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Xue M, Sofer L, Simon V, Arvy N, Diop M, Lion R, Beucher G, Bordat A, Tilsner J, Gallois J, German‐Retana S. AtHVA22a, a plant-specific homologue of Reep/DP1/Yop1 family proteins is involved in turnip mosaic virus propagation. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13466. [PMID: 38767756 PMCID: PMC11104427 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The movement of potyviruses, the largest genus of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses responsible for serious diseases in crops, is very complex. As potyviruses developed strategies to hijack the host secretory pathway and plasmodesmata (PD) for their transport, the goal of this study was to identify membrane and/or PD-proteins that interact with the 6K2 protein, a potyviral protein involved in replication and cell-to-cell movement of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Using split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid assays, we screened an Arabidopsis cDNA library for interactors of TuMV6K2. We isolated AtHVA22a (Hordeum vulgare abscisic acid responsive gene 22), which belongs to a multigenic family of transmembrane proteins, homologous to Receptor expression-enhancing protein (Reep)/Deleted in polyposis (DP1)/Yop1 family proteins in animal and yeast. HVA22/DP1/Yop1 family genes are widely distributed in eukaryotes, but the role of HVA22 proteins in plants is still not well known, although proteomics analysis of PD fractions purified from Arabidopsis suspension cells showed that AtHVA22a is highly enriched in a PD proteome. We confirmed the interaction between TuMV6K2 and AtHVA22a in yeast, as well as in planta by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and showed that TuMV6K2/AtHVA22a interaction occurs at the level of the viral replication compartment during TuMV infection. Finally, we showed that the propagation of TuMV is increased when AtHVA22a is overexpressed in planta but slowed down upon mutagenesis of AtHVA22a by CRISPR-Cas9. Altogether, our results indicate that AtHVA22a plays an agonistic effect on TuMV propagation and that the C-terminal tail of the protein is important in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Xue
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Luc Sofer
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Vincent Simon
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Nathalie Arvy
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Mamoudou Diop
- UR 1052, INRAe, GAFL Domaine St MauriceMontfavet CedexFrance
| | - Roxane Lion
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Guillaume Beucher
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Amandine Bordat
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUK
| | | | - Sylvie German‐Retana
- Univ. Bordeaux UMR 1332, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAe, Equipe de VirologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
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Lin J, Zhao J, Du L, Wang P, Sun B, Zhang C, Shi Y, Li H, Sun H. Activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by phosphatidic acid in response to positive-strand RNA viruses. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100659. [PMID: 37434356 PMCID: PMC10811337 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in plant defense against viruses. However, the mechanisms that underlie the activation of MAPK cascades in response to viral infection remain unclear. In this study, we discovered that phosphatidic acid (PA) represents a major class of lipids that respond to Potato virus Y (PVY) at an early stage of infection. We identified NbPLDα1 (Nicotiana benthamiana phospholipase Dα1) as the key enzyme responsible for increased PA levels during PVY infection and found that it plays an antiviral role. 6K2 of PVY interacts with NbPLDα1, leading to elevated PA levels. In addition, NbPLDα1 and PA are recruited by 6K2 to membrane-bound viral replication complexes. On the other hand, 6K2 also induces activation of the MAPK pathway, dependent on its interaction with NbPLDα1 and the derived PA. PA binds to WIPK/SIPK/NTF4, prompting their phosphorylation of WRKY8. Notably, spraying with exogenous PA is sufficient to activate the MAPK pathway. Knockdown of the MEK2-WIPK/SIPK-WRKY8 cascade resulted in enhanced accumulation of PVY genomic RNA. 6K2 of Turnip mosaic virus and p33 of Tomato bushy stunt virus also interacted with NbPLDα1 and induced the activation of MAPK-mediated immunity. Loss of function of NbPLDα1 inhibited virus-induced activation of MAPK cascades and promoted viral RNA accumulation. Thus, activation of MAPK-mediated immunity by NbPLDα1-derived PA is a common strategy employed by hosts to counteract positive-strand RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Lin
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Jinpeng Zhao
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Linlin Du
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Pengkun Wang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Bingjian Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yan Shi
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Honglian Li
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Hangjun Sun
- The Engineering Research Center for Plant Health Protection Technology in Henan Province, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China.
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Li L, Wang G, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhu Y, Lyu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hong N. The functions of triple gene block proteins and coat protein of apple stem pitting virus in viral cell-to-cell movement. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13392. [PMID: 37837244 PMCID: PMC10782654 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Apple stem pitting virus is a species in the genus Foveavirus in the family Betaflexiviridae. Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) commonly infects apple and pear plants grown worldwide. In this study, by integrating bimolecular fluorescence complementation, split-ubiquitin-based membrane yeast two-hybrid, and Agrobacterium-mediated expression assays, the interaction relationships and the subcellular locations of ASPV proteins TGBp1-3 and CP in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells were determined. Proteins CP, TGBp1, TGBp2, and TGBp3 were self-interactable, and TGBp2 played a role in the formation of perinuclear viroplasm and enhanced the colocalization of TGBp3 with CP and TGBp1. We found that the plant microfilament and endoplasmic reticulum structures were involved in the production of TGBp3 and TGBp2 vesicles, and their disruption decreased the virus accumulation level in the systemic leaves. The TGBp3 motile vesicles functioned in delivering the viral ribonucleoprotein complexes to the plasma membrane. Two cysteine residues at sites 35 and 49 of the TGBp3 sorting signal were necessary for the diffusion of TGBp3-marked vesicles. Furthermore, our results revealed that TGBp1, TGBp2, and CP could increase plasmodesmal permeability and move to the adjacent cells. This study demonstrates an interaction network and a subcellular location map of four ASPV proteins and for the first time provides insight into the functions of these proteins in the movement of a foveavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yiting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuzhuo Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yongle Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Atabekova AK, Golyshev SA, Lezzhov AA, Skulachev BI, Moiseenko AV, Yastrebova DM, Andrianova NV, Solovyev ID, Savitsky AP, Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Fine Structure of Plasmodesmata-Associated Membrane Bodies Formed by Viral Movement Protein. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4100. [PMID: 38140427 PMCID: PMC10747570 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transport of plant viruses through plasmodesmata (PD) requires viral movement proteins (MPs) often associated with cell membranes. The genome of the Hibiscus green spot virus encodes two MPs, BMB1 and BMB2, which enable virus cell-to-cell transport. BMB2 is known to localize to PD-associated membrane bodies (PAMBs), which are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structures, and to direct BMB1 to PAMBs. This paper reports the fine structure of PAMBs. Immunogold labeling confirms the previously observed localization of BMB1 and BMB2 to PAMBs. EM tomography data show that the ER-derived structures in PAMBs are mostly cisterns interconnected by numerous intermembrane contacts that likely stabilize PAMBs. These contacts predominantly involve the rims of the cisterns rather than their flat surfaces. Using FRET-FLIM (Förster resonance energy transfer between fluorophores detected by fluorescence-lifetime imaging microscopy) and chemical cross-linking, BMB2 is shown to self-interact and form high-molecular-weight complexes. As BMB2 has been shown to have an affinity for highly curved membranes at cisternal rims, the interaction of BMB2 molecules located at rims of adjacent cisterns is suggested to be involved in the formation of intermembrane contacts in PAMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K. Atabekova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (S.A.G.); (A.A.L.); (S.Y.M.)
| | - Sergei A. Golyshev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (S.A.G.); (A.A.L.); (S.Y.M.)
| | - Alexander A. Lezzhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (S.A.G.); (A.A.L.); (S.Y.M.)
| | - Boris I. Skulachev
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (B.I.S.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Andrey V. Moiseenko
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (B.I.S.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Daria M. Yastrebova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Nadezda V. Andrianova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (S.A.G.); (A.A.L.); (S.Y.M.)
| | - Ilya D. Solovyev
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia (A.P.S.)
| | - Alexander P. Savitsky
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia (A.P.S.)
| | - Sergey Y. Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (S.A.G.); (A.A.L.); (S.Y.M.)
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (B.I.S.); (A.V.M.)
| | - Andrey G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.A.); (S.A.G.); (A.A.L.); (S.Y.M.)
- Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (B.I.S.); (A.V.M.)
