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Alkhatib B, Jabari M, Bilasy S, Abdul-Rahman H, Sandhu K, Lai S, Alkhatib G. Resistance to Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection Conferred by a Compound CCR5Δ32 and CCR5 C20S Heterozygote. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:116-121. [PMID: 36912158 PMCID: PMC11009460 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed findings in a same-gender couple discordant in their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. The HIV+ partner was homozygous for CCR5 while his receptive HIV- partner was a CCR5Δ32 heterozygote with a C20S missense mutation in his CCR5 allele. The cells from the HIV- partner showed significant resistance to R5 fusion/infection and had no chemotactic response to CCL4 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1β). We demonstrated abundant CCR5-specific RNA in the HIV- partner's cells but no detectable CCR5 protein. CCR5 promoter region cloned from each partner's DNA indicated no significant impact on RNA transcription. The compound effect of CCR5Δ32 and C20S mutation impaired CCR5 coreceptor function and conferred resistance to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Alkhatib
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Mary Jabari
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Shymaa Bilasy
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Husni Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Kamal Sandhu
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Stephen Lai
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, California, USA
| | - Ghalib Alkhatib
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, California, USA
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Endogenous Peptide Inhibitors of HIV Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:65-85. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cecati M, Giulietti M, Righetti A, Sabanovic B, Piva F. Effects of CXCL12 isoforms in a pancreatic pre-tumour cellular model: Microarray analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1616-1629. [PMID: 33958847 PMCID: PMC8058651 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i15.1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of death among cancers, it is characterized by poor prognosis and strong chemoresistance. In the PDAC microenvironment, stromal cells release different extracellular components, including CXCL12. The CXCL12 is a chemokine promoting the communication between tumour and stromal cells. Six different splicing isoforms of CXCL12 are known (α, β, γ, δ, ε, θ) but their role in PDAC has not yet been characterized.
AIM To investigate the specific role of α, β, and γ CXCL12 isoforms in PDAC onset.
METHODS We used hTERT-HPNE E6/E7/KRasG12D (Human Pancreatic Nestin-Expressing) cell line as a pancreatic pre-tumour model and exposed it to the α, β, and γ CXCL12 isoforms. The altered expression profiles were assessed by microarray analyses and confirmed by Real-Time polymerase chain reaction. The functional enrichment analyses have been performed by Enrichr tool to highlight Gene Ontology enriched terms. In addition, wound healing assays have been carried out to assess the phenotypic changes, in terms of migration ability, induced by the α, β, and γ CXCL12 isoforms.
RESULTS Microarray analysis of hTERT-HPNE cells treated with the three different CXCL12 isoforms highlighted that the expression of only a few genes was altered. Moreover, the α and β isoforms showed an alteration in expression of different genes, whereas γ isoform affected the expression of genes also common with α and β isoforms. The β isoform altered the expression of genes mainly involved in cell cycle regulation. In addition, all isoforms affected the expression of genes associated to cell migration, adhesion and cytoskeleton. In vitro cell migration assay confirmed that CXCL12 enhanced the migration ability of hTERT-HPNE cells. Among the CXCL12 splicing isoforms, the γ isoform showed higher induction of migration than α and β isoforms.
CONCLUSION Our data suggests an involvement and different roles of CXCL12 isoforms in PDAC onset. However, more investigations are needed to confirm these preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Cecati
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Alessandra Righetti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Berina Sabanovic
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy
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4
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A dynamic three-step mechanism drives the HIV-1 pre-fusion reaction. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:814-822. [PMID: 30150645 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the intermolecular dynamics and stoichiometry of the interactions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) protein with its receptors and co-receptors on the host cell surface. Here we analyze time-resolved HIV-1 Env interactions with T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4 (CD4) and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) on the surface of cells, by combining multicolor super-resolution localization microscopy (direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy) with fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy imaging. Utilizing the primary isolate JR-FL and laboratory HXB2 strains, we reveal the time-resolved stoichiometry of CD4 and CCR5 or CXCR4 in the pre-fusion complex with HIV-1 Env. The HIV-1 Env pre-fusion dynamics for both R5- and X4-tropic strains consists of a three-step mechanism, which seems to differ in stoichiometry. Analyses with the monoclonal HIV-1-neutralizing antibody b12 indicate that the mechanism of inhibition differs between JR-FL and HXB2 Env. The molecular insights obtained here identify assemblies of HIV-1 Env with receptors and co-receptors as potential novel targets for inhibitor design.
