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Alvin Chew BL, Pan Q, Hu H, Luo D. Structural biology of flavivirus NS1 protein and its antibody complexes. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105915. [PMID: 38777094 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The genus of flavivirus includes many mosquito-borne human pathogens, such as Zika (ZIKV) and the four serotypes of dengue (DENV1-4) viruses, that affect billions of people as evidenced by epidemics and endemicity in many countries and regions in the world. Among the 10 viral proteins encoded by the viral genome, the nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is the only secreted protein and has been used as a diagnostic biomarker. NS1 has also been an attractive target for its biotherapeutic potential as a vaccine antigen. This review focuses on the recent advances in the structural landscape of the secreted NS1 (sNS1) and its complex with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). NS1 forms an obligatory dimer, and upon secretion, it has been reported to be hexametric (trimeric dimers) that could dissociate and bind to the epithelial cell membrane. However, high-resolution structural information has been missing about the high-order oligomeric states of sNS1. Several cryoEM studies have since shown that DENV and ZIKV recombinant sNS1 (rsNS1) are in dynamic equilibrium of dimer-tetramer-hexamer states, with tetramer being the predominant form. It was recently revealed that infection-derived sNS1 (isNS1) forms a complex of the NS1 dimer partially embedded in a High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) particle. Structures of NS1 in complexes with mAbs have also been reported which shed light on their protective roles during infection. The biological significance of the diversity of NS1 oligomeric states remains to be further studied, to inform future research on flaviviral pathogenesis and the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Given the polymorphism of flavivirus NS1 across sample types with variations in antigenicity, we propose a nomenclature to accurately define NS1 based on the localization and origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liang Alvin Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921.
| | - Qi Pan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China.
| | - Hongli Hu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China.
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 636921; National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, 308442, Singapore.
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Muthukumaran R, Sankararamakrishnan R. Differences in the Membrane-Binding Properties of Flaviviral Nonstructural 1 (NS1) Protein: Comparative Simulations of Zika and Dengue Virus NS1 Proteins in Explicit Bilayers. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2024; 4:137-153. [PMID: 38911907 PMCID: PMC11191575 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
NS1 in flaviviruses is the only nonstructural protein that is secretory and interacts with different cellular components of the host cell membrane. NS1 is localized in the ER as a dimer to facilitate viral replication. Crystal structures of NS1 homologues from zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) viruses have revealed the organization of different domains in NS1 dimers. The β-roll and the connector and intertwined loop regions of wing domains of NS1 have been shown to interact with the membranes. In this study, we have performed multiple molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of ZIKV and DENV NS1 systems in apo and in POPE bilayers with different cholesterol concentrations (0, 20 and 40%). The NS1 protein was placed just above the membrane surface, and for each NS1-membrane system two to three independent simulations with 600 ns production run were performed. At the end of the production runs, ZIKV NS1 inserts deeper inside the membrane compared to the DENV counterpart. Unlike ZIKV NS1, the orientation of DENV NS1 is asymmetric in which one of the chains in the dimer interacts with the membrane while the other is more exposed to the solvent. The β-roll region in ZIKV NS1 penetrates beyond the headgroup region and interacts with the lipid acyl chains while the C-terminal region barely interacts with the headgroup. Specific residues in the intertwined region deeply penetrate inside the membrane. The role of charged and aromatic residues of ZIKV NS1 in strongly interacting with the membrane components is revealed. The presence of cholesterol affects the extent of insertion in the membrane and interaction of individual residues. Overall, membrane-binding properties of ZIKV NS1 significantly differ from its counterpart in DENV. The differences found in the binding and insertion of NS1 can be used to design drugs and novel antibodies that can be flavivirus specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopalan Muthukumaran
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ramasubbu Sankararamakrishnan
- Department
of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
- Mehta
Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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Huang J, Wang W, Yu T, Wang M, Liu M, Zhu D, Chen S, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Tian B, Sun D, He Y, Wu Z, Jia R, Cheng A. NS1: a promising novel target antigen with strong immunogenicity and protective efficacy for avian flavivirus vaccine development. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103469. [PMID: 38335667 PMCID: PMC10864804 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Tembusu virus (TMUV), an avian pathogenic flavivirus, has emerged as a significant threat to the duck industry in Southeast Asia, causing substantial economic losses. Due to the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect of TMUV subneutralizing antibodies, there is a pressing need to further develop new TMUV vaccine target antigens that ensure both safety and efficacy. Here, the TMUV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) as a target for development of effective anti-TMUV vaccines was unveiled. The amino acid sequences of TMUV NS1 exhibit a high degree of conservation across different strains (92.63-100%). To investigate the potential of TMUV NS1 as a vaccine target, the TMUV NS1-based plasmids were constructed and identified the C-terminal 30 amino acids residues of TMUV E (EC30) as an effective signal peptide for promoting NS1 expression and secretion. Subsequently, the plasmid pVAX1-EC30-NS1 was employed to immunize ducks, resulting in specific anti-NS1 IgG responses being stimulated, while without inducing anti-TMUV neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, the cellular immune responses triggered by the TMUV NS1 were evaluated, observing a notable increase in lymphocyte proliferation at 4 wk and 6 wk postinjection with the pVAX1-EC30-NS1. Additionally, there was a significant up-regulation of NS1-specific Il-4 and Ifnγ levels at these time points. Following this, ducks from different groups were challenged with TMUV, and remarkably, those immunized with the NS1 vaccine displayed significantly lower viral copies both at 3 d postinfection (dpi) and 7 dpi (P < 0.05) compared to ducks immunized with the control vector. Notably, the NS1 demonstrated remarkable protection against TMUV challenge without causing severe gross lesions. Collectively, these findings highlighted the impressive immunogenicity and protectivity of the TMUV NS1. Consequently, NS1 holds great promise as a novel antigen target for the development of efficient and safe TMUV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wanfa Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yu He
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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4
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Latanova A, Karpov V, Starodubova E. Extracellular Vesicles in Flaviviridae Pathogenesis: Their Roles in Viral Transmission, Immune Evasion, and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2144. [PMID: 38396820 PMCID: PMC10889558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The members of the Flaviviridae family are becoming an emerging threat for public health, causing an increasing number of infections each year and requiring effective treatment. The consequences of these infections can be severe and include liver inflammation with subsequent carcinogenesis, endothelial damage with hemorrhage, neuroinflammation, and, in some cases, death. The mechanisms of Flaviviridae pathogenesis are being actively investigated, but there are still many gaps in their understanding. Extracellular vesicles may play important roles in these mechanisms, and, therefore, this topic deserves detailed research. Recent data have revealed the involvement of extracellular vesicles in steps of Flaviviridae pathogenesis such as transmission, immune evasion, and inflammation, which is critical for disease establishment. This review covers recent papers on the roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of Flaviviridae and includes examples of clinical applications of the accumulated data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Latanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.K.); (E.S.)
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Perera DR, Ranadeva ND, Sirisena K, Wijesinghe KJ. Roles of NS1 Protein in Flavivirus Pathogenesis. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:20-56. [PMID: 38110348 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses are highly concerning pathogens that pose significant risks to public health. The NS1 protein is conserved among flaviviruses and is synthesized as a part of the flavivirus polyprotein. It plays a critical role in viral replication, disease progression, and immune evasion. Post-translational modifications influence NS1's stability, secretion, antigenicity, and interactions with host factors. NS1 protein forms extensive interactions with host cellular proteins allowing it to affect vital processes such as RNA processing, gene expression regulation, and cellular homeostasis, which in turn influence viral replication, disease pathogenesis, and immune responses. NS1 acts as an immune evasion factor by delaying complement-dependent lysis of infected cells and contributes to disease pathogenesis by inducing endothelial cell damage and vascular leakage and triggering autoimmune responses. Anti-NS1 antibodies have been shown to cross-react with host endothelial cells and platelets, causing autoimmune destruction that is hypothesized to contribute to disease pathogenesis. However, in contrast, immunization of animal models with the NS1 protein confers protection against lethal challenges from flaviviruses such as dengue and Zika viruses. Understanding the multifaceted roles of NS1 in flavivirus pathogenesis is crucial for effective disease management and control. Therefore, further research into NS1 biology, including its host protein interactions and additional roles in disease pathology, is imperative for the development of strategies and therapeutics to combat flavivirus infections successfully. This Review provides an in-depth exploration of the current available knowledge on the multifaceted roles of the NS1 protein in the pathogenesis of flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayangi R Perera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 00300
| | - Nadeeka D Ranadeva
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, KIU Campus Sri Lanka 10120
| | - Kavish Sirisena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka 00300
- Section of Genetics, Institute for Research and Development in Health and Social Care, Sri Lanka 10120
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Tejo AM, Hamasaki DT, Menezes LM, Ho YL. Severe dengue in the intensive care unit. JOURNAL OF INTENSIVE MEDICINE 2024; 4:16-33. [PMID: 38263966 PMCID: PMC10800775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jointm.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Dengue fever is considered the most prolific vector-borne disease in the world, with its transmission rate increasing more than eight times in the last two decades. While most cases present mild to moderate symptoms, 5% of patients can develop severe disease. Although the mechanisms are yet not fully comprehended, immune-mediated activation leading to excessive cytokine expression is suggested as a cause of the two main findings in critical patients: increased vascular permeability that may shock and thrombocytopenia, and coagulopathy that can induce hemorrhage. The risk factors of severe disease include previous infection by a different serotype, specific genotypes associated with more efficient replication, certain genetic polymorphisms, and comorbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. The World Health Organization recommends careful monitoring and prompt hospitalization of patients with warning signs or propensity for severe disease to reduce mortality. This review aims to update the diagnosis and management of patients with severe dengue in the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Mestre Tejo