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Xue M, Arvy N, German‐Retana S. The mystery remains: How do potyviruses move within and between cells? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1560-1574. [PMID: 37571979 PMCID: PMC10632792 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Potyvirus is considered as the largest among plant single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA viruses, causing considerable economic damage to vegetable and fruit crops worldwide. Through the coordinated action of four viral proteins and a few identified host factors, potyviruses exploit the endomembrane system of infected cells for their replication and for their intra- and intercellular movement to and through plasmodesmata (PDs). Although a significant amount of data concerning potyvirus movement has been published, no synthetic review compiling and integrating all information relevant to our current understanding of potyvirus transport is available. In this review, we highlight the complexity of potyvirus movement pathways and present three potential nonexclusive mechanisms based on (1) the use of the host endomembrane system to produce membranous replication vesicles that are targeted to PDs and move from cell to cell, (2) the movement of extracellular viral vesicles in the apoplasm, and (3) the transport of virion particles or ribonucleoprotein complexes through PDs. We also present and discuss experimental data supporting these different models as well as the aspects that still remain mostly speculative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshuo Xue
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Nathalie Arvy
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
| | - Sylvie German‐Retana
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du fruit et PathologieVillenave d'Ornon CedexFrance
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6
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Ji C, Zhou J, Yang D, Yuan B, Tang R, Liu Y, Xi D. ATG8f Interacts with Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus 6K2 Protein to Limit Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2324. [PMID: 38140565 PMCID: PMC10747504 DOI: 10.3390/v15122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, as a conserved protein degradation pathway in plants, has also been reported to be intricately associated with antiviral defense mechanisms. However, the relationship between chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) and autophagy has not been investigated in the existing research. Here, we reveal that ChiVMV infection caused the accumulation of autophagosomes in infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and the upregulation of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Moreover, the changes in gene expression were correlated with the development of symptoms. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors (3-MA or E-64D) could increase the infection sites and facilitate virus infection, whereas treatment with the autophagy activator (Rapamycin) limited virus infection. Then, ATG8f was identified to interact with ChiVMV 6K2 protein directly in vitro and in vivo. The silencing of ATG8f promoted virus infection, whereas the overexpression of ATG8f inhibited virus infection. Furthermore, the expression of 6K2-GFP in ATG8f- or ATG7-silenced plants was significantly higher than that in control plants. Rapamycin treatment reduced the accumulation of 6K2-GFP in plant cells, whereas treatment with the inhibitor of the ubiquitin pathway (MG132), 3-MA, or E-64D displayed little impact on the accumulation of 6K2-GFP. Thus, our results demonstrated that ATG8f interacts with the ChiVMV 6K2 protein, promoting the degradation of 6K2 through the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Jingya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Daoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Bowen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Rongxia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
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7
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Gong P, Shen Q, Zhang M, Qiao R, Jiang J, Su L, Zhao S, Fu S, Ma Y, Ge L, Wang Y, Lozano-Durán R, Wang A, Li F, Zhou X. Plant and animal positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses encode small proteins important for viral infection in their negative-sense strand. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1794-1810. [PMID: 37777826 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, the most abundant viruses of eukaryotes in nature, require the synthesis of negative-sense RNA (-RNA) using their genomic (positive-sense) RNA (+RNA) as a template for replication. Based on current evidence, viral proteins are translated via viral +RNAs, whereas -RNA is considered to be a viral replication intermediate without coding capacity. Here, we report that plant and animal +ssRNA viruses contain small open reading frames (ORFs) in their -RNA (reverse ORFs [rORFs]). Using turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a model for plant +ssRNA viruses, we demonstrate that small proteins encoded by rORFs display specific subcellular localizations, and confirm the presence of rORF2 in infected cells through mass spectrometry analysis. The protein encoded by TuMV rORF2 forms punctuate granules that are localized in the perinuclear region and co-localized with viral replication complexes. The rORF2 protein can directly interact with the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and mutation of rORF2 completely abolishes virus infection, whereas ectopic expression of rORF2 rescues the mutant virus. Furthermore, we show that several rORFs in the -RNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have the ability to suppress type I interferon production and facilitate the infection of vesicular stomatitis virus. In addition, we provide evidence that TuMV might utilize internal ribosome entry sites to translate these small rORFs. Taken together, these findings indicate that the -RNA of +ssRNA viruses can also have the coding capacity and that small proteins encoded therein play critical roles in viral infection, revealing a viral proteome larger than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtang Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lili Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Ma
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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8
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Incarbone M, Bradamante G, Pruckner F, Wegscheider T, Rozhon W, Nguyen V, Gutzat R, Mérai Z, Lendl T, MacFarlane S, Nodine M, Scheid OM. Salicylic acid and RNA interference mediate antiviral immunity of plant stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302069120. [PMID: 37824524 PMCID: PMC10589665 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302069120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are essential for the development and organ regeneration of multicellular organisms, so their infection by pathogenic viruses must be prevented. Accordingly, mammalian stem cells are highly resistant to viral infection due to dedicated antiviral pathways including RNA interference (RNAi). In plants, a small group of stem cells harbored within the shoot apical meristem generate all postembryonic above-ground tissues, including the germline cells. Many viruses do not proliferate in these cells, yet the molecular bases of this exclusion remain only partially understood. Here, we show that a plant-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, after activation by the plant hormone salicylic acid, amplifies antiviral RNAi in infected tissues. This provides stem cells with RNA-based virus sequence information, which prevents virus proliferation. Furthermore, we find RNAi to be necessary for stem cell exclusion of several unrelated RNA viruses, despite their ability to efficiently suppress RNAi in the rest of the plant. This work elucidates a molecular pathway of great biological and economic relevance and lays the foundations for our future understanding of the unique systems underlying stem cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Incarbone
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam Science Park, Potsdam14476, Germany
| | - Gabriele Bradamante
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Florian Pruckner
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Tobias Wegscheider
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Department of Agriculture, Ecotrophology, and Landscape Development, Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg06406, Germany
| | - Vu Nguyen
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Ruben Gutzat
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Zsuzsanna Mérai
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Lendl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
| | - Stuart MacFarlane
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, ScotlandDD25DA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Nodine
- Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen6700 AP, The Netherlands
| | - Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna1030, Austria
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Mäkinen K, Aspelin W, Pollari M, Wang L. How do they do it? The infection biology of potyviruses. Adv Virus Res 2023; 117:1-79. [PMID: 37832990 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - William Aspelin
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Pollari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Linping Wang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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10
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Jovanović I, Frantová N, Zouhar J. A sword or a buffet: plant endomembrane system in viral infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226498. [PMID: 37636115 PMCID: PMC10453817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is an elaborate collection of membrane-bound compartments that perform distinct tasks in plant growth and development, and in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Most plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that remodel the host endomembrane system to establish intricate replication compartments. Their fundamental role is to create optimal conditions for viral replication, and to protect replication complexes and the cell-to-cell movement machinery from host defenses. In addition to the intracellular antiviral defense, represented mainly by RNA interference and effector-triggered immunity, recent findings indicate that plant antiviral immunity also includes membrane-localized receptor-like kinases that detect viral molecular patterns and trigger immune responses, which are similar to those observed for bacterial and fungal pathogens. Another recently identified part of plant antiviral defenses is executed by selective autophagy that mediates a specific degradation of viral proteins, resulting in an infection arrest. In a perpetual tug-of-war, certain host autophagy components may be exploited by viral proteins to support or protect an effective viral replication. In this review, we present recent advances in the understanding of the molecular interplay between viral components and plant endomembrane-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jovanović
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nicole Frantová
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
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11
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He R, Li Y, Bernards MA, Wang A. Manipulation of the Cellular Membrane-Cytoskeleton Network for RNA Virus Replication and Movement in Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:744. [PMID: 36992453 PMCID: PMC10056259 DOI: 10.3390/v15030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses infect all cellular life forms and cause various diseases and significant economic losses worldwide. The majority of viruses are positive-sense RNA viruses. A common feature of infection by diverse RNA viruses is to induce the formation of altered membrane structures in infected host cells. Indeed, upon entry into host cells, plant-infecting RNA viruses target preferred organelles of the cellular endomembrane system and remodel organellar membranes to form organelle-like structures for virus genome replication, termed as the viral replication organelle (VRO) or the viral replication complex (VRC). Different viruses may recruit different host factors for membrane modifications. These membrane-enclosed virus-induced replication factories provide an optimum, protective microenvironment to concentrate viral and host components for robust viral replication. Although different viruses prefer specific organelles to build VROs, at least some of them have the ability to exploit alternative organellar membranes for replication. Besides being responsible for viral replication, VROs of some viruses can be mobile to reach plasmodesmata (PD) via the endomembrane system, as well as the cytoskeleton machinery. Viral movement protein (MP) and/or MP-associated viral movement complexes also exploit the endomembrane-cytoskeleton network for trafficking to PD where progeny viruses pass through the cell-wall barrier to enter neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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12
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Construction of full-length cDNA infectious clones of Chilli veinal mottle virus. Virus Res 2022; 322:198948. [PMID: 36181976 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus in the family Potyviridae, causes severe diseases and poses a great threat to solanaceous crops. Reverse genetics technology is an efficient tool to facilitate the study of virus biology and pathogenicity. However, the construction of an infectious cDNA clone of ChiVMV is yet to be reported. In this study, full-length cDNA infectious clones of ChiVMV and GFP-tagged ChiVMV were constructed using yeast homologous recombination for the first time. These infectious clones were able to successfully infect host plants (Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum lycopersicum) by Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration and cause vein banding and leaf curling symptoms. Mutations were introduced to pChiVMV-GFP to investigate the role of key amino acids in ChiVMV 6K2. The results showed that substitution mutants of leucine (L9, 11) to alanine acid (A), tryptophan (W15) to alanine acid (A), and glycine (G29, 33) to valine acid (V) reduced the viral accumulation and the mutant clones were unable to induce the symptoms in N. benthamiana plants. Taken together, these infectious clones we developed will be effective tools for future studies of the function of viral factors encoded by ChiVMV and the interactions between ChiVMV and its different host plants.