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Shimura K, Miyazato P, Oishi S, Fujii N, Matsuoka M. Impact of HIV-1 infection pathways on susceptibility to antiviral drugs and on virus spread. Virology 2015; 484:364-376. [PMID: 26186575 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The infection routes of HIV-1 can affect several viral properties, including dissemination, pathogenesis, and immune evasion. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of a wide variety of anti-HIV drugs, focusing on the impact that different infection pathways have on their efficacy. Compared to cell-free infection, inhibitory activities were reduced in cell-to-cell productive transmission for all drugs tested. We detected weak reporter-expressing target cells after cell-to-cell transmission in the presence of integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs). Further analysis revealed that this expression was mainly due to unintegrated circular HIV (cHIV) DNAs, consisting of 1-LTR and 2-LTR circles. When in vitro-constructed cHIV DNAs were introduced into cells, the production of infectious and intercellular transmittable virions was observed, suggesting that cHIV DNA could be a source of infectious virus. These results highlight some advantages of the cell-to-cell infection mode for viral expansion, particularly in the presence of anti-retroviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Shimura
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Paola Miyazato
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Jin Q, Chen H, Wang X, Zhao L, Xu Q, Wang H, Li G, Yang X, Ma H, Wu H, Ji X. The Effects of the Recombinant CCR5 T4 Lysozyme Fusion Protein on HIV-1 Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131894. [PMID: 26154172 PMCID: PMC4496087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insertion of T4 lysozyme (T4L) into the GPCR successfully enhanced GPCR protein stability and solubilization. However, the biological functions of the recombinant GPCR protein have not been analyzed. Methods We engineered the CCR5-T4L mutant and expressed and purified the soluble recombinant protein using an E.coli expression system. The antiviral effects of this recombinant protein in THP-1 cell lines, primary human macrophages, and PBMCs from different donors were investigated. We also explored the possible mechanisms underlying the observed antiviral effects. Results Our data showed the biphasic inhibitory and promotion effects of different concentrations of soluble recombinant CCR5-T4L protein on R5 tropic human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection in THP-1 cell lines, human macrophages, and PBMCs from clinical isolates. We demonstrated that soluble recombinant CCR5-T4L acts as a HIV-1 co-receptor, interacts with wild type CCR5, down-regulates the surface CCR5 expression in human macrophages, and interacts with CCL5 to inhibit macrophage migration. Using binding assays, we further determined that recombinant CCR5-T4L and [125I]-CCL5 compete for the same binding site on wild type CCR5. Conclusions Our results suggest that recombinant CCR5-T4L protein marginally promotes HIV-1 infection at low concentrations and markedly inhibits infection at higher concentrations. This recombinant protein may be helpful in the future development of anti-HIV-1 therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Jin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The People’s Hospital of Jiangsu Province, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liandong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Huaian, 62 Huaihai South Road, Huaian, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingchen Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huijuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guanyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Mingji Hospital of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 71 Riverside West Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongming Ma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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7
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Chang SL, Cavnar SP, Takayama S, Luker GD, Linderman JJ. Cell, isoform, and environment factors shape gradients and modulate chemotaxis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123450. [PMID: 25909600 PMCID: PMC4409393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine gradient formation requires multiple processes that include ligand secretion and diffusion, receptor binding and internalization, and immobilization of ligand to surfaces. To understand how these events dynamically shape gradients and influence ensuing cell chemotaxis, we built a multi-scale hybrid agent-based model linking gradient formation, cell responses, and receptor-level information. The CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 signaling axis is highly implicated in metastasis of many cancers. We model CXCL12 gradient formation as it is impacted by CXCR4 and CXCR7, with particular focus on the three most highly expressed isoforms of CXCL12. We trained and validated our model using data from an in vitro microfluidic source-sink device. Our simulations demonstrate how isoform differences on the molecular level affect gradient formation and cell responses. We determine that ligand properties specific to CXCL12 isoforms (binding to the migration surface and to CXCR4) significantly impact migration and explain differences in in vitro chemotaxis data. We extend our model to analyze CXCL12 gradient formation in a tumor environment and find that short distance, steep gradients characteristic of the CXCL12-γ isoform are effective at driving chemotaxis. We highlight the importance of CXCL12-γ in cancer cell migration: its high effective affinity for both extracellular surface sites and CXCR4 strongly promote CXCR4+ cell migration. CXCL12-γ is also more difficult