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Ye X, Zhang P, Tao J, Wang JCK, Mafi A, Grob NM, Quartararo AJ, Baddock HT, Chan LJG, McAllister FE, Foe I, Loas A, Eaton DL, Hao Q, Nile AH, Pentelute BL. Discovery of reactive peptide inhibitors of human papillomavirus oncoprotein E6. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12484-12497. [PMID: 38020382 PMCID: PMC10646941 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02782a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections account for nearly all cervical cancer cases, which is the fourth most common cancer in women worldwide. High-risk variants, including HPV16, drive tumorigenesis in part by promoting the degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. This degradation is mediated by the HPV early protein 6 (E6), which recruits the E3 ubiquitin ligase E6AP and redirects its activity towards ubiquitinating p53. Targeting the protein interaction interface between HPV E6 and E6AP is a promising modality to mitigate HPV-mediated degradation of p53. In this study, we designed a covalent peptide inhibitor, termed reactide, that mimics the E6AP LXXLL binding motif by selectively targeting cysteine 58 in HPV16 E6 with quantitative conversion. This reactide provides a starting point in the development of covalent peptidomimetic inhibitors for intervention against HPV-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyun Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Peiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Jason Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Amirhossein Mafi
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Nathalie M Grob
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Anthony J Quartararo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Hannah T Baddock
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Leanne J G Chan
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Fiona E McAllister
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Ian Foe
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Andrei Loas
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Dan L Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Qi Hao
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Aaron H Nile
- Calico Life Sciences LLC 1170 Veterans Boulevard South San Francisco CA 94080 USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 500 Main Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard 415 Main Street Cambridge MA 02142 USA
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2
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Ye J, Zheng L, He Y, Qi X. Human papillomavirus associated cervical lesion: pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e368. [PMID: 37719443 PMCID: PMC10501338 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted virus globally. Persistent high-risk HPV infection can result in cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer, with 70% of cervical cancer cases associated with high-risk types HPV16 and 18. HPV infection imposes a significant financial and psychological burden. Therefore, studying methods to eradicate HPV infection and halt the progression of precancerous lesions remains crucial. This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms underlying HPV-related cervical lesions, including the viral life cycle, immune factors, epithelial cell malignant transformation, and host and environmental contributing factors. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of treatment methods for HPV-related cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. Our focus is on immunotherapy, encompassing HPV therapeutic vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and advanced adoptive T cell therapy. Furthermore, we summarize the commonly employed drugs and other nonsurgical treatments currently utilized in clinical practice for managing HPV infection and associated cervical lesions. Gene editing technology is currently undergoing clinical research and, although not yet employed officially in clinical treatment of cervical lesions, numerous preclinical studies have substantiated its efficacy. Therefore, it holds promise as a precise treatment strategy for HPV-related cervical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Ye
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lan Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Lab MedicineUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Yuedong He
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaorong Qi
- Department of Gynecology and ObstetricsKey Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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3
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Jung S, Lee HS, Shin HC, Choi JS, Kim SJ, Ku B. Crystal Structures of Plk1 Polo-Box Domain Bound to the Human Papillomavirus Minor Capsid Protein L2-Derived Peptide. J Microbiol 2023; 61:755-764. [PMID: 37684534 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can increase the proliferation of infected cells during HPV-driven abnormalities, such as cervical cancer or benign warts. To date, more than 200 HPV genotypes have been identified, most of which are classified into three major genera: Alphapapillomavirus, Betapapillomavirus, and Gammapapillomavirus. HPV genomes commonly encode two structural (L1 and L2) and seven functional (E1, E2, E4-E7, and E8) proteins. L2, the minor structural protein of HPVs, not only serves as a viral capsid component but also interacts with various human proteins during viral infection. A recent report revealed that L2 of HPV16 recruits polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a master regulator of eukaryotic mitosis and cell cycle progression, for the delivery of viral DNA to mitotic chromatin during HPV16 infection. In this study, we verified the direct and potent interactions between the polo-box domain (PBD) of Plk1 and PBD-binding motif (S-S-pT-P)-containing phosphopeptides derived from L2 of HPV16/HPV18 (high-risk alphapapillomaviruses), HPV5b (low-risk betapapillomavirus), and HPV4 (low-risk gammapapillomavirus). Subsequent structural determination of the Plk1 PBD bound to the HPV18 or HPV4 L2-derived phosphopeptide demonstrated that they interact with each other in a canonical manner, in which electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds play key roles in sustaining the complex. Therefore, our structural and biochemical data imply that Plk1 is a broad binding target of L2 of various HPV genotypes belonging to the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammapapillomavirus genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Jung