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13
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Solovyev AG, Atabekova AK, Lezzhov AA, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Morozov SY. Distinct Mechanisms of Endomembrane Reorganization Determine Dissimilar Transport Pathways in Plant RNA Viruses. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182403. [PMID: 36145804 PMCID: PMC9504206 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses exploit the endomembrane system of infected cells for their replication and cell-to-cell transport. The replication of viral RNA genomes occurs in the cytoplasm in association with reorganized endomembrane compartments induced by virus-encoded proteins and is coupled with the virus intercellular transport via plasmodesmata that connect neighboring cells in plant tissues. The transport of virus genomes to and through plasmodesmata requires virus-encoded movement proteins (MPs). Distantly related plant viruses encode different MP sets, or virus transport systems, which vary in the number of MPs and their properties, suggesting their functional differences. Here, we discuss two distinct virus transport pathways based on either the modification of the endoplasmic reticulum tubules or the formation of motile vesicles detached from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to endosomes. The viruses with the movement proteins encoded by the triple gene block exemplify the first, and the potyviral system is the example of the second type. These transport systems use unrelated mechanisms of endomembrane reorganization. We emphasize that the mode of virus interaction with cell endomembranes determines the mechanism of plant virus cell-to-cell transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G. Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia K. Atabekova
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Lezzhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D. Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A. Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y. Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(495)-939-31-98
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14
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Bera S, Arena GD, Ray S, Flannigan S, Casteel CL. The Potyviral Protein 6K1 Reduces Plant Proteases Activity during Turnip mosaic virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:1341. [PMID: 35746814 PMCID: PMC9229136 DOI: 10.3390/v14061341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviral genomes encode just 11 major proteins and multifunctionality is associated with most of these proteins at different stages of the virus infection cycle. Some potyviral proteins modulate phytohormones and protein degradation pathways and have either pro- or anti-viral/insect vector functions. Our previous work demonstrated that the potyviral protein 6K1 has an antagonistic effect on vectors when expressed transiently in host plants, suggesting plant defenses are regulated. However, to our knowledge the mechanisms of how 6K1 alters plant defenses and how 6K1 functions are regulated are still limited. Here we show that the 6K1 from Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) reduces the abundance of transcripts related to jasmonic acid biosynthesis and cysteine protease inhibitors when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana relative to controls. 6K1 stability increased when cysteine protease activity was inhibited chemically, showing a mechanism to the rapid turnover of 6K1 when expressed in trans. Using RNAseq, qRT-PCR, and enzymatic assays, we demonstrate TuMV reprograms plant protein degradation pathways on the transcriptional level and increases 6K1 stability at later stages in the infection process. Moreover, we show 6K1 decreases plant protease activity in infected plants and increases TuMV accumulation in systemic leaves compared to controls. These results suggest 6K1 has a pro-viral function in addition to the anti-insect vector function we observed previously. Although the host targets of 6K1 and the impacts of 6K1-induced changes in protease activity on insect vectors are still unknown, this study enhances our understanding of the complex interactions occurring between plants, potyviruses, and vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayanta Bera
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Gabriella D. Arena
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, São Paulo 04014-002, Brazil;
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Sydney Flannigan
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
| | - Clare L. Casteel
- School of Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA; (S.B.); (S.R.); (S.F.)
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15
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Rocher M, Simon V, Jolivet MD, Sofer L, Deroubaix AF, Germain V, Mongrand S, German-Retana S. StREM1.3 REMORIN Protein Plays an Agonistic Role in Potyvirus Cell-to-Cell Movement in N. benthamiana. Viruses 2022; 14:574. [PMID: 35336981 PMCID: PMC8951588 DOI: 10.3390/v14030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
REMORIN proteins belong to a plant-specific multigene family that localise in plasma membrane nanodomains and in plasmodesmata. We previously showed that in Nicotiana benthamiana, group 1 StREM1.3 limits the cell-to-cell spread of a potexvirus without affecting viral replication. This prompted us to check whether an effect on viral propagation could apply to potyvirus species Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Potato virus A (PVA). Our results show that StREM1.3 transient or stable overexpression in transgenic lines increases potyvirus propagation, while it is slowed down in transgenic lines underexpressing endogenous NbREMs, without affecting viral replication. TuMV and PVA infection do not alter the membranous localisation of StREM1.3. Furthermore, StREM1.3-membrane anchoring is necessary for its agonist effect on potyvirus propagation. StREM1.3 phosphocode seems to lead to distinct plant responses against potexvirus and potyvirus. We also showed that StREM1.3 interacts in yeast and in planta with the key potyviral movement protein CI (cylindrical inclusion) at the level of the plasma membrane but only partially at plasmodesmata pit fields. TuMV infection also counteracts StREM1.3-induced plasmodesmata callose accumulation at plasmodesmata. Altogether, these results showed that StREM1.3 plays an agonistic role in potyvirus cell-to-cell movement in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rocher
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS Université Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (M.R.); (M.-D.J.); (A.-F.D.); (V.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Vincent Simon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE Université Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS20032, CEDEX, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (V.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Marie-Dominique Jolivet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS Université Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (M.R.); (M.-D.J.); (A.-F.D.); (V.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Luc Sofer
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE Université Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS20032, CEDEX, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (V.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Anne-Flore Deroubaix
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS Université Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (M.R.); (M.-D.J.); (A.-F.D.); (V.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS Université Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (M.R.); (M.-D.J.); (A.-F.D.); (V.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS Université Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (M.R.); (M.-D.J.); (A.-F.D.); (V.G.); (S.M.)
| | - Sylvie German-Retana
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRAE Université Bordeaux, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, CS20032, CEDEX, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (V.S.); (L.S.)
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16
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Chen R, Tu Z, He C, Nie X, Li K, Fei S, Song B, Nie B, Xie C. Susceptibility factor StEXA1 interacts with StnCBP to facilitate potato virus Y accumulation through the stress granule-dependent RNA regulatory pathway in potato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac159. [PMID: 36204208 PMCID: PMC9531334 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses recruit multiple host factors for translation, replication, and movement in the infection process. The loss-of-function mutation of the susceptibility genes will lead to the loss of susceptibility to viruses, which is referred to as 'recessive resistance'. Essential for potexvirus Accumulation 1 (EXA1) has been identified as a susceptibility gene required for potexvirus, lolavirus, and bacterial and oomycete pathogens. In this study, EXA1 knockdown in potato (StEXA1) was found to confer novel resistance to potato virus Y (PVY, potyvirus) in a strain-specific manner. It significantly compromised PVYO accumulation but not PVYN:O and PVYNTN. Further analysis revealed that StEXA1 is associated with the HC-Pro of PVY through a member of eIF4Es (StnCBP). HC-ProO and HC-ProN, two HC-Pro proteins from PVYO and PVYN, exhibited strong and weak interactions with StnCBP, respectively, due to their different spatial conformation. Moreover, the accumulation of PVYO was mainly dependent on the stress granules (SGs) induced by StEXA1 and StnCBP, whereas PVYN:O and PVYNTN could induce SGs by HC-ProN independently through an unknown mechanism. These results could explain why StEXA1 or StnCBP knockdown conferred resistance to PVYO but not to PVYN:O and PVYNTN. In summary, our results for the first time demonstrate that EXA1 can act as a susceptibility gene for PVY infection. Finally, a hypothetical model was proposed for understanding the mechanism by which StEXA1 interacts with StnCBP to facilitate PVY accumulation in potato through the SG-dependent RNA regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- ERC for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Zhen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changzheng He
- ERC for Germplasm Innovation and New Variety Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Key Laboratory for Vegetable Biology of Hunan Province, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Xianzhou Nie
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7,
Canada
| | - Kun Li
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sitian Fei
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | | | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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17
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Bhattarai N, Pavadai E, Pokhrel R, Baral P, Hossen L, Stahelin RV, Chapagain PP, Gerstman BS. Ebola virus protein VP40 binding to Sec24c for transport to the plasma membrane. Proteins 2022; 90:340-350. [PMID: 34431571 PMCID: PMC8738135 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of the Ebola virus (EBOV) continue to occur and while a vaccine and treatment are now available, there remains a dearth of options for those who become sick with EBOV disease. An understanding at the atomic and molecular level of the various steps in the EBOV replication cycle can provide molecular targets for disrupting the virus. An important step in the EBOV replication cycle is the transport of EBOV structural matrix VP40 protein molecules to the plasma membrane inner leaflet, which involves VP40 binding to the host cell's Sec24c protein. Though some VP40 residues involved in the binding are known, the molecular details of VP40-Sec24c binding are not known. We use various molecular computational techniques to investigate the molecular details of how EBOV VP40 binds with the Sec24c complex of the ESCRT-I pathway. We employed different docking programs to identify the VP40-binding site on Sec24c and then performed molecular dynamics simulations to determine the atomic details and binding interactions of the complex. We also investigated how the inter-protein interactions of the complex are affected upon mutations of VP40 amino acids in the Sec24c-binding region. Our results provide a molecular basis for understanding previous coimmunoprecipitation experimental studies. In addition, we found that VP40 can bind to a site on Sec24c that can also bind Sec23 and suggests that VP40 may use the COPII transport mechanism in a manner that may not need the Sec23 protein in order for VP40 to be transported to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bhattarai
