understood. Here, we adapted ASFV field isolates to efficiently propagate through serial viral passages in MA-104 cells. The adapted ASFV strain developed a pronounced cytopathic effect and robust infection in MA-104 cells. Interestingly, the adapted variant maintained its tropism in primary porcine kidney macrophages. Whole genome analysis of the adapted virus revealed unique gene deletions in the left and right variable regions of the viral genome compared to other previously reported cell culture-adapted ASFV strains. Notably, gene duplications at the 5' and 3' ends of the viral genome were in reverse complementary alignment with their paralogs. Single point mutations in protein-coding genes and intergenic regions were also observed in the viral genome. Collectively, our results shed light on the significance of these unique genetic changes during adaptation, which facilitate the growth of ASFV in MA-104 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chutima Sonthirod
- Genomic Research Team, National Omics Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Sangsrakru
- Genomic Research Team, National Omics Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wirulda Pootakham
- Genomic Research Team, National Omics Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- Genomic Research Team, National Omics Center, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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5
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Niu S, Guo Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Sun L, Dai H, Peng G. Innate immune escape and adaptive immune evasion of African swine fever virus: A review. Virology 2023; 587:109878. [PMID: 37708611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs. The continued spread of the virus in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of an effective vaccine limits disease control. ASFV has evolved a variety of encoded immune escape proteins and can evade host adaptive immunity, inducing cellular inflammation, autophagy, or apoptosis in host cells. Frequent persistent infections hinder the development of a viral vaccine and impose technical barriers. Currently, knowledge of the virulence-related genes, main pathogenic genes and immunoregulatory mechanism of ASFV is not comprehensive. We explain that ASFV invades the host to regulate its inflammatory response, interferon production, antigen presentation and cellular immunity. Furthermore, we propose potential ideas for ASFV vaccine target design, such as knocking out high-virulence genes in ASFV and performing data mining to identify the main genes that induce antiviral responses. To support a rational strategy for vaccine development, a better understanding of how ASFV interacts with the host and regulates the host's response to infection is needed. We review the current knowledge about ASFV targeting of host innate and adaptive immunity and the mechanisms by which the affected immune pathways are suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Limeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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6
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Wang T, Luo R, Zhang J, Lu Z, Li LF, Zheng YH, Pan L, Lan J, Zhai H, Huang S, Sun Y, Qiu HJ. The MGF300-2R protein of African swine fever virus is associated with viral pathogenicity by promoting the autophagic degradation of IKKα and IKKβ through the recruitment of TOLLIP. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011580. [PMID: 37566637 PMCID: PMC10446188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The multigene family genes (MGFs) in the left variable region (LVR) of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome have been reported to be involved in viral replication in primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and virulence in pigs. However, the exact functions of key MGFs in the LVR that regulate the replication and virulence of ASFV remain unclear. In this study, we identified the MGF300-2R gene to be critical for viral replication in PAMs by deleting different sets of MGFs in the LVR from the highly virulent strain ASFV HLJ/18 (ASFV-WT). The ASFV mutant lacking the MGF300-2R gene (Del2R) showed a 1-log reduction in viral titer, and induced higher IL-1β and TNF-α production in PAMs than did ASFV-WT. Mechanistically, the MGF300-2R protein was found to interact with and degrade IKKα and IKKβ via the selective autophagy pathway. Furthermore, we showed that MGF300-2R promoted the K27-linked polyubiquitination of IKKα and IKKβ, which subsequently served as a recognition signal for the cargo receptor TOLLIP-mediated selective autophagic degradation. Importantly, Del2R exhibited a significant reduction in both replication and virulence compared with ASFV-WT in pigs, likely due to the increased IL-1β and TNF-α, indicating that MGF300-2R is a virulence determinant. These findings reveal that MGF300-2R suppresses host innate immune responses by mediating the degradation of IKKα and IKKβ, which provides clues to paving the way for the rational design of live attenuated vaccines to control ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- School of Life Science Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhanhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Lian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huanjie Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Shujian Huang
- School of Life Science Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- School of Life Science Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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