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Intensive Medicine of the Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Toshie Hamasaki
- Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy Department, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Mattos Menezes
- Intensive Care Unit of Infectious Disease Department, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yeh-Li Ho
- Intensive Care Unit of Infectious Disease Department, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zeng Q, Liu J, Hao C, Zhang B, Zhang H. Making sense of flavivirus non-strctural protein 1 in innate immune evasion and inducing tissue-specific damage. Virus Res 2023; 336:199222. [PMID: 37716670 PMCID: PMC10518729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses include medically important mosquito-borne pathogens, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV), that cause hundreds of millions of infections each year. Currently, there are no approved effect therapies against mosquito-borne flaviviruses. The flaviviruses encoded nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a secreted glycoprotein widely involved in viral replication, immune evasion, and directly causing tissue-specific damage during flaviviruses infection. Upon viral infection of host cell, NS1 can be found in multiple oligomeric forms and include a dimer on the cell surface, and a soluble secreted hexameric lipoparticle. In the recent decade, the detailed crystal structure of several flaviviruses NS1 have been determined and unraveled its broader and deeper functions. Consistent with the potential immune function revealed by its structure, NS1 is involved in the escaping of host signal immune pathway mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including RIG-I-like receptors (RLRS) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Moreover, the flavivirus NS1 is efficiently secreted by infected cells and circulates in the blood of the host to directly induce specific tissues damage. The NS1 of ZIKV, JEV and WNV changes the permeability of brain microvascular endothelial cell to cause endothelial cell dysfunction and promote virus pathogenesis. DENV NS1 can induce systemic tissues damage in humans through multiple strategies. Mutations of several key amino acids in NS1 can reduce the neurovirulence of the flavivirus. In this article, we provide an overview of the latest research on this fascinating protein in these disparate areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Chenlin Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
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Zhang S, He Y, Wu Z, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Huang J, Ou X, Gao Q, Sun D, Zhang L, Yu Y, Chen S, Cheng A. Secretory pathways and multiple functions of nonstructural protein 1 in flavivirus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205002. [PMID: 37520540 PMCID: PMC10372224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus contains a wide variety of viruses that cause severe disease in humans, including dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus. Nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a glycoprotein that encodes a 352-amino-acid polypeptide and has a molecular weight of 46-55 kDa depending on its glycosylation status. NS1 is highly conserved among multiple flaviviruses and occurs in distinct forms, including a dimeric form within the endoplasmic reticulum, a cell-associated form on the plasma membrane, or a secreted hexameric form (sNS1) trafficked to the extracellular matrix. Intracellular dimeric NS1 interacts with other NSs to participate in viral replication and virion maturation, while extracellular sNS1 plays a critical role in immune evasion, flavivirus pathogenesis and interactions with natural vectors. In this review, we provide an overview of recent research progress on flavivirus NS1, including research on the structural details, the secretory pathways in mammalian and mosquito cells and the multiple functions in viral replication, immune evasion, pathogenesis and interaction with natural hosts, drawing together the previous data to determine the properties of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senzhao Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu He
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Chengdu, China
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9
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van den Elsen K, Chew BLA, Ho JS, Luo D. Flavivirus nonstructural proteins and replication complexes as antiviral drug targets. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 59:101305. [PMID: 36870091 PMCID: PMC10023477 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Many flaviviruses are well-known pathogens, such as dengue, Zika, Japanese encephalitis, and yellow fever viruses. Among them, dengue viruses cause global epidemics and threaten billions of people. Effective vaccines and antivirals are in desperate need. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in understanding viral nonstructural (NS) proteins as antiviral drug targets. We briefly summarize the experimental structures and predicted models of flaviviral NS proteins and their functions. We highlight a few well-characterized inhibitors targeting these NS proteins and provide an update about the latest development. NS4B emerges as one of the most promising drug targets as novel inhibitors targeting NS4B and its interaction network are entering clinical studies. Studies aiming to elucidate the architecture and molecular basis of viral replication will offer new opportunities for novel antiviral discovery. Direct-acting agents against dengue and other pathogenic flaviviruses may be available very soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaïn van den Elsen
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Bing Liang Alvin Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Jun Sheng Ho
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore; NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, EMB 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore.