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Elumalai Pavadai
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Rudramani Pokhrel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Prabin Baral
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lokman Hossen
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Robert V. Stahelin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47906
| | - Prem P. Chapagain
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Bernard S. Gerstman
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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18
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Hinge VR, Chavhan RL, Kale SP, Suprasanna P, Kadam US. Engineering Resistance Against Viruses in Field Crops Using CRISPR- Cas9. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:214-231. [PMID: 34975291 PMCID: PMC8640848 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210412102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food security is threatened by various biotic stresses that affect the growth and production of agricultural crops. Viral diseases have become a serious concern for crop plants as they incur huge yield losses. The enhancement of host resistance against plant viruses is a priority for the effective management of plant viral diseases. However, in the present context of the climate change scenario, plant viruses are rapidly evolving, resulting in the loss of the host resistance mechanism. Advances in genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated 9], have been recognized as promising tools for the development of plant virus resistance. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool is widely preferred due to high target specificity, simplicity, efficiency, and reproducibility. CRISPR-Cas9 based virus resistance in plants has been successfully achieved by gene targeting and cleaving the viral genome or altering the plant genome to enhance plant innate immunity. In this article, we have described the CRISPR-Cas9 system, mechanism of plant immunity against viruses and highlighted the use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to engineer virus resistance in plants. We also discussed prospects and challenges on the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated plant virus resistance in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya R Hinge
- 1Department of Plant Biotechnology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur; Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth (VNMKV), Parbhani 431 402, India; 2USAID-BIRAC International Project, School of Life Sciences, S.R.T.M.U., Nanded, India; 3Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; 4Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam- Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Rahul L Chavhan
- 1Department of Plant Biotechnology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur; Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth (VNMKV), Parbhani 431 402, India; 2USAID-BIRAC International Project, School of Life Sciences, S.R.T.M.U., Nanded, India; 3Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; 4Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam- Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Sandeep P Kale
- 1Department of Plant Biotechnology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur; Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth (VNMKV), Parbhani 431 402, India; 2USAID-BIRAC International Project, School of Life Sciences, S.R.T.M.U., Nanded, India; 3Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; 4Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam- Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Penna Suprasanna
- 1Department of Plant Biotechnology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur; Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth (VNMKV), Parbhani 431 402, India; 2USAID-BIRAC International Project, School of Life Sciences, S.R.T.M.U., Nanded, India; 3Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; 4Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam- Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Ulhas S Kadam
- 1Department of Plant Biotechnology, Vilasrao Deshmukh College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Latur; Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth (VNMKV), Parbhani 431 402, India; 2USAID-BIRAC International Project, School of Life Sciences, S.R.T.M.U., Nanded, India; 3Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400 085, India; 4Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam- Golm, 14476, Germany
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19
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Agaoua A, Bendahmane A, Moquet F, Dogimont C. Membrane Trafficking Proteins: A New Target to Identify Resistance to Viruses in Plants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102139. [PMID: 34685948 PMCID: PMC8541145 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replication cycles from most simple-stranded positive RNA viruses infecting plants involve endomembrane deformations. Recent published data revealed several interactions between viral proteins and plant proteins associated with vesicle formation and movement. These plant proteins belong to the COPI/II, SNARE, clathrin and ESCRT endomembrane trafficking mechanisms. In a few cases, variations of these plant proteins leading to virus resistance have been identified. In this review, we summarize all known interactions between these plant cell mechanisms and viruses and highlight strategies allowing fast identification of variant alleles for membrane-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimeric Agaoua
- INRAE Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 84140 Montfavet, France;
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Evry, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | | | - Catherine Dogimont
- INRAE Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 84140 Montfavet, France;
- Correspondence:
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20
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Pepper Mottle Virus and Its Host Interactions: Current State of Knowledge. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101930. [PMID: 34696360 PMCID: PMC8539092 DOI: 10.3390/v13101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pepper mottle virus (PepMoV) is a destructive pathogen that infects various solanaceous plants, including pepper, bell pepper, potato, and tomato. In this review, we summarize what is known about the molecular characteristics of PepMoV and its interactions with host plants. Comparisons of symptom variations caused by PepMoV isolates in plant hosts indicates a possible relationship between symptom development and genetic variation. Researchers have investigated the PepMoV–plant pathosystem to identify effective and durable genes that confer resistance to the pathogen. As a result, several recessive pvr or dominant Pvr resistance genes that confer resistance to PepMoV in pepper have been characterized. On the other hand, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between these resistance genes and PepMoV-encoded genes remain largely unknown. Our understanding of the molecular interactions between PepMoV and host plants should be increased by reverse genetic approaches and comprehensive transcriptomic analyses of both the virus and the host genes.
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21
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Chatterjee S, Choi AJ, Frankel G. A systematic review of Sec24 cargo interactome. Traffic 2021; 22:412-424. [PMID: 34533884 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi trafficking is an essential and highly conserved cellular process. The coat protein complex-II (COPII) arm of the trafficking machinery incorporates a wide array of cargo proteins into vesicles through direct or indirect interactions with Sec24, the principal subunit of the COPII coat. Approximately one-third of all mammalian proteins rely on the COPII-mediated secretory pathway for membrane insertion or secretion. There are four mammalian Sec24 paralogs and three yeast Sec24 paralogs with emerging evidence of paralog-specific cargo interaction motifs. Furthermore, individual paralogs also differ in their affinity for a subset of sorting motifs present on cargo proteins. As with many aspects of protein trafficking, we lack a systematic and thorough understanding of the interaction of Sec24 with cargoes. This systematic review focuses on the current knowledge of cargo binding to both yeast and mammalian Sec24 paralogs and their ER export motifs. The analyses show that Sec24 paralog specificity of cargo (and cargo receptors) range from exclusive paralog dependence or preference to partial redundancy. We also discuss how the Sec24 secretion system is hijacked by viral (eg, VSV-G, Hepatitis B envelope protein) and bacterial (eg, the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli type III secretion system effector NleA/EspI) pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Chatterjee
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ana Jeemin Choi
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
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22
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Lu G, Wang Z, Xu F, Pan YB, Grisham MP, Xu L. Sugarcane Mosaic Disease: Characteristics, Identification and Control. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091984. [PMID: 34576879 PMCID: PMC8468687 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosaic is one of the most important sugarcane diseases, caused by single or compound infection of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), Sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV), and/or Sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV). The compound infection of mosaic has become increasingly serious in the last few years. The disease directly affects the photosynthesis and growth of sugarcane, leading to a significant decrease in cane yield and sucrose content, and thus serious economic losses. This review covers four aspects of sugarcane mosaic disease management: first, the current situation of sugarcane mosaic disease and its epidemic characteristics; second, the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of the three viruses; third, the identification methods of mosaic and its pathogen species; and fourth, the prevention and control measures for sugarcane mosaic disease and potential future research focus. The review is expected to provide scientific literature and guidance for the effective prevention and control of mosaic through resistance breeding in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.L.); (Z.W.); (F.X.)
| | - Zhoutao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.L.); (Z.W.); (F.X.)
| | - Fu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.L.); (Z.W.); (F.X.)
| | - Yong-Bao Pan
- USDA-ARS, Sugarcane Research Unit, Houma, LA 70360, USA; (Y.-B.P.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Michael P. Grisham
- USDA-ARS, Sugarcane Research Unit, Houma, LA 70360, USA; (Y.-B.P.); (M.P.G.)