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Sig Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Lim J, Lilie H, Kalbacher H, Roos N, Frecot DI, Feige M, Conrady M, Votteler T, Cousido-Siah A, Corradini Bartoli G, Iftner T, Trave G, Simon C. Evidence for direct interaction between the oncogenic proteins E6 and E7 of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104954. [PMID: 37354975 PMCID: PMC10372912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are DNA tumor viruses that infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelial cells of more than 20 vertebrates. High-risk HPV causes about 5% of human cancers worldwide, and the viral proteins E6 and E7 promote carcinogenesis by interacting with tumor suppressors and interfering with many cellular pathways. As a consequence, they immortalize cells more efficiently in concert than individually. So far, the networks of E6 and E7 with their respective cellular targets have been studied extensively but independently. However, we hypothesized that E6 and E7 might also interact directly with each other in a novel interaction affecting HPV-related carcinogenesis. Here, we report a direct interaction between E6 and E7 proteins from carcinogenic HPV types 16 and 31. We demonstrated this interaction via cellular assays using two orthogonal methods: coimmunoprecipitation and flow cytometry-based FRET assays. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the recombinant proteins revealed that the stoichiometry of the E6/E7 complex involves two E7 molecules and two E6 molecules. In addition, fluorescence polarization showed that (I) E6 binds to E7 with a similar affinity for HPV16 and HPV31 (in the same micromolar range) and (II) that the binding interface involves the unstructured N-terminal region of E7. The direct interaction of these highly conserved papillomaviral oncoproteins may provide a new perspective for studying HPV-associated carcinogenesis and the overall viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaWen Lim
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittemberg, Halle-Wittemberg, Germany
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nora Roos
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Desiree Isabella Frecot
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Feige
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Conrady
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Votteler
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Cousido-Siah
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2015, Department of Integrative Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, UdS, Illkirch, France
| | - Giada Corradini Bartoli
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Gilles Trave
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2015, Department of Integrative Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, UdS, Illkirch, France
| | - Claudia Simon
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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5
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Hu J, Ji Y, Miao T, Zheng S, Cui X, Hu J, Yang L, Li F. HPV 16 E6 promotes growth and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1181-1190. [PMID: 36435921 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection may be associated with the etiology of ESCC. However, the precise role of HPV in ESCC remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Proliferation and apoptosis of ESCC cells upon infection with HPV16 E6 were detected using CCK-8 assays and Western blot analyses. The migration rate was measured with a wound healing assay, and a Transwell Matrigel invasion assay was used to detect the invasive ability. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the expression of E6AP, p53, and miR-34a. The proliferation rates were significantly higher in HPV16E6-transfected cell groups compared with the negative control groups. Bax protein expression was downregulated in HPV16E6-treated groups compared to the controls. The wound healing and Transwell Matrigel invasion assays indicated that HPV16 E6 infection could increase ESCC cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, E6AP, p53 and miR-34a expression were decreased in HPV16 E6-transfected cell lines. CONCLUSION Our results not only provide evidence that HPV16 E6 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in ESCC, but also suggests a correlation between HPV infection and E6AP, p53 and miR-34a expression. Consequently, HPV16 E6 may play an important role in ESCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaoJiao Hu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Pathology Department, Jiangmen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Guangdong, 529000, Jiangmen, People's Republic of China
| | - TingTing Miao
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - ShiYao Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - XiaoBin Cui
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - JianMing Hu
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi University School of Medicine, 832000, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China.