to inhibit, and we predict that co-inhibition of CXCR4 and CXCR7 is necessary to effectively hinder CXCL12-γ-induced migration. These findings support the growing importance of understanding differences in protein isoforms, and in particular their implications for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Laura Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Cavnar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gary D. Luker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jennifer J. Linderman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Chandra LC, Kumar V, Torben W, Vande Stouwe C, Winsauer P, Amedee A, Molina PE, Mohan M. Chronic administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces intestinal anti-inflammatory microRNA expression during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection of rhesus macaques. J Virol 2015; 89:1168-81. [PMID: 25378491 PMCID: PMC4300675 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01754-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recreational and medical use of cannabis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals has increased in recent years. In simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques, chronic administration of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) inhibited viral replication and intestinal inflammation and slowed disease progression. Persistent gastrointestinal disease/inflammation has been proposed to facilitate microbial translocation and systemic immune activation and promote disease progression. Cannabinoids including Δ9-THC attenuated intestinal inflammation in mouse colitis models and SIV-infected rhesus macaques. To determine if the anti-inflammatory effects of Δ9-THC involved differential microRNA (miRNA) modulation, we profiled miRNA expression at 14, 30, and 60 days postinfection (days p.i.) in the intestine of uninfected macaques receiving Δ9-THC (n=3) and SIV-infected macaques administered either vehicle (VEH/SIV; n=4) or THC (THC/SIV; n=4). Chronic Δ9-THC administration to uninfected macaques significantly and positively modulated intestinal miRNA expression by increasing the total number of differentially expressed miRNAs from 14 to 60 days p.i. At 60 days p.i., ∼28% of miRNAs showed decreased expression in the VEH/SIV group compared to none showing decrease in the THC/SIV group. Furthermore, compared to the VEH/SIV group, THC selectively upregulated the expression of miR-10a, miR-24, miR-99b, miR-145, miR-149, and miR-187, previously been shown to target proinflammatory molecules. NOX4, a potent reactive oxygen species generator, was confirmed as a direct miR-99b target. A significant increase in NOX4+ crypt epithelial cells was detected in VEH/SIV macaques compared to the THC/SIV group. We speculate that miR-99b-mediated NOX4 downregulation may protect the intestinal epithelium from oxidative stress-induced damage. These results support a role for differential miRNA induction in THC-mediated suppression of intestinal inflammation. Whether similar miRNA modulation occurs in other tissues requires further investigation. IMPORTANCE Gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease/inflammation is a hallmark of HIV/SIV infection. Previously, we showed that chronic treatment of SIV-infected macaques with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) increased survival and decreased viral replication and infection-induced gastrointestinal inflammation. Here, we show that chronic THC administration to SIV-infected macaques induced an anti-inflammatory microRNA expression profile in the intestine at 60 days p.i. These included several miRNAs bioinformatically predicted to directly target CXCL12, a chemokine known to regulate lymphocyte and macrophage trafficking into the intestine. Specifically, miR-99b was significantly upregulated in THC-treated SIV-infected macaques and confirmed to directly target NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), a reactive oxygen species generator known to damage intestinal epithelial cells. Elevated miR-99b expression was associated with a significantly decreased number of NOX4+ epithelial cells in the intestines of THC-treated SIV-infected macaques. Overall, our results show that selective upregulation of anti-inflammatory miRNA expression contributes to THC-mediated suppression of gastrointestinal inflammation and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrance C Chandra
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Workineh Torben
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Curtis Vande Stouwe
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peter Winsauer
- LSUHSC Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Angela Amedee
- LSUHSC Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Department of Microbiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Patricia E Molina
- LSUHSC Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
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9
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Cavnar SP, Ray P, Moudgil P, Chang SL, Luker KE, Linderman JJ, Takayama S, Luker GD. Microfluidic source-sink model reveals effects of biophysically distinct CXCL12 isoforms in breast cancer chemotaxis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:564-76. [PMID: 24675873 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines critically regulate chemotaxis in normal and pathologic states, but there is limited understanding of how multicellular interactions generate gradients needed for cell migration. Previous studies of chemotaxis of CXCR4+ cells toward chemokine CXCL12 suggest the requirement of cells expressing scavenger receptor CXCR7 in a source-sink system. We leveraged an established microfluidic device to discover that chemotaxis of CXCR4 cells toward distinct isoforms of CXCL12 required CXCR7 scavenging only under conditions with higher than optimal levels of CXCL12. Chemotaxis toward CXCL12-β and -γ isoforms, which have greater binding to extracellular molecules and have been largely overlooked, was less dependent on CXCR7 than the more commonly studied CXCL12-α. Chemotaxis of CXCR4+ cells toward even low levels of CXCL12-γ and CXCL12-β still occurred during treatment with a FDA-approved inhibitor of CXCR4. We also detected CXCL12-γ only in breast cancers from patients with advanced disease. Physiological gradient formation within the device facilitated interrogation of key differences in chemotaxis among CXCL12 isoforms and suggests CXCL12-γ as a biomarker for metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Cavnar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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10
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Gosalbez M, Hupe MC, Lokeshwar SD, Yates TJ, Shields J, Veerapen MK, Merseburger AS, Rosser CJ, Soloway MS, Lokeshwar VB. Differential expression of SDF-1 isoforms in bladder cancer. J Urol 2013; 191:1899-1905. [PMID: 24291546 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE SDF-1 is a ligand of the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and 7. The 6 known SDF-1 isoforms are generated by alternative mRNA splicing. While SDF-1 expression has been detected in various malignancies, only few groups have reported differential expression of SDF-1 isoforms and its clinical significance. We evaluated the expression of 3 SDF-1 isoforms (α, β and γ) in bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction we measured SDF-1α, β and γ mRNA levels in 25 normal and 44 bladder cancer tissues, and in 210 urine specimens (28 normal, 74 benign, 57 bladder cancer, 35 bladder cancer history, 8 other cancer history and 8 other cancer) from consecutive patients. Levels were correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS Of the SDF-1 isoforms only SDF-1β mRNA was significantly over expressed 2.5-fold to sixfold in bladder cancer compared to normal bladder tissues. SDF-1α was expressed in bladder tissues but SDF-1γ was undetectable. On multivariate analysis SDF-1β was an independent predictor of metastasis and disease specific mortality (p=0.017 and 0.043, respectively). In exfoliated urothelial cells only SDF-1β mRNA levels were differentially expressed with 91.2% sensitivity and 73.8% specificity for detecting bladder cancer. In patients with a bladder cancer history increased SDF-1β levels indicated a 4.3-fold increased risk of recurrence within 6 months (p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS SDF-1 isoforms are differentially expressed in bladder tissues and exfoliated urothelial cells. SDF-1β mRNA levels in bladder cancer tissues predict a poor prognosis. Furthermore, SDF-1β mRNA levels in exfoliated cells detect bladder cancer with high sensitivity and they are a potential predictor of future recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gosalbez
- Department of Urology University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33101
| | - Marie C Hupe
- Department of Urology University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33101.,Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover Germany
| | - Soum D Lokeshwar
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33101
| | - Travis J Yates
- Department of Urology University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33101
| | - John Shields
- Department of Urology University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33101
| | - Muthu K Veerapen
- Department of Human Genetics and Hussman Institute of Human Genetics, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover Germany
| | - Charles J Rosser
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, Florida
| | - Mark S Soloway
- Department of Urology University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33101
| | - Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Department of Urology University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33101.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami - Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, 33101
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11
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Rapp C, Snow S, Laufer T, McClendon CL. The role of tyrosine sulfation in the dimerization of the CXCR4:SDF-1 complex. Protein Sci 2013; 22:1025-36. [PMID: 23740770 PMCID: PMC3832039 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptors is a recognized mode of regulation of receptor activities, with alternate oligomeric states resulting in different signaling functions. The CXCR4 chemokine receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that is post-translationally modified by tyrosine sulfation at three sites on its N-terminus (Y7, Y12, Y21), leading to enhanced affinity for its ligand, stromal cell derived factor (SDF-1, also called CXCL12). The complex has been implicated in cancer metastasis and is a therapeutic target in cancer treatment. Using molecular dynamics simulation of NMR-derived structures of the CXCR4 N-terminus in complex with SDF-1, and calculations of electrostatic binding energies for these complexes, we address the role of tyrosine sulfation in this complex. Our results show that sulfation stabilizes the dimeric state of the CXCR4:SDF-1 complex through hydrogen bonding across the dimer interface, conformational changes in residues at the dimer interface, and an enhancement in electrostatic binding energies associated with dimerization. These findings suggest a mechanism through which post-translational modifications such as tyrosine sulfation might regulate downstream function through modulation of the oligomeric state of the modified system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaya Rapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stern College for Women, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA.