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10
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Bhardwaj U, Singh SK. Zika virus NS1 suppresses VE-cadherin via hsa-miR-29b-3p/DNMT3b/MMP-9 pathway in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110659. [PMID: 36948479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus infection has been reported to cause microcephaly in newborns. ZIKV exploits various strategies to cross the blood-brain barrier. ZIKV NS1 may compromise the barrier integrity of endothelial cells by regulating expression of junctional proteins. MicroRNAs play an important role in post-transcriptional gene regulations. We demonstrated that ZIKV-NS1 affected the adherence junction protein in human brain microvascular endothelial cells via hsa-miR-29b-3p/DNMT3b/MMP-9 pathway. The hCMEC/D3 cells were exposed to ZIKV-NS1 with different doses (500 ng/mL and 1000 ng/mL) for 24 h. The expression pattern of DNTM3b, MMP-9, and VE-cadherin were studied using immunoblotting and the distribution of DNMT3b and MMP-9 were studied using immunofluorescence. The quantification of hsa-miR-29b-3p was done through qRT-PCR. Direct regulation of DNMT3b by hsa-miR-29b-3p was demonstrated by overexpression of hsa-miR-29b-3p using hsa-miR-29b-3p mimic, and knockdown of hsa-miR-29b-3p by using hsa-miR-29b-3p inhibitors. The ZIKV-NS1 affected the barrier function of endothelial cells through the increased expression of hsa-miR29b-3p, which suppressed the DNMT3b, thus enhanced expression of MMP-9, which finally suppressed the expression of VE-cadherin. These findings suggested that ZIKV-NS1 alters the expression of Adherens Junction protein in human brain microvascular endothelial cells through hsa-miR-29b-3p/DNMT3b/MMP-9 pathway, which compromised the barrier function of human brain microvascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Bhardwaj
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sunit K Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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11
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Safadi DE, Lebeau G, Lagrave A, Mélade J, Grondin L, Rosanaly S, Begue F, Hoareau M, Veeren B, Roche M, Hoarau JJ, Meilhac O, Mavingui P, Desprès P, Viranaïcken W, Krejbich-Trotot P. Extracellular Vesicles Are Conveyors of the NS1 Toxin during Dengue Virus and Zika Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020364. [PMID: 36851578 PMCID: PMC9965858 DOI: 10.3390/v15020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), produced during viral infections, are of emerging interest in understanding infectious processes and host-pathogen interactions. EVs and exosomes in particular have the natural ability to transport nucleic acids, proteins, and other components of cellular or viral origin. Thus, they participate in intercellular communication, immune responses, and infectious and pathophysiological processes. Some viruses are known to hijack the cell production and content of EVs for their benefit. Here, we investigate whether two pathogenic flaviviruses i.e., Zika Virus (ZIKV) and Dengue virus (DENV2) could have an impact on the features of EVs. The analysis of EVs produced by infected cells allowed us to identify that the non-structural protein 1 (NS1), described as a viral toxin, is associated with exosomes. This observation could be confirmed under conditions of overexpression of recombinant NS1 from each flavivirus. Using different isolation methods (i.e., exosome isolation kit, size exclusion chromatography, Polyethylene Glycol enrichment, and ELISA capture), we showed that NS1 was present as a dimer at the surface of excreted exosomes, and that this association could occur in the extracellular compartment. This finding could be of major importance in a physiological context. Indeed, this capacity of NS1 to address EVs and its implication in the pathophysiology during Dengue or Zika diseases should be explored. Furthermore, exosomes that have demonstrated a natural capacity to vectorize NS1 could serve as useful tools for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daed El Safadi
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Grégorie Lebeau
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Alisé Lagrave
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Julien Mélade
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Lauriane Grondin
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Sarah Rosanaly
- Unité Mixte Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Floran Begue
- Unité Mixte Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Mathilde Hoareau
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Bryan Veeren
- Unité Mixte Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Marjolaine Roche
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Hoarau
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Unité Mixte Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de la Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Wildriss Viranaïcken
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- Correspondence: (W.V.); (P.K.-T.)
| | - Pascale Krejbich-Trotot
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (PIMIT), Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, 97490 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- Correspondence: (W.V.); (P.K.-T.)
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