- Department of Pathology and Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Zhi W, Wei Y, Lazare C, Meng Y, Wu P, Gao P, Lin S, Peng T, Chu T, Liu B, Ding W, Cao C, Wu P. HPV-CCDC106 integration promotes cervical cancer progression by facilitating the high expression of CCDC106 after HPV E6 splicing. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28009. [PMID: 35854676 PMCID: PMC9796641 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) integration and high expression of HPV oncogenes (E6 and E7) are important mechanisms for HPV carcinogenesis in cervical cancer. However, the relationship between HPV integration and HPV E6 spliced transcripts, as well as the underlying mechanisms of HPV integration in carcinogenesis after HPV E6 splicing remains unclear. We analyzed HPV-coiled-coil domain containing 106 (CCDC106) integration samples to characterize the roles of HPV integration, E6 spliceosome I (E6*I), and high CCDC106 expression in cervical carcinogenesis. We found that E6 was alternatively spliced into the E6*I transcript in HPV-CCDC016 integration samples with low p53 expression, in contrast to the role of E6*I in preventing p53 degradation in cervical cancer cells. In addition, CCDC106 was highly expressed after HPV-CCDC106 integration, and interacted with p53, resulting in p53 degradation and cervical cancer cell progression in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, when E6*I was highly expressed in cervical cancer cells, overexpression of CCDC106 independently degraded p53 and promoted cervical cancer cell progression. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanisms of HPV-CCDC106 integration in HPV carcinogenesis after HPV E6 splicing, which should provide insight into host genome dysregulation in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhi
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ye Wei
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Cordelle Lazare
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yifan Meng
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ping Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Peipei Gao
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Shitong Lin
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ting Peng
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Tian Chu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Binghan Liu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Wencheng Ding
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Canhui Cao
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen HospitalShenzhen Peking University‐The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical CenterGuangdongChina
| | - Peng Wu
- Cancer Biology Research Center (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
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7
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Akbarpour Arsanjani A, Abuei H, Behzad-Behbahani A, Bagheri Z, Arabsolghar R, Farhadi A. Activating transcription factor 3 inhibits NF‑κB p65 signaling pathway and mediates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cervical cancer cells. Infect Agent Cancer 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36522783 PMCID: PMC9753250 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-022-00475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a novel tumor suppressor mediator, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has recently aroused an interest in its possible therapeutic applications in various cancers. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ATF3 overexpression on the cellular level of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in human papillomavirus (HPV)-infected Ca Ski cells. Further, we examined whether ATF3 could mediate cell cycle arrest and alter the apoptosis level of Ca Ski cells. METHODS The biological behavior of Ca Ski cells was evaluated prior and subsequent to the overexpression of ATF3 by MTT assay, fluorescence microscopy, cell cycle and annexin V/PI flow cytometric analysis. The effect of ectopic ATF3 expression on the cellular level of NF-κB in HPV-positive cells was evaluated by western blotting assay. RESULTS The overexpression of ATF3 in Ca Ski cells led to significant apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Western blotting assay revealed a discernible reduction of NF-κB p65 level in cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSION ATF3 acts as a tumor suppressor factor in HPV16-infected Ca Ski cells and exerts anti-cancer effects on HPV16-related cervical cancer cells potentially by hindering cell growth and inducing cell cycle arrest through the down-regulation of NF-κB. Our results suggest that ATF3 induction or NF-κB suppression may be useful targets for HPV16-related cervical cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Akbarpour Arsanjani
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haniyeh Abuei
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Behzad-Behbahani
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bagheri
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rita Arabsolghar
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Farhadi
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ,grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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8
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Madhu P, Davey NE, Ivarsson Y. How viral proteins bind short linear motifs and intrinsically disordered domains. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:EBC20220047. [PMID: 36504386 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Viruses are the obligate intracellular parasites that exploit the host cellular machinery to replicate their genome. During the viral life cycle viruses manipulate the host cell through interactions with host proteins. Many of these protein-protein interactions are mediated through the recognition of host globular domains by short linear motifs (SLiMs), or longer intrinsically disordered domains (IDD), in the disordered regions of viral proteins. However, viruses also employ their own globular domains for binding to SLiMs and IDDs present in host proteins or virus proteins. In this review, we focus on the different strategies adopted by viruses to utilize proteins or protein domains for binding to the disordered regions of human or/and viral ligands. With a set of examples, we describe viral domains that bind human SLiMs. We also provide examples of viral proteins that bind to SLiMs, or IDDs, of viral proteins as a part of complex assembly and regulation of protein functions. The protein-protein interactions are often crucial for viral replication, and may thus offer possibilities for innovative inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Madhu
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Norman E Davey
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, U.K
| | - Ylva Ivarsson
- Department of Chemistry, BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Lim J, Frecot DI, Stubenrauch F, Iftner T, Simon C. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus E6 proteins: Interaction with MAML1 and modulation of the Notch signaling pathway. Virology 2022; 576:52-60. [PMID: 36155393 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are necessary to study how cutaneous human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with carcinogenesis. The cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) induces papilloma in the -cutaneous skin of rabbits and serves as an established animal model for HPVlinked carcinogenesis where viral E6 proteins play crucial roles. Several studies have reported the dysregulation of the Notch signaling pathway by cutaneous beta HPV, bovine PV and mouse PV E6 via their association with Mastermind-like 1 protein (MAML1), thus interfering with cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the CRPV E6 gene encodes an elongated E6 protein (long E6, LE6) and an N-terminally truncated product (short E6, SE6) making it unique from other E6 proteins. Here, we describe the interaction between both CRPV E6 proteins and MAML1 and their ability to downregulate the Notch signaling pathway which could be a way CRPV infection induces carcinogenesis similar to beta HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaWen Lim
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Desiree Isabella Frecot
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Frank Stubenrauch
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Claudia Simon
- Institute of Medical Virology and Epidemiology of Viral Diseases, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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10
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Ferraz MVF, Viana IFT, Coêlho DF, da Cruz CHB, de Arruda Lima M, de Luna Aragão MA, Lins RD. Association strength of E6 to E6AP/p53 complex correlates with HPV‐mediated oncogenesis risk. Biopolymers 2022; 113:e23524. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.23524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Vitor Ferreira Ferraz
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Recife Brazil
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | | | - Danilo Fernandes Coêlho
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Recife Brazil
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Dias Lins
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute Oswaldo Cruz Foundation Recife Brazil
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry Federal University of Pernambuco Recife Brazil
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11
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Lagunas-Martínez A, Madrid-Marina V, Gómez-Cerón C, Deas J, Peralta-Zaragoza O. The Autophagy Process in Cervical Carcinogenesis: Role of Non-Coding-RNAs, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Targets. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081323. [PMID: 35456001 PMCID: PMC9028856 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved multistep lysosomal degradation process in which cellular components are localized to autophagosomes, which subsequently fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sequestered contents. Autophagy serves to maintain cellular homeostasis. There is a close relationship between autophagy and tumor progression, which provides opportunities for the development of anticancer therapeutics that target the autophagy pathway. In this review, we analyze the effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins on autophagy processes in cervical cancer development. Inhibition of the expression or the activity of E5, E6, and E7 can induce autophagy in cells expressing HPV oncogenes. Thus, E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins target autophagy during HPV-associated carcinogenesis. Furthermore, noncoding RNA (ncRNA) expression profiling in cervical cancer has allowed the identification of autophagy-related ncRNAs associated with HPV. Autophagy-related genes are essential drivers of autophagy and are regulated by ncRNAs. We review the existing evidence regarding the role of autophagy-related proteins, the function of HPV E5, E6, and E7 oncoproteins, and the effects of noncoding RNA on autophagy regulation in the setting of cervical carcinogenesis. By characterizing the mechanisms behind the dysregulation of these critical factors and their impact on host cell autophagy, we advance understanding of the relationship between autophagy and progression from HPV infection to cervical cancer, and highlight pathways that can be targeted in preventive and therapeutic strategies against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Lagunas-Martínez
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad No. 655, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico; (A.L.-M.); (V.M.-M.); (J.D.)
| | - Vicente Madrid-Marina
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad No. 655, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico; (A.L.-M.); (V.M.-M.); (J.D.)
| | - Claudia Gómez-Cerón
- Research Center in Population Health, Department of Cancer Epidemiology, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad No. 655, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico;
| | - Jessica Deas
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad No. 655, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico; (A.L.-M.); (V.M.-M.); (J.D.)
| | - Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Av. Universidad No. 655, Cerrada los Pinos y Caminera, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, Cuernavaca 62100, Morelos, Mexico; (A.L.-M.); (V.M.-M.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-777-3293000
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12
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The RBPJ/DAPK3/UBE3A signaling axis induces PBRM1 degradation to modulate the sensitivity of renal cell carcinoma to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:295. [PMID: 35368029 PMCID: PMC8976838 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kind of malignant tumor originating from the renal tubular epithelium. Approximately 30% of patients with renal cancer are found to have metastasis when first diagnosed. Exploring other effective treatment methods in addition to surgery is an urgent need in the research field of renal cell carcinoma. Polybromo 1 (PBRM1) is the second most mutated gene in RCC, with a mutation rate of ~40%. Notably, the posttranscriptional modification of PBRM1 in RCC is unclear. In this study, we performed unbiased mass spectrometry of PBRM1 and identified ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A), an extensively studied E3 ligase that can bind with PBRM1 and regulate the stability of PBRM1 in renal cancer cells. We further found that RBPJ/DAPK3 modulated the E3 ligase activity of UBE3A by interfering with the PKA phosphorylation of UBE3A. Finally, we demonstrated that the RBPJ/DAPK3/UBE3A/PBRM1/p21 axis contributed to the sensitivity of renal cancer cells to CDK4/6 inhibitors. In addition, in combination with RBPJ inhibitors, CDK4/6 inhibitors showed synergistically enhanced effects on renal cancer cells. In summary, we not only revealed a novel RBPJ/DAPK3/UBE3A/PBRM1/p21 signaling axis but also identified a combination strategy for overcoming the resistance of renal cancer cells to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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13
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An enhanced triple fluorescence flow-cytometry-based assay shows differential activation of the Notch signaling pathway by human papillomavirus E6 proteins. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3000. [PMID: 35194094 PMCID: PMC8863805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06922-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are DNA tumor viruses. A persistent infection with high-risk HPV types is the necessary risk factor for the development of anogenital carcinoma. The E6 protein is a viral oncoprotein that directly interacts with different cellular regulatory proteins mainly affecting the cell cycle, cellular differentiation and polarization of epithelial cells. In dependency of the phylogenetic classification of HPV different interaction partners of E6 have been described. The Notch pathway seems to be one common target of HPV, which can be up or down regulated by different E6 proteins. Our novel triple fluorescence flow-cytometry-based assay allows a semi-quantitative comparison of the E6 proteins´ effect on the Notch pathway using a Notch-responsive reporter plasmid. As a result, all E6 proteins of beta-HPV repressed the Notch reporter expression, of which HPV38 E6 showed the greatest repression potential. In contrast, alpha-HPV E6 of HPV16, activates the reporter expression most significantly, whereas E6 of HPV31 and low-risk HPV6b showed significant activation only in a p53-null cell line. Interestingly, HPV18 E6, with the second highest carcinogenic risk, shows no effect. This high divergence within different genus of HPV is important for targeting the Notch pathway regarding a potential HPV therapy.