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12
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CXCL12-γ expression is inhibited in neuroinflammation. Brain Res 2013; 1519:120-6. [PMID: 23651977 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CXCL12 plays a protective role in CNS autoimmunity. Expression of CXCL12-γ, which has distinct structural and functional properties than the other isoforms of CXCL12, was determined in spinal cords of rats immunized to develop experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CNS expression of CXCL12-γ was markedly lower in EAE-prone Dark Agouti rats than in EAE-resistant Albino Oxford rats, both in spinal cord homogenates and micro-blood vessels isolated from spinal cords. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in DA rats upregulated, while donation of NO in AO rats downregulated CNS expression of CXCL12-γ. NO inhibited CXCL12-γ expression in astrocytes in vitro. A splice variant of CXCL12-γ which migrates into nucleolus was not detected in spinal cord or astrocytes. Thus, CXCL12-γ is expressed in the CNS after EAE induction, but its expression is markedly suppressed in spinal cord affected with full blown inflammation. NO is an important regulator of CXCL12-γ expression in neuroinflammation.
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Voss JG, Dobra A, Morse C, Kovacs JA, Danner RL, Munson PJ, Logan C, Rangel Z, Adelsberger JW, McLaughlin M, Adams LD, Raju R, Dalakas MC. Fatigue-related gene networks identified in CD(14)+ cells isolated from HIV-infected patients: part I: research findings. Biol Res Nurs 2013; 15:137-51. [PMID: 23324479 DOI: 10.1177/1099800411421957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related fatigue (HRF) is multicausal and potentially related to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by antiretroviral therapy with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). METHODOLOGY The authors compared gene expression profiles of CD14(+) cells of low versus high fatigued, NRTI-treated HIV patients to healthy controls (n = 5/group). The authors identified 32 genes predictive of low versus high fatigue and 33 genes predictive of healthy versus HIV infection. The authors constructed genetic networks to further elucidate the possible biological pathways in which these genes are involved. RELEVANCE FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Genes including the actin cytoskeletal regulatory proteins Prokineticin 2 and Cofilin 2 along with mitochondrial inner membrane proteins are involved in multiple pathways and were predictors of fatigue status. Previously identified inflammatory and signaling genes were predictive of HIV status, clearly confirming our results and suggesting a possible further connection between mitochondrial function and HIV. Isolated CD14(+) cells are easily accessible cells that could be used for further study of the connection between fatigue and mitochondrial function of HIV patients. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE The findings from this pilot study take us one step closer to identifying biomarker targets for fatigue status and mitochondrial dysfunction. Specific biomarkers will be pertinent to the development of methodologies to diagnosis, monitor, and treat fatigue and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim G Voss
- Biobehavioral Nursing & Health Systems Department, University of Washington, School of Nursing, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Le Sage V, Banfield BW. Dysregulation of autophagy in murine fibroblasts resistant to HSV-1 infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42636. [PMID: 22900036 PMCID: PMC3416809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse L cell mutant, gro29, was selected for its ability to survive infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). gro29 cells are fully susceptible to HSV-1 infection, however, they produce 2000-fold less infectious virus than parental L cells despite their capacity to synthesize late viral gene products and assemble virions. Because productive HSV-1 infection is presumed to result in the death of the host cell, we questioned how gro29 cells might survive infection. Using time-lapse video microscopy, we demonstrated that a fraction of infected gro29 cells survived infection and divided. Electron microscopy of infected gro29 cells, revealed large membranous vesicles that contained virions as well as cytoplasmic constituents. These structures were reminiscent of autophagosomes. Autophagy is an ancient cellular process that, under nutrient deprivation conditions, results in the degradation and catabolism of cytoplasmic components and organelles. We hypothesized that enhanced autophagy, and resultant degradation of virions, might explain the ability of gro29 to survive HSV-1 infection. Here we demonstrate that gro29 cells have enhanced basal autophagy as compared to parental L cells. Moreover, treatment of gro29 cells with 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy, failed to prevent the formation of autophagosome-like organelles in gro29 cells indicating that autophagy was dysregulated in these cells. Additionally, we observed robust co-localization of the virion structural component, VP26, with the autophagosomal marker, GFP-LC3, in infected gro29 cells that was not seen in infected parental L cells. Collectively, these data support a model whereby gro29 cells prevent the release of infectious virus by directing intracellular virions to an autophagosome-like compartment. Importantly, induction of autophagy in parental L cells did not prevent HSV-1 production, indicating that the relationship between autophagy, virus replication, and survival of HSV-1 infection by gro29 cells is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Le Sage
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce W. Banfield
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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15
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Masuda R, Oishi S, Tanahara N, Ohno H, Hirasawa A, Tsujimoto G, Yano Y, Matsuzaki K, Navenot JM, Peiper SC, Fujii N. Paradoxical Downregulation of CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 Induced by Polyphemusin II-Derived Antagonists. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1259-65. [DOI: 10.1021/bc300084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Masuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ohno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Gozoh Tsujimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Katsumi Matsuzaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
| | - Jean-Marc Navenot
- Department
of Pathology, Anatomy
and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Stephen C. Peiper
- Department
of Pathology, Anatomy
and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto
606-8501, Japan
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16
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Voss JG, Dobra A, Morse C, Kovacs JA, Raju R, Danner RL, Munson PJ, Logan C, Rangel Z, Adelsberger JW, McLaughlin M, Adams LD, Dalakas MC. Fatigue-related gene networks identified in CD14+ cells isolated from HIV-infected patients: part II: statistical analysis. Biol Res Nurs 2011; 15:152-9. [PMID: 22084402 DOI: 10.1177/1099800411423307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In limited samples of valuable biological tissues, univariate ranking methods of microarray analyses often fail to show significant differences among expression profiles. In order to allow for hypothesis generation, novel statistical modeling systems can be greatly beneficial. The authors applied new statistical approaches to solve the issue of limited experimental data to generate new hypotheses in CD14(+) cells of patients with HIV-related fatigue (HRF) and healthy controls. METHODOLOGY We compared gene expression profiles of CD14(+) cells of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-treated HIV patients with low versus high fatigue to healthy controls (n = 5 each). With novel Bayesian modeling procedures, the authors identified 32 genes predictive of low versus high fatigue and 33 genes predictive of healthy versus HIV infection. Sparse association and liquid association networks further elucidated the possible biological pathways in which these genes are involved. RELEVANCE FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Genetic networks developed in a comprehensive Bayesian framework from small sample sizes allow nursing researchers to design future research approaches to address such issues as HRF. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE The findings from this pilot study may take us one step closer to the development of useful biomarker targets for fatigue status. Specific and reliable tests are needed to diagnosis, monitor and treat fatigue and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim G Voss
- Biobehavioral Nursing & Health Systems Department, School of Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Jin Q, Altenburg JD, Hossain MM, Alkhatib G. Role for the conserved N-terminal cysteines in the anti-chemokine activities by the chemokine-like protein MC148R1 encoded by Molluscum contagiosum virus. Virology 2011; 417:449-56. [PMID: 21802105 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum poxvirus (MCV) type 1 and type 2 encode two chemokine-like proteins MC148R1 and MC148R2. It is believed that MC148R proteins function by blocking the inflammatory response. However, the mechanism of the proposed biological activities of MC148R proteins and the role of the additional C-terminal cysteines that do not exist in other chemokines are not understood. Here, we demonstrated in two different assay systems that His-tagged MC148R1 displaces the interaction between CXCL12α and CXCR4. The N-terminal cysteines but not the additional C-terminal cysteines modulate this displacement. His-tagged MC148R1 blocked both CXCL12α-mediated and MIP-1α-mediated chemotaxis. In contrast, MC148R2 blocked MIP-1α-mediated but not CXCL12α-mediated chemotaxis. Immunoprecipitation by antibodies to MC148R1 or CXCL12α followed by immunoblotting and detection by antibodies to the other protein demonstrated physical interaction of His-tagged CXCL12α and His-tagged MC148R1. Interaction with chemokines might mask the receptor interaction site resulting in decreased binding and impairment of the biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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