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (G.L.); (Z.W.); (F.X.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Yang X, Li Y, Wang A. Research Advances in Potyviruses: From the Laboratory Bench to the Field. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:1-29. [PMID: 33891829 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potyviruses (viruses in the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) constitute the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses that cause devastating epidemics and significant yield losses in many crops worldwide. Several potyviruses are recognized as the most economically important viral pathogens. Therefore, potyviruses are more studied than other groups of plant viruses. In the past decade, a large amount of knowledge has been generated to better understand potyviruses and their infection process. In this review, we list the top 10 economically important potyviruses and present a brief profile of each. We highlight recent exciting findings on the novel genome expression strategy and the biological functions of potyviral proteins and discuss recent advances in molecular plant-potyvirus interactions, particularly regarding the coevolutionary arms race. Finally, we summarize current disease control strategies, with a focus on biotechnology-based genetic resistance, and point out future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
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24
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Zhang W, Qiu Y, Zhou L, Yin J, Wang L, Zhi H, Xu K. Development of a Viral RdRp-Assisted Gene Silencing System and Its Application in the Identification of Host Factors of Plant (+)RNA Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682921. [PMID: 34394029 PMCID: PMC8358433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene silencing induced by hairpin RNA or virus infection expression is one of the major tools in genetics studies in plants. However, when dealing with essential genes, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transgenic expression of hairpin RNA could lead to plant death, while transient expression of hairpin RNA in leaves is often less competent in downregulating target gene mRNA levels. Here, we developed a transient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) expression system assisted by a modified viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in plant leaves. We show that this system is more effective in inducing gene silencing than the intron-spliced hairpin RNA expression. Furthermore, by using this system, we tested the role of the early secretory pathway during infection of Soybean mosaic potyvirus (SMV). We found that key components of the coat protein complex II vesicles are required for the multiplication of SMV. Overall, this dsRNA-based gene silencing system is effective in downregulating plant gene expression and can be used to identify host genes involved in plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanglin Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingyun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinlong Yin
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haijian Zhi
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean-Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Yan ZY, Xu XJ, Fang L, Cheng DJ, Tian YP, Geng C, Li XD, Valkonen JPT. Residues R 192 and K 225 in RNA-Binding Pocket of Tobacco Vein Banding Mosaic Virus CP Control Virus Cell-to-Cell Movement and Replication. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:658-668. [PMID: 33534601 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-20-0265-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potyviruses move to neighboring cells in the form of virus particles or a coat protein (CP)-containing ribonucleoprotein complex. However, the precise roles of RNA-binding residues in potyviral CP in viral cell-to-cell movement remain to be elucidated. In this study, we predicted the three-dimensional model of tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV)-encoded CP and found nine residues presumably located in the CP RNA-binding pocket. Substitutions of the two basic residues at positions 192 and 225 (R192 and K225) with either alanine, cysteine, or glutamic acid abolished TVBMV cell-to-cell and systemic movement in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. These substitutions also reduced the replication of the mutant viruses. Results from the electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the RNA-binding activity of mutant CPs derived from R192 or K225 substitutions was significantly lower than that of wild-type CP. Analysis of purified virus particles showed that mutant viruses with R192 or K225 substitutions formed RNA-free virus-like particles. Mutations of R192 and K225 did not change the CP plasmodesmata localization. The wild-type TVBMV CP could rescue the deficient cell-to-cell movement of mutant viruses. Moreover, deletion of any of the other seven residues also abolished TVBMV cell-to-cell movement and reduced the CP RNA-binding activity. The corresponding nine residues in watermelon mosaic virus CP were also found to play essential roles in virus cell-to-cell movement. In conclusion, residues R192 and K225 in the CP RNA-binding pocket are critical for viral RNA binding and affect both virus replication and cell-to-cell movement.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Le Fang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - De-Jie Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Chao Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Dong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, P. R. China
| | - Jari P T Valkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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26
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Nagy PD, Feng Z. Tombusviruses orchestrate the host endomembrane system to create elaborate membranous replication organelles. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:30-41. [PMID: 33845410 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses depend on intensive manipulation of subcellular organelles and membranes to create unique viral replication organelles (VROs), which represent the sites of robust virus replication. The host endomembrane-based protein-trafficking and vesicle-trafficking pathways are specifically targeted by many (+)RNA viruses to take advantage of their rich resources. We summarize the critical roles of co-opted endoplasmic reticulum subdomains and associated host proteins and COPII vesicles play in tombusvirus replication. We also present the surprising contribution of the early endosome and the retromer tubular transport carriers to VRO biogenesis. The central player is tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), which provides an outstanding system based on the identification of a complex network of interactions with the host cells. We present the emerging theme on how TBSV uses tethering and membrane-shaping proteins and lipid modifying enzymes to build the sophisticated VRO membranes with unique lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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27
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Yan Z, Cheng D, Liu L, Geng C, Tian Y, Li X, Valkonen JPT. The conserved aromatic residue W 122 is a determinant of potyviral coat protein stability, replication, and cell-to-cell movement in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:189-203. [PMID: 33245804 PMCID: PMC7814969 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Coat proteins (CPs) play critical roles in potyvirus cell-to-cell movement. However, the underlying mechanism controlling them remains unclear. Here, we show that substitutions of alanine, glutamic acid, or lysine for the conserved residue tryptophan at position 122 (W122 ) in tobacco vein banding mosaic virus (TVBMV) CP abolished virus cell-to-cell movement in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. In agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana leaf patches, both the CP and RNA accumulation levels of three W122 mutant viruses were significantly reduced compared with those of wild-type TVBMV, and CP accumulated to a low level similar to that of a replication-deficient mutant. The results of polyprotein transient expression experiments indicated that CP instability was responsible for the significantly low CP accumulation levels of the three W122 mutant viruses. The substitution of W122 did not affect CP plasmodesmata localization or virus particle formation; however, the substitution significantly reduced the number of virus particles. The wild-type TVBMV CP could complement the reduced replication and abolished cell-to-cell movement of the mutant viruses. When the codon for W122 was mutated to that for a different aromatic residue, phenylalanine or tyrosine, the resultant mutant viruses moved systemically and accumulated up to 80% of the wild-type TVBMV level. Similar results were obtained for the corresponding amino acids of W122 in the watermelon mosaic virus and potato virus Y CPs. Therefore, we conclude that the aromatic ring in W122 in the core domain of the potyviral CP is critical for cell-to-cell movement through the effects on CP stability and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Yong Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - De‐Jie Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Ling‐Zhi Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Chao Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Yan‐Ping Tian
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
| | - Xiang‐Dong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of Plant ProtectionShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’an, ShandongChina
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28
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Li F, Zhang C, Tang Z, Zhang L, Dai Z, Lyu S, Li Y, Hou X, Bernards M, Wang A. A plant RNA virus activates selective autophagy in a UPR-dependent manner to promote virus infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:622-639. [PMID: 32479643 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway in eukaryotes that delivers unwanted cytoplasmic materials to the lysosome/vacuole for degradation/recycling. Stimulated autophagy emerges as an integral part of plant immunity against intracellular pathogens. In this study, we used turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) as a model to investigate the involvement of autophagy in plant RNA virus infection. The small integral membrane protein 6K2 of TuMV, known as a marker of the virus replication site and an elicitor of the unfolded protein response (UPR), upregulates the selective autophagy receptor gene NBR1 in a UPR-dependent manner. NBR1 interacts with TuMV NIb, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the virus replication complex (VRC), and the autophagy cargo receptor/adaptor protein ATG8f. The NIb/NBR1/ATG8f interaction complexes colocalise with the 6K2-stained VRC. Overexpression of NBR1 or ATG8f enhances TuMV replication, and deficiency of NBR1 or ATG8f inhibits virus infection. In addition, ATG8f interacts with the tonoplast-specific protein TIP1 and the NBR1/ATG8f-containing VRC is enclosed by the TIP1-labelled tonoplast. In TuMV-infected cells, numerous membrane-bound viral particles are evident in the vacuole. Altogether these results suggest that TuMV activates and manipulates UPR-dependent NBR1-ATG8f autophagy to target the VRC to the tonoplast to promote viral replication and virion accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ziwei Tang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Depatment of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lingrui Zhang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Depatment of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhaoji Dai
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- Depatment of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shanwu Lyu
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mark Bernards
- Depatment of Biology, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, N5V 4T3, Canada
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29
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Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Small hydrophobic viral proteins involved in intercellular movement of diverse plant virus genomes. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:305-329. [PMID: 33134746 PMCID: PMC7595835 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plant viruses code for movement proteins (MPs) targeting plasmodesmata to enable cell-to-cell and systemic spread in infected plants. Small membrane-embedded MPs have been first identified in two viral transport gene modules, triple gene block (TGB) coding for an RNA-binding helicase TGB1 and two small hydrophobic proteins TGB2 and TGB3 and double gene block (DGB) encoding two small polypeptides representing an RNA-binding protein and a membrane protein. These findings indicated that movement gene modules composed of two or more cistrons may encode the nucleic acid-binding protein and at least one membrane-bound movement protein. The same rule was revealed for small DNA-containing plant viruses, namely, viruses belonging to genus Mastrevirus (family Geminiviridae) and the family Nanoviridae. In multi-component transport modules the nucleic acid-binding MP can be viral capsid protein(s), as in RNA-containing viruses of the families Closteroviridae and Potyviridae. However, membrane proteins are always found among MPs of these multicomponent viral transport systems. Moreover, it was found that small membrane MPs encoded by many viruses can be involved in coupling viral replication and cell-to-cell movement. Currently, the studies of evolutionary origin and functioning of small membrane MPs is regarded as an important pre-requisite for understanding of the evolution of the existing plant virus transport systems. This paper represents the first comprehensive review which describes the whole diversity of small membrane MPs and presents the current views on their role in plant virus movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Y Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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30
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Zeyen L, Döring T, Stieler JT, Prange R. Hepatitis B subviral envelope particles use the COPII machinery for intracellular transport via selective exploitation of Sec24A and Sec23B. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13181. [PMID: 32017353 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a leading cause of liver disease. Its success as a human pathogen is related to the immense production of subviral envelope particles (SVPs) contributing to viral persistence by interfering with immune functions. To explore cellular pathways involved in SVP formation and egress, we investigated host-pathogen interactions. Yeast-based proteomics revealed Sec24A, a component of the coat protein complex II (COPII), as an interaction partner of the HBV envelope S domain. To understand how HBV co-opts COPII as a proviral machinery, we studied roles of key Sec proteins in HBV-expressing liver cells. Silencing of Sar1, Sec23, and Sec24, which promote COPII assembly concomitant with cargo loading, strongly diminished endoplasmic reticulum (ER) envelope export and SVP secretion. By analysing Sec paralog specificities, we unexpectedly found that the HBV envelope is a selective interaction partner of Sec24A and Sec23B whose functions could not be substituted by their related isoforms. In support, we found that HBV replication upregulated Sec24A and Sec23B transcription. Furthermore, HBV encountered the Sec24A/Sec23B complex via an interaction that involved the N-terminal half of Sec24A and a di-arginine motif of its S domain, mirroring a novel ER export code. Accordingly, an interference with the COPII/HBV cross-talk might display a tool to effectively inhibit SVP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Zeyen
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Döring
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens T Stieler
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reinhild Prange
- Department of Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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The RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase NIb of Potyviruses Plays Multifunctional, Contrasting Roles during Viral Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010077. [PMID: 31936267 PMCID: PMC7019339 DOI: 10.3390/v12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Potyviruses represent the largest group of known plant RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses, such as Plum pox virus, Soybean mosaic virus, Turnip mosaic virus, and Potato virus Y. Potyviruses adopt polyprotein processing as their genome expression strategy. Among the 11 known viral proteins, the nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb) is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase responsible for viral genome replication. Beyond its principal role as an RNA replicase, NIb has been shown to play key roles in diverse virus–host interactions. NIb recruits several host proteins into the viral replication complexes (VRCs), which are essential for the formation of functional VRCs for virus multiplication, and interacts with the sumoylation pathway proteins to suppress NPR1-mediated immunity response. On the other hand, NIb serves as a target of selective autophagy as well as an elicitor of effector-triggered immunity, resulting in attenuated virus infection. These contrasting roles of NIb provide an excellent example of the complex co-evolutionary arms race between plant hosts and potyviruses. This review highlights the current knowledge about the multifunctional roles of NIb in potyvirus infection, and discusses future research directions.