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14
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Kooti A, Abuei H, Farhadi A, Behzad-Behbahani A, Zarrabi M. Activating transcription factor 3 mediates apoptotic functions through a p53-independent pathway in human papillomavirus 18 infected HeLa cells. Virus Genes 2022; 58:88-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-022-01887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Russi M, Marson D, Fermeglia A, Aulic S, Fermeglia M, Laurini E, Pricl S. The fellowship of the RING: BRCA1, its partner BARD1 and their liaison in DNA repair and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108009. [PMID: 34619284 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and its partner - the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) - are key players in a plethora of fundamental biological functions including, among others, DNA repair, replication fork protection, cell cycle progression, telomere maintenance, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, mutations in their encoding genes transform them into dangerous threats, and substantially increase the risk of developing cancer and other malignancies during the lifetime of the affected individuals. Understanding how BRCA1 and BARD1 perform their biological activities therefore not only provides a powerful mean to prevent such fatal occurrences but can also pave the way to the development of new targeted therapeutics. Thus, through this review work we aim at presenting the major efforts focused on the functional characterization and structural insights of BRCA1 and BARD1, per se and in combination with all their principal mediators and regulators, and on the multifaceted roles these proteins play in the maintenance of human genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russi
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alice Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suzana Aulic
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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16
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Prusinkiewicz MA, Mymryk JS. Metabolic Control by DNA Tumor Virus-Encoded Proteins. Pathogens 2021; 10:560. [PMID: 34066504 PMCID: PMC8148605 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses co-opt a multitude of host cell metabolic processes in order to meet the energy and substrate requirements for successful viral replication. However, due to their limited coding capacity, viruses must enact most, if not all, of these metabolic changes by influencing the function of available host cell regulatory proteins. Typically, certain viral proteins, some of which can function as viral oncoproteins, interact with these cellular regulatory proteins directly in order to effect changes in downstream metabolic pathways. This review highlights recent research into how four different DNA tumor viruses, namely human adenovirus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's associated-sarcoma herpesvirus, can influence host cell metabolism through their interactions with either MYC, p53 or the pRb/E2F complex. Interestingly, some of these host cell regulators can be activated or inhibited by the same virus, depending on which viral oncoprotein is interacting with the regulatory protein. This review highlights how MYC, p53 and pRb/E2F regulate host cell metabolism, followed by an outline of how each of these DNA tumor viruses control their activities. Understanding how DNA tumor viruses regulate metabolism through viral oncoproteins could assist in the discovery or repurposing of metabolic inhibitors for antiviral therapy or treatment of virus-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joe S. Mymryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- London Regional Cancer Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2R5, Canada
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Yapindi L, Hernandez BY, Harrod R. siRNA-Inhibition of TIGAR Hypersensitizes Human Papillomavirus-Transformed Cells to Apoptosis Induced by Chemotherapy Drugs that Cause Oxidative Stress. JOURNAL OF ANTIVIRALS & ANTIRETROVIRALS 2021; 13:223. [PMID: 35291688 PMCID: PMC8920475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The high-risk subtype Human Papillomaviruses (hrHPVs), including HPV16, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, and HPV45, infect and oncogenically transform epithelial cells and cause squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas associated with the development of cervical cancer and subsets of vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anogenital cancers, as well as head-and-neck oropharyngeal carcinomas which often have poor clinical prognoses. Many cancers have been shown to contain elevated levels of the TP53-Induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator (TIGAR)-a glycolytic enzyme and antioxidant effector which frequently correlates with an aggressive tumor phenotype and serves as a determinant of therapy-resistance. We therefore tested whether siRNA-inhibition of TIGAR protein expression could sensitize HPV18-transformed HeLa cells to genotoxic chemotherapy agents (i.e., cisplatin, etoposide, doxorubicin, and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide) that induce oxidative stress and DNA-damage. Here we demonstrate that the siRNA-knockdown of TIGAR hypersensitized HeLa cells to low, otherwise sub-inhibitory concentrations of these drugs and markedly induced cellular apoptosis, as compared to a scrambled RNA (scrRNA) oligonucleotide negative control or a non-transformed immortalized human fibroblast cell-line, HFL1. Importantly, these findings suggest that therapeutically inhibiting TIGAR could hypersensitize hrHPV+ cervical tumor cells to low-dosage concentrations of chemotherapy drugs that induce oxidative DNA-damage, which could potentially lead to more favorable clinical outcomes by reducing the adverse side-effects of these anticancer medications and making them more tolerable for patients. Our studies have further shown that siRNA-inhibition of TIGAR sensitizes HPV18+ HeLa cells to apoptosis induced by 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide-a DNA-alkylating agent these cells were reported to have resistance to, alluding to another possible benefit of targeting TIGAR in combinatorial treatment strategies against virus-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacin Yapindi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376, United States
| | | | - Robert Harrod
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376, United States,Correspondence to: Robert Harrod, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Biological Sciences, The Dedman College Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376, United States,
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