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Liu H, Xue Q, Yang F, Cao W, Liu P, Liu X, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 degrades YTHDF2 through autophagy to regulate IRF3 activity for viral replication. Autophagy 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38516932 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2330105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, including foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), can promote the degradation of host proteins through macroautophagy/autophagy, thereby promoting viral replication. However, the regulatory mechanism between autophagy and innate immune responses is not fully understood during FMDV infection. Here, we found that the host GTPBP4/NOG1 (GTP binding protein 4) is a negative regulator of innate immune responses. GTPBP4 deficiency promotes the antiviral innate immune response, resulting in the ability of GTPBP4 to promote FMDV replication. Meanwhile, GTPBP4-deficient mice are more resistant to FMDV infection. To antagonize the host's antiviral immunity, FMDV structural protein VP1 promotes the expression of GTPBP4, and the 209th site of VP1 is responsible for this effect. Mechanically, FMDV VP1 promotes autophagy during virus infection and interacts with and degrades YTHDF2 (YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F2) in an AKT-MTOR-dependent autophagy pathway, resulting in an increase in GTPBP4 mRNA and protein levels. Increased GTPBP4 inhibits IRF3 binding to the Ifnb/Ifn-β promoter, suppressing FMDV-induced type I interferon production. In conclusion, our study revealed an underlying mechanism of how VP1 negatively regulates innate immunity through the autophagy pathway, which would contribute to understanding the negative regulation of host innate immune responses and the function of GTPBP4 and YTHDF2 during FMDV infection.Abbreviation: 3-MA:3-methyladenine; ACTB: actin beta; ATG: autophagy related; ChIP:chromatin immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI:4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; dpi: days post-infection; EV71:enterovirus 71; FMDV: foot-and-mouth disease virus; GTPBP4/NOG1: GTPbinding protein 4; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha;hpt:hours post-transfection; IFNB/IFN-β:interferon beta; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; MAP1LC3/LC3:microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAVS: mitochondriaantiviral signaling protein; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MTOR:mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; m6A: N(6)-methyladenosine;qPCR:quantitativePCR; SIRT3:sirtuin 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STING1: stimulator ofinterferon response cGAMP interactor 1; siRNA: small interfering RNA;TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TCID50:50% tissue culture infectious doses; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagyactivating kinase 1; UTR: untranslated region; WT: wild type; YTHDF2:YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Zou J, Tian S, Zhu Y, Cheng Y, Jiang M, Tu S, Jin M, Chen H, Zhou H. Prohibitin1 facilitates viral replication by impairing the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0092623. [PMID: 37754758 PMCID: PMC10617439 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00926-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Type I interferon (IFN-I), produced by the innate immune system, plays an essential role in host antiviral responses. Proper regulation of IFN-I production is required for the host to balance immune responses and prevent superfluous inflammation. IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and subsequent sensors are activated by RNA virus infection to induce IFN-I production. Therefore, proper regulation of IRF3 serves as an important way to control innate immunity and viral replication. Here, we first identified Prohibitin1 (PHB1) as a negative regulator of host IFN-I innate immune responses. Mechanistically, PHB1 inhibited the nucleus import of IRF3 by impairing its binding with importin subunit alpha-1 and importin subunit alpha-5. Our study demonstrates the mechanism by which PHB1 facilitates the replication of multiple RNA viruses and provides insights into the negative regulation of host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shan Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yinxing Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanqing Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meijun Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaoyu Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Cao L, Hui X, Xu T, Mao H, Lin X, Huang K, Zhao L, Jin M. The RNA-Splicing Ligase RTCB Promotes Influenza A Virus Replication by Suppressing Innate Immunity via Interaction with RNA Helicase DDX1. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1020-1031. [PMID: 37556111 PMCID: PMC10476163 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-splicing ligase RNA 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and 5'-OH ligase (RTCB) is a catalytic subunit of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex, which plays an essential role in catalyzing tRNA splicing and modulating the unfolded protein response. However, the function of RTCB in influenza A virus (IAV) replication has not yet been described. In this study, RTCB was revealed to be an IAV-suppressed host factor that was significantly downregulated during influenza virus infection in several transformed cell lines, as well as in primary human type II alveolar epithelial cells, and its knockout impaired the propagation of the IAV. Mechanistically, RTCB depletion led to a robust elevation in the levels of type I and type III IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines in response to IAV infection, which was confirmed by RTCB overexpression studies. Lastly, RTCB was found to compete with DDX21 for RNA helicase DDX1 binding, attenuating the DDX21-DDX1 association and thus suppressing the expression of IFN and downstream IFN-stimulated genes. Our study indicates that RTCB plays a critical role in facilitating IAV replication and reveals that the RTCB-DDX1 binding interaction is an important innate immunomodulator for the host to counteract viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfeng Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianzhong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animal Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- China Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Xue Q, Zhu Z, Xue Z, Yang F, Cao W, Liu X, Liu H, Zheng H. NOG1 downregulates type I interferon production by targeting phosphorylated interferon regulatory factor 3. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011511. [PMID: 37410776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of the host's defense, and studying the mechanisms of the negative regulation of interferon (IFN) signaling is important for maintaining the balance of innate immune responses. Here, we found that the host GTP-binding protein 4 (NOG1) is a negative regulator of innate immune responses. Overexpression of NOG1 inhibited viral RNA- and DNA-mediated signaling pathways, and NOG1 deficiency promoted the antiviral innate immune response, resulting in the ability of NOG1 to promote viral replication. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection induced a higher level of IFN-β protein in NOG1 deficient mice. Meanwhile, NOG1-deficient mice were more resistant to VSV and HSV-1 infection. NOG1 inhibited type I IFN production by targeting IRF3. NOG1 was also found to interact with phosphorylated IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) to impair its DNA binding activity, thereby downregulating the transcription of IFN-β and downstream IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). The GTP binding domain of NOG1 is responsible for this process. In conclusion, our study reveals an underlying mechanism of how NOG1 negatively regulates IFN-β by targeting IRF3, which uncovers a novel role of NOG1 in host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhaoning Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Wang S, Li Z, Chen Y, Gao S, Qiao J, Liu H, Song H, Ao D, Sun X. ARIH1 inhibits influenza A virus replication and facilitates RIG-I dependent immune signaling by interacting with SQSTM1/p62. Virol J 2023; 20:58. [PMID: 37005687 PMCID: PMC10066941 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple host factors are involved in modulating type I interferon expression induced by viruses; however, the mechanism is not fully elucidated. Influenza A virus infection causes severe respiratory symptoms and triggers a series of signaling cascades and host innate immune responses, including interferon production. The co-IP/MS technology was used to screen several antiviral factors in the early stage. Among these factors, ariadne-1 homolog (ARIH1) caught our attention. METHODS Western blot assay was performed to detect the level of proteins and software ImageJ was used to analyze the band intensities. Polymerase activity assay was conducted to evaluate the polymerase activity of influenza A virus. Tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) assay was performed to measure influenza A virus titers, and quantitative RT-PCR assay was applied to test the mRNA level of IFN-β, ISG56, and CXCL10. Luciferase reporter assay was used to confirm the target of ARIH1 in RIG-I signaling. Immunoprecipitation assay was performed to detect the interaction and the ubiquitination of the proteins. All data were analyzed by biostatistical methods and presented as means ± standard deviation from three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined using two-tailed student's t test. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, and a P value of less than 0.01 was considered highly significant (ns, P ≥ 0.05; *, P < 0.05; and **, P < 0.01). RESULTS We found that ARIH1, a member of E3 ubiquitin ligases, enhanced cellular antiviral responses. Subsequent study showed that ARIH1 was up-regulated during influenza A virus infection. Further analysis showed that ARIH1 enhanced IFN-β and downstream gene expression by affecting the degradation of RIG-I through the SQSTM1/p62 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION This newly revealed mechanism shows that cellular response increases of ARIH1 and promotes IFN-β expression to boost host survival during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Provincial Department of Education, Guizhou, Institute of Life Sciences/ College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhenrong Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Yaping Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Sanli Gao
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Provincial Department of Education, Guizhou, Institute of Life Sciences/ College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junhua Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Haoru Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hong Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dishu Ao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Biosafety, Provincial Department of Education, Guizhou, Institute of Life Sciences/ College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
- Department of Microbiology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.
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Chen N, Zhang B, Deng L, Liang B, Ping J. Virus-host interaction networks as new antiviral drug targets for IAV and SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1371-1389. [PMID: 35476817 PMCID: PMC9132403 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2071175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, SARS-CoV-2, especially the Omicron strain, is ravaging the world and even co-infecting human beings with IAV, which is a serious threat to human public health. As of yet, no specific antiviral drug has been discovered for SARS-CoV-2. This requires deeper understandings of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-host interaction, to explore antiviral drug targets and provide theoretical basis for developing anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. This article discussed IAV, which has been comprehensively studied and is expected to provide the most important reference value for the SARS-CoV-2 study apart from members of the Coronaviridae family. We wish to establish a theoretical system for the studies on virus-host interaction. Previous studies have shown that host PRRs recognize RNAs of IAV or SARS-CoV-2 and then activate innate immune signaling pathways to induce the expression of host restriction factors, such as ISGs, to ultimately inhibit viral replication. Meanwhile, viruses have also evolved various regulatory mechanisms to antagonize host innate immunity at transcriptional, translational, post-translational modification, and epigenetic levels. Besides, viruses can hijack supportive host factors for their replication. Notably, the race between host antiviral innate immunity and viral antagonism of host innate immunity forms virus-host interaction networks. Additionally, the viral replication cycle is co-regulated by proteins, ncRNAs, sugars, lipids, hormones, and inorganic salts. Given this, we updated the mappings of antiviral drug targets based on virus-host interaction networks and proposed an innovative idea that virus-host interaction networks as new antiviral drug targets for IAV and SARS-CoV-2 from the perspectives of viral immunology and systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoge Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Deng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jihui Ping
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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LYAR Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression by Upregulating FSCN1 Expression and Fatty Acid Metabolism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:9979707. [PMID: 35069968 PMCID: PMC8769847 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9979707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly malignant tumor associated with poor prognosis, yet the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we showed that LYAR, a nucleolar protein, is expressed at a higher level in CRC tissue than in adjacent normal tissue and that LYAR expression is closely associated with distant CRC metastasis. LYAR not only significantly promotes the migration and invasion of CRC cells in vitro, but knockdown (KD) of LYAR in CRC cells also inhibits xenograft tumor metastasis in vivo. Microarray analysis of LYAR KD cells combined with a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, gene reporter assay, and rescue experiment indicated that FSCN1 (encoding fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (Fascin-1)) serves as a novel key regulator of LYAR-promoted migration and invasion of CRC cