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Albright ER, Kalejta RF. cGAS-STING-TBK1 Signaling Promotes Valproic Acid-Responsive Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate-Early Transcription during Infection of Incompletely Differentiated Myeloid Cells. Viruses 2024; 16:877. [PMID: 38932169 PMCID: PMC11209474 DOI: 10.3390/v16060877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Repression of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediate-early (IE) gene expression is a key regulatory step in the establishment and maintenance of latent reservoirs. Viral IE transcription and protein accumulation can be elevated during latency by treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors such as valproic acid (VPA), rendering infected cells visible to adaptive immune responses. However, the latency-associated viral protein UL138 inhibits the ability of VPA to enhance IE gene expression during infection of incompletely differentiated myeloid cells that support latency. UL138 also limits the accumulation of IFNβ transcripts by inhibiting the cGAS-STING-TBK1 DNA-sensing pathway. Here, we show that, in the absence of UL138, the cGAS-STING-TBK1 pathway promotes both IFNβ accumulation and VPA-responsive IE gene expression in incompletely differentiated myeloid cells. Inactivation of this pathway by either genetic or pharmacological inhibition phenocopied UL138 expression and reduced VPA-responsive IE transcript and protein accumulation. This work reveals a link between cytoplasmic pathogen sensing and epigenetic control of viral lytic phase transcription and suggests that manipulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways could aid in the refinement of MIEP regulatory strategies to target latent viral reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Albright
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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Teng Q, Tang L, Huang Y, Yang R, He Y, Zhang G, Zhao Y. Mutagenesis of the di-leucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail of newcastle disease virus fusion protein modulates the viral fusion ability and pathogenesis. Virol J 2023; 20:25. [PMID: 36759854 PMCID: PMC9909845 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01985-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a highly infectious viral disease, which can affect chickens and many other kinds of birds. The main virulence factor of NDV, the fusion (F) protein, is located on the viral envelope and plays a major role in the virus' ability to penetrate cells and cause host cell fusion during infection. Multiple highly conserved tyrosine and di-leucine (LL) motifs in the cytoplasmic tail (CT) of the virus may contribute to F protein functionality in the viral life cycle. METHODS To examine the contribution of the LL motif in the biosynthesis, transport, and function of the F protein, we constructed and rescued a NDV mutant strain, rSG10*-F/L537A, with an L537A mutation using a reverse genetic system. Subsequently, we compared the differences in the syncytium formation ability, pathogenicity, and replication levels of wild-type rSG10* and the mutated strain. RESULTS Compared with rSG10*, rSG10*-F/L537A had attenuated syncytial formation and pathogenicity, caused by a viral budding defect. Further studies showed that the LL-motif mutation did not affect the replication, transcription, or translation of the virus genome but affected the expression of the F protein at the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the LL motif in the NDV F CT affected the regulation of F protein expression at the cell surface, thus modulating the viral fusion ability and pathogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Teng
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lihua Tang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yahui Huang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ruihua Yang
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yizhuo He
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Albright ER, Mickelson CK, Kalejta RF. Human Cytomegalovirus UL138 Protein Inhibits the STING Pathway and Reduces Interferon Beta mRNA Accumulation during Lytic and Latent Infections. mBio 2021; 12:e0226721. [PMID: 34903048 PMCID: PMC8669494 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02267-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS/STING/TBK1 (cyclic guanine monophosphate-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes/Tank-binding kinase 1) innate immunity pathway is activated during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) productive (lytic) replication in fully differentiated cells and during latency within incompletely differentiated myeloid cells. While multiple lytic-phase HCMV proteins neutralize steps along this pathway, none of them are expressed during latency. Here, we show that the latency-associated protein UL138 inhibits the cGAS/STING/TBK1 innate immunity pathway during transfections and infections, in fully differentiated cells and incompletely differentiated myeloid cells, and with loss of function and restoration of function approaches. UL138 inhibits the pathway downstream of STING but upstream of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and NF-κB function and reduces the accumulation of interferon beta mRNA during both lytic and latent infections. IMPORTANCE While a cellular restriction versus viral countermeasure arms race between innate immunity and viral latency is expected, few examples have been documented. Our identification of the first HCMV latency protein that inactivates the cGAS/STING/TBK1 innate immune pathway opens the door to understanding how innate immunity, or its neutralization, impacts long-term persistence by HCMV and other latent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Albright
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Clayton K. Mickelson
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Robert F. Kalejta
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Foley SE, Loew EB, McCormick BA. Recent advances in understanding microbial regulation of host multi-drug resistance transporters. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.100469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wang JQ, Yang Y, Cai CY, Teng QX, Cui Q, Lin J, Assaraf YG, Chen ZS. Multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs): Structure, function and the overcoming of cancer multidrug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 54:100743. [PMID: 33513557 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate the ATP-driven translocation of structurally and mechanistically distinct substrates against steep concentration gradients. Among the seven human ABC subfamilies namely ABCA-ABCG, ABCC is the largest subfamily with 13 members. In this respect, 9 of the ABCC members are termed "multidrug resistance proteins" (MRPs1-9) due to their ability to mediate cancer multidrug resistance (MDR) by extruding various chemotherapeutic agents or their metabolites from tumor cells. Furthermore, MRPs are also responsible for the ATP-driven efflux of physiologically important organic anions such as leukotriene C4, folic acid, bile acids and cAMP. Thus, MRPs are involved in important regulatory pathways. Blocking the anticancer drug efflux function of MRPs has shown promising results in overcoming cancer MDR. As a result, many novel MRP modulators have been developed in the past decade. In the current review, we summarize the structure, tissue distribution, biological and pharmacological functions as well as clinical insights of MRPs. Furthermore, recent updates in MRP modulators and their therapeutic applications in clinical trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Chao-Yun Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Qingbin Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA; School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA.
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Poole E, Sinclair J. Understanding HCMV Latency Using Unbiased Proteomic Analyses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E590. [PMID: 32698381 PMCID: PMC7399836 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes either a latent (non-productive) or lytic (productive) infection depending upon cell type, cytokine milieu and the differentiation status of the infected cell. Undifferentiated cells, such as precursor cells of the myeloid lineage, support a latent infection whereas terminally differentiated cells, such as monocytes or dendritic cells are an environment conducive to reactivation and support a lytic infection. The mechanisms which regulate HCMV in either a latent or lytic infection have been the focus of intense investigation with a view to developing novel treatments for HCMV-associated disease which can have a heavy clinical burden after reactivation or primary infection in, especially, the immune compromised. To this end, a number of studies have been carried out in an unbiased manner to address global changes occurring within the latently infected cell to address the molecular changes associated with HCMV latency. In this review, we will concentrate on the proteomic analyses which have been carried out in undifferentiated myeloid cells which either stably express specific viral latency associated genes in isolation or on cells which have been latently infected with virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Poole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, box 157, Level 5 Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
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Gelbmann CB, Kalejta RF. The Golgi sorting motifs of human cytomegalovirus UL138 are not required for latency maintenance. Virus Res 2019; 270:197646. [PMID: 31260705 PMCID: PMC6697590 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes latency within incompletely differentiated cells of the myeloid lineage. The viral protein UL138 participates in establishing and maintaining this latent state. UL138 has multiple functions during latency that include silencing productive phase viral gene transcription and modulating intracellular protein trafficking. Trafficking and subsequent downregulation of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) by UL138 is mediated by one of four Golgi sorting motifs within UL138. Here we investigate whether any of the Golgi sorting motifs of UL138 are required for the establishment and/or maintenance of HCMV latency in model cell systems in vitro. We determined that a mutant UL138 protein lacking an acidic cluster dileucine sorting motif unable to downregulate MRP1, as well as another mutant lacking all four Golgi sorting motifs still silenced viral immediate early (IE) gene expression and prevented progeny virion formation during latency. We conclude that the Golgi sorting motifs are not required for latency establishment or maintenance in model cell systems in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B Gelbmann
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Robert F Kalejta
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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