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Rodamilans B, Valli A, García JA. Molecular Plant-Plum Pox Virus Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:6-17. [PMID: 31454296 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0189-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox virus, the agent that causes sharka disease, is among the most important plant viral pathogens, affecting Prunus trees across the globe. The fabric of interactions that the virus is able to establish with the plant regulates its life cycle, including RNA uncoating, translation, replication, virion assembly, and movement. In addition, plant-virus interactions are strongly conditioned by host specificities, which determine infection outcomes, including resistance. This review attempts to summarize the latest knowledge regarding Plum pox virus-host interactions, giving a comprehensive overview of their relevance for viral infection and plant survival, including the latest advances in genetic engineering of resistant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Rodamilans
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Valli
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Medina-Puche L, Lozano-Duran R. Tailoring the cell: a glimpse of how plant viruses manipulate their hosts. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 52:164-173. [PMID: 31731105 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that completely rely on the molecular machinery of the infected host to complete their cycle. Upon invasion of a susceptible cell, viruses dramatically reshape the intracellular environment to suit their needs, in a complex process that requires the fine manipulation of multiple aspects of the host cell biology, including those enabling replication of the viral genome, facilitating suppression or avoidance of anti-viral plant defence mechanisms, and supporting precise intra-cellular and inter-cellular trafficking of viral components. This tailoring of the cell to fit viral functions occurs through the coordinated action of fast-evolving, multifunctional viral proteins, which efficiently target host factors. In this review, we intend to offer a glimpse of how plant viruses manipulate their hosts from a cell biology perspective, focusing on recent advances covering three specific aspects of the viral infection: viral manipulation of organelle function; virus-induced formation of viral replication complexes through membrane remodelling; and viral evasion of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Puche
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Duran
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China.
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Inaba JI, Xu K, Kovalev N, Ramanathan H, Roy CR, Lindenbach BD, Nagy PD. Screening Legionella effectors for antiviral effects reveals Rab1 GTPase as a proviral factor coopted for tombusvirus replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21739-21747. [PMID: 31591191 PMCID: PMC6815150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial virulence factors or effectors are proteins targeted into host cells to coopt or interfere with cellular proteins and pathways. Viruses often coopt the same cellular proteins and pathways to support their replication in infected cells. Therefore, we screened the Legionella pneumophila effectors to probe virus-host interactions and identify factors that modulate tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) replication in yeast surrogate host. Among 302 Legionella effectors tested, 28 effectors affected TBSV replication. To unravel a coopted cellular pathway in TBSV replication, the identified DrrA effector from Legionella was further exploited. We find that expression of DrrA in yeast or plants blocks TBSV replication through inhibiting the recruitment of Rab1 small GTPase and endoplasmic reticulum-derived COPII vesicles into the viral replication compartment. TBSV hijacks Rab1 and COPII vesicles to create enlarged membrane surfaces and optimal lipid composition within the viral replication compartment. To further validate our Legionella effector screen, we used the Legionella effector LepB lipid kinase to confirm the critical proviral function of PI(3)P phosphoinositide and the early endosomal compartment in TBSV replication. We demonstrate the direct inhibitory activity of LegC8 effector on TBSV replication using a cell-free replicase reconstitution assay. LegC8 inhibits the function of eEF1A, a coopted proviral host factor. Altogether, the identified bacterial effectors with anti-TBSV activity could be powerful reagents in cell biology and virus-host interaction studies. This study provides important proof of concept that bacterial effector proteins can be a useful toolbox to identify host factors and cellular pathways coopted by (+)RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Inaba
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
| | - Nikolay Kovalev
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
| | - Harish Ramanathan
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Craig R Roy
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Brett D Lindenbach
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546;
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Abstract
Potyviridae is the largest family of plant-infecting RNA viruses, encompassing over 30% of known plant viruses. The family is closely related to animal picornaviruses such as enteroviruses and belongs to the picorna-like supergroup. Like all other picorna-like viruses, potyvirids employ polyprotein processing as a gene expression strategy and have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes, most of which are monopartite with a long open reading frame. The potyvirid polyproteins are highly conserved in the central and carboxy-terminal regions. In contrast, the N-terminal region is hypervariable and contains position-specific mutations resulting from transcriptional slippage during viral replication, leading to translational frameshift to produce additional viral proteins essential for viral infection. Some potyvirids even lack one of the N-terminal proteins P1 or helper component-protease and have a genus-specific or species-specific protein instead. This review summarizes current knowledge about the conserved and divergent features of potyvirid genomes and biological relevance and discusses future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Cui
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
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He G, Zhang Z, Sathanantham P, Zhang X, Wu Z, Xie L, Wang X. An engineered mutant of a host phospholipid synthesis gene inhibits viral replication without compromising host fitness. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13973-13982. [PMID: 31362985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections universally rely on numerous hijacked host factors to be successful. It is therefore possible to control viral infections by manipulating host factors that are critical for viral replication. Given that host genes may play essential roles in certain cellular processes, any successful manipulations for virus control should cause no or mild effects on host fitness. We previously showed that a group of positive-strand RNA viruses enrich phosphatidylcholine (PC) at the sites of viral replication. Specifically, brome mosaic virus (BMV) replication protein 1a interacts with and recruits a PC synthesis enzyme, phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase, Cho2p, to the viral replication sites that are assembled on the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Deletion of the CHO2 gene inhibited BMV replication by 5-fold; however, it slowed down host cell growth as well. Here, we show that an engineered Cho2p mutant supports general PC synthesis and normal cell growth but blocks BMV replication. This mutant interacts and colocalizes with BMV 1a but prevents BMV 1a from localizing to the perinuclear ER membrane. The mislocalized BMV 1a fails to induce the formation of viral replication complexes. Our study demonstrates an effective antiviral strategy in which a host lipid synthesis gene is engineered to control viral replication without comprising host growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijuan He
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Zhenlu Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.,National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Preethi Sathanantham
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Zujian Wu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Lianhui Xie
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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Zhang H, Cheng G, Yang Z, Wang T, Xu J. Identification of Sugarcane Host Factors Interacting with the 6K2 Protein of the Sugarcane Mosaic Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163867. [PMID: 31398864 PMCID: PMC6719097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6K2 protein of potyviruses plays a key role in the viral infection in plants. In the present study, the coding sequence of 6K2 was cloned from Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) strain FZ1 into pBT3-STE to generate the plasmid pBT3-STE-6K2, which was used as bait to screen a cDNA library prepared from sugarcane plants infected with SCMV based on the DUALmembrane system. One hundred and fifty-seven positive colonies were screened and sequenced, and the corresponding full-length genes were cloned from sugarcane cultivar ROC22. Then, 24 genes with annotations were obtained, and the deduced proteins were classified into three groups, in which eight proteins were involved in the stress response, 12 proteins were involved in transport, and four proteins were involved in photosynthesis based on their biological functions. Of the 24 proteins, 20 proteins were verified to interact with SCMV-6K2 by yeast two-hybrid assays. The possible roles of these proteins in SCMV infection on sugarcane are analyzed and discussed. This is the first report on the interaction of SCMV-6K2 with host factors from sugarcane, and will improve knowledge on the mechanism of SCMV infection in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guangyuan Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zongtao Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jingsheng Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
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38
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González R, Wu B, Li X, Martínez F, Elena SF. Mutagenesis Scanning Uncovers Evolutionary Constraints on Tobacco Etch Potyvirus Membrane-Associated 6K2 Protein. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1207-1222. [PMID: 30918938 PMCID: PMC6482416 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA virus high mutation rate is a double-edged sword. At the one side, most mutations jeopardize proteins functions; at the other side, mutations are needed to fuel adaptation. The relevant question then is the ratio between beneficial and deleterious mutations. To evaluate this ratio, we created a mutant library of the 6K2 gene of tobacco etch potyvirus that contains every possible single-nucleotide substitution. 6K2 protein anchors the virus replication complex to the network of endoplasmic reticulum membranes. The library was inoculated into the natural host Nicotiana tabacum, allowing competition among all these mutants and selection of those that are potentially viable. We identified 11 nonsynonymous mutations that remain in the viral population at measurable frequencies and evaluated their fitness. Some had fitness values higher than the wild-type and some were deleterious. The effect of these mutations in the structure, transmembrane properties, and function of 6K2 was evaluated in silico. In parallel, the effect of these mutations in infectivity, virus accumulation, symptoms development, and subcellular localization was evaluated in the natural host. The α-helix H1 in the N-terminal part of 6K2 turned out to be under purifying selection, while most observed mutations affect the link between transmembrane α-helices H2 and H3, fusing them into a longer helix and increasing its rigidity. In general, these changes are associated with higher within-host fitness and development of milder or no symptoms. This finding suggests that in nature selection upon 6K2 may result from a tradeoff between within-host accumulation and severity of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén González
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Beilei Wu
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain.,Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- Systems Biology Program, Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas (I2SysBio), CSIC-Universitat de València, València, Spain.,The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico
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39
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Movahed N, Cabanillas DG, Wan J, Vali H, Laliberté JF, Zheng H. Turnip Mosaic Virus Components Are Released into the Extracellular Space by Vesicles in Infected Leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1375-1388. [PMID: 31019004 PMCID: PMC6752911 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) reorganizes the endomembrane system of the infected cell to generate endoplasmic-reticulum-derived motile vesicles containing viral replication complexes. The membrane-associated viral protein 6K2 plays a key role in the formation of these vesicles. Using confocal microscopy, we observed that this viral protein, a marker for viral replication complexes, localized in the extracellular space of infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Previously, we showed that viral RNA is associated with multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Here, using transmission electron microscopy, we observed the proliferation of MVBs during infection and their fusion with the plasma membrane that resulted in the release of their intraluminal vesicles in the extracellular space. Immunogold labeling with a monoclonal antibody that recognizes double-stranded RNA indicated that the released vesicles contained viral RNA. Focused ion beam-extreme high-resolution scanning electron microscopy was used to generate a three-dimensional image that showed extracellular vesicles in the cell wall. The presence of TuMV proteins in the extracellular space was confirmed by proteomic analysis of purified extracellular vesicles from N benthamiana and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Host proteins involved in biotic defense and in interorganelle vesicular exchange were also detected. The association of extracellular vesicles with viral proteins and RNA emphasizes the implication of the plant extracellular space in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Daniel Garcia Cabanillas
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Juan Wan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3A 1B1, Canada
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40
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Movahed N, Sun J, Vali H, Laliberté JF, Zheng H. A Host ER Fusogen Is Recruited by Turnip Mosaic Virus for Maturation of Viral Replication Vesicles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:507-518. [PMID: 30538165 PMCID: PMC6426418 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Like other positive-strand RNA viruses, the Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection leads to the formation of viral vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Once released from the ER, the viral vesicles mature intracellularly and then move intercellularly. While it is known that the membrane-associated viral protein 6K2 plays a role in the process, the contribution of host proteins has been poorly defined. In this article, we show that 6K2 interacts with RHD3, an ER fusogen required for efficient ER fusion. When RHD3 is mutated, a delay in the development of TuMV infection is observed. We found that the replication of TuMV and the cell-to-cell movement of its replication vesicles are impaired in rhd3 This defect can be tracked to a delayed maturation of the viral vesicles from the replication incompetent to the competent state. Furthermore, 6K2 can relocate RHD3 from the ER to viral vesicles. However, a Golgi-localized mutated 6K2GV is unable to interact and relocate RHD3 to viral vesicles. We conclude that the maturation of TuMV replication vesicles requires RHD3 for efficient viral replication and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada
| | | | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1B1, Canada
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41
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Richardson LGL. Hijacking the ER Membrane: Lessons from Turnip mosaic virus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:367-368. [PMID: 30709983 PMCID: PMC6426431 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn G L Richardson
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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42
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Lan XY, Yan YY, Yang B, Li XY, Xu FL. Differential expression of proteins in the leaves and roots of cadmium-stressed Microsorum pteropus, a novel potential aquatic cadmium hyperaccumulator. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 642:1369-1377. [PMID: 30045517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microsorum pteropus is a fully or partially submerged Polypodiaceae fern that has been proven to be a potential Cd aquatic hyperaccumulator. Proteomic analysis was used in this study to investigate the resistance mechanisms of M. pteropus root and leaf tissues under Cd stress. M. pteropus plants were exposed to up to 500 μM Cd in hydroponics for 7 days. The plant can accumulate >4,000 mg/kg Cd in both root and leaf dry mass. Meanwhile, the proteins in roots and leaves in the 500 μM Cd treatment were separated and analyzed by proteomics. Eight proteins with altered expression in roots and twenty proteins with altered expression in leaves were identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry) in this study. The proteins were involved in energy metabolism, antioxidant activity, cellular metabolism and protein metabolism. However, just three proteins were significantly differentially expressed in both tissues, and they were all involved in basal metabolism, indicating different resistance mechanisms between roots and leaves. Root tissues of M. pteropus mainly resist Cd damage by antioxidants and the enhancement of energy metabolism, while leaf tissues of M. pteropus mainly protect themselves by maintaining photosynthetic functions and the regulation of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Lan
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yun-Yun Yan
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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43
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Sun H, Shen L, Qin Y, Liu X, Hao K, Li Y, Wang J, Yang J, Wang F. CLC-Nt1 affects Potato Virus Y infection via regulation of endoplasmic reticulum luminal Ph. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:539-552. [PMID: 30022473 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chloride channel (CLC) proteins are important anion transporters conserved in organisms ranging from bacteria and yeast to plants and animals. According to sequence comparison, some plant CLCs are predicted to function as Cl- /H+ antiporters, but not Cl- channels. However, no direct evidence was provided to verify the role of these plant CLCs in regulating the pH of the intracellular compartment. We identified tobacco CLC-Nt1 interacting with the Potato virus Y (PVY) 6K2 protein. To investigate its physiological function, homologous genes of CLC-Nt1 in Nicotiana benthamiana were knocked out using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Complementation experiments were subsequently performed by expression of wild-type or point-mutated CLC-Nt1 in knockout mutants. The data presented herein demonstrate that CLC-Nt1 is localized at endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using a pH-sensitive fluorescent protein (pHluorin), we found that loss of CLC-Nt1 function resulted in a decreased ER luminal pH. Secreted GFP (secGFP) was retained mostly in ER in knockout mutants, indicating that CLC-Nt1 is also involved in protein secretion. PVY infection induced a rise in ER luminal pH, which was dependent on functional CLC-Nt1. By contrast, loss of CLC-Nt1 function inhibited PVY intracellular replication and systemic infection. We propose that PVY alters ER luminal pH for infection in a CLC-Nt1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Lili Shen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yuanxia Qin
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Kaiqiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Jinguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
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Cabanillas DG, Jiang J, Movahed N, Germain H, Yamaji Y, Zheng H, Laliberté JF. Turnip Mosaic Virus Uses the SNARE Protein VTI11 in an Unconventional Route for Replication Vesicle Trafficking. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2594-2615. [PMID: 30150314 PMCID: PMC6241277 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Infection of plant cells by RNA viruses leads to the generation of organelle-like subcellular structures that contain the viral replication complex. During Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection of Nicotiana benthamiana, the viral membrane protein 6K2 plays a key role in the release of motile replication vesicles from the host endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here, we demonstrate that 6K2 contains a GxxxG motif within its predicted transmembrane domain that is vital for TuMV infection. Replacement of the Gly with Val within this motif inhibited virus production, and this was due to a relocation of the viral protein to the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. This indicated that passage of 6K2 through the Golgi apparatus is a dead-end avenue for virus infection. Impairing the fusion of transport vesicles between the ER and the Golgi apparatus by overexpression of the SNARE Sec22 protein resulted in enhanced intercellular virus movement. Likewise, expression of nonfunctional, Golgi-located synaptotagmin during infection enhanced TuMV intercellular movement. 6K2 copurified with VTI11, a prevacuolar compartment SNARE protein. An Arabidopsis thaliana vti11 mutant was completely resistant to TuMV infection. We conclude that TuMV replication vesicles bypass the Golgi apparatus and take an unconventional pathway that may involve prevacuolar compartments/multivesicular bodies for virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcia Cabanillas
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jun Jiang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Yasuyuki Yamaji
- Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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45
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Garcia-Ruiz H. Susceptibility Genes to Plant Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:E484. [PMID: 30201857 PMCID: PMC6164914 DOI: 10.3390/v10090484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses use cellular factors and resources to replicate and move. Plants respond to viral infection by several mechanisms, including innate immunity, autophagy, and gene silencing, that viruses must evade or suppress. Thus, the establishment of infection is genetically determined by the availability of host factors necessary for virus replication and movement and by the balance between plant defense and viral suppression of defense responses. Host factors may have antiviral or proviral activities. Proviral factors condition susceptibility to viruses by participating in processes essential to the virus. Here, we review current advances in the identification and characterization of host factors that condition susceptibility to plant viruses. Host factors with proviral activity have been identified for all parts of the virus infection cycle: viral RNA translation, viral replication complex formation, accumulation or activity of virus replication proteins, virus movement, and virion assembly. These factors could be targets of gene editing to engineer resistance to plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia-Ruiz
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA.
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46
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Qiao W, Helpio EL, Falk BW. Two Crinivirus-Conserved Small Proteins, P5 and P9, Are Indispensable for Efficient Lettuce infectious yellows virus Infectivity in Plants. Viruses 2018; 10:E459. [PMID: 30154314 PMCID: PMC6163742 DOI: 10.3390/v10090459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic analysis of Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) has revealed two short open reading frames (ORFs) on LIYV RNA2, that are predicted to encode a 5-kDa (P5) and a 9-kDa (P9) protein. The P5 ORF is part of the conserved quintuple gene block in the family Closteroviridae, while P9 orthologs are found in all Criniviruses. In this study, the expression of LIYV P5 and P9 proteins was confirmed; P5 is further characterized as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized integral transmembrane protein and P9 is a soluble protein. The knockout LIYV mutants presented reduced symptom severity and virus accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana or lettuce plants, indicating their importance in efficient virus infection. The P5 mutant was successfully complemented by a dislocated P5 in the LIYV genome. The structural regions of P5 were tested and all were found to be required for the appropriate functions of P5. In addition, P5, as well as its ortholog P6, encoded by Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and another ER-localized protein encoded by LIYV RNA1, were found to cause cell death when expressed in N. benthamiana plants from a TMV vector, and induce ER stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Erin L Helpio
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Bryce W Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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47
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McCaughey J, Stephens DJ. COPII-dependent ER export in animal cells: adaptation and control for diverse cargo. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:119-131. [PMID: 29916038 PMCID: PMC6096569 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The export of newly synthesized proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum is fundamental to the ongoing maintenance of cell and tissue structure and function. After co-translational translocation into the ER, proteins destined for downstream intracellular compartments or secretion from the cell are sorted and packaged into transport vesicles by the COPII coat protein complex. The fundamental discovery and characterization of the pathway has now been augmented by a greater understanding of the role of COPII in diverse aspects of cell function. We now have a deep understanding of how COPII contributes to the trafficking of diverse cargoes including extracellular matrix molecules, developmental signalling proteins, and key metabolic factors such as lipoproteins. Structural and functional studies have shown that the COPII coat is both highly flexible and subject to multiple modes of regulation. This has led to new discoveries defining roles of COPII in development, autophagy, and tissue organization. Many of these newly emerging features of the canonical COPII pathway are placed in a context of procollagen secretion because of the fundamental interest in how a coat complex that typically generates 80-nm transport vesicles can package a cargo reported to be over 300 nm. Here we review the current understanding of COPII and assess the current consensus on its role in packaging diverse cargo proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine McCaughey
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David J Stephens
- Cell Biology Laboratories, School of Biochemistry, University Walk, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
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48
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Jin X, Cao X, Wang X, Jiang J, Wan J, Laliberté JF, Zhang Y. Three-Dimensional Architecture and Biogenesis of Membrane Structures Associated with Plant Virus Replication. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:57. [PMID: 29441085 PMCID: PMC5797596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Positive-sense (+) RNA viruses represent the most abundant group of viruses and are dependent on the host cell machinery to replicate. One remarkable feature that occurs after (+) RNA virus entry into cells is the remodeling of host endomembranes, leading to the formation of viral replication factories. Recently, rapid progress in three-dimensional (3D) imaging technologies, such as electron tomography (ET) and focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), has enabled researchers to visualize the novel membrane structures induced by viruses at high resolution. These 3D imaging technologies provide new mechanistic insights into the viral infection cycle. In this review, we summarize the latest reports on the cellular remodeling that occurs during plant virus infection; in particular, we focus on studies that provide 3D architectural information on viral replication factories. We also outline the mechanisms underlying the formation of these membranous structures and discuss possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuling Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Juan Wan
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Laliberté
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique—Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jean-François Laliberté
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Yongliang Zhang
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49
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Movahed N, Patarroyo C, Sun J, Vali H, Laliberté JF, Zheng H. Cylindrical Inclusion Protein of Turnip Mosaic Virus Serves as a Docking Point for the Intercellular Movement of Viral Replication Vesicles. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1732-1744. [PMID: 29089395 PMCID: PMC5717746 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses move from the initially infected cell to adjacent cells through plasmodesmata (PDs). To do so, viruses encode dedicated protein(s) that facilitate this process. How viral proteins act together to support the intercellular movement of viruses is poorly defined. Here, by using an infection-free intercellular vesicle movement assay, we investigate the action of CI (cylindrical inclusion) and P3N-PIPO (amino-terminal half of P3 fused to Pretty Interesting Potyviridae open reading frame), the two PD-localized potyviral proteins encoded by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), in the intercellular movement of the viral replication vesicles. We provide evidence that CI and P3N-PIPO are sufficient to support the PD targeting and intercellular movement of TuMV replication vesicles induced by 6K2, a viral protein responsible for the generation of replication vesicles. 6K2 interacts with CI but not P3N-PIPO. When this interaction is impaired, the intercellular movement of TuMV replication vesicles is inhibited. Furthermore, in transmission electron microscopy, vesicular structures are observed in connection with the cylindrical inclusion bodies at structurally modified PDs in cells coexpressing 6K2, CI, and P3N-PIPO. CI is directed to PDs through its interaction with P3N-PIPO. We hypothesize that CI serves as a docking point for PD targeting and the intercellular movement of TuMV replication vesicles. This work contributes to a better understanding of the roles of different viral proteins in coordinating the intercellular movement of viral replication vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Movahed
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3B 1A1, Canada
| | - Camilo Patarroyo
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3B 1A1, Canada
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3B 1A1, Canada
| | - Hojatollah Vali
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C7, Canada
| | | | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3B 1A1, Canada
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50
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Qiao W, Medina V, Falk BW. Inspirations on Virus Replication and Cell-to-Cell Movement from Studies Examining the Cytopathology Induced by Lettuce infectious yellows virus in Plant Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1672. [PMID: 29021801 PMCID: PMC5623981 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) is the type member of the genus Crinivirus in the family Closteroviridae. Like many other positive-strand RNA viruses, LIYV infections induce a number of cytopathic changes in plant cells, of which the two most characteristic are: Beet yellows virus-type inclusion bodies composed of vesicles derived from cytoplasmic membranes; and conical plasmalemma deposits (PLDs) located at the plasmalemma over plasmodesmata pit fields. The former are not only found in various closterovirus infections, but similar structures are known as 'viral factories' or viroplasms in cells infected with diverse types of animal and plant viruses. These are generally sites of virus replication, virion assembly and in some cases are involved in cell-to-cell transport. By contrast, PLDs induced by the LIYV-encoded P26 non-virion protein are not involved in replication but are speculated to have roles in virus intercellular movement. These deposits often harbor LIYV virions arranged to be perpendicular to the plasma membrane over plasmodesmata, and our recent studies show that P26 is required for LIYV systemic plant infection. The functional mechanism of how LIYV P26 facilitates intercellular movement remains unclear, however, research on other plant viruses provides some insights on the possible ways of viral intercellular movement through targeting and modifying plasmodesmata via interactions between plant cellular components and viral-encoded factors. In summary, beginning with LIYV, we review the studies that have uncovered the biological determinants giving rise to these cytopathological effects and their importance in viral replication, virion assembly and intercellular movement during the plant infection by closteroviruses, and compare these findings with those for other positive-strand RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Qiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Vicente Medina
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Bryce W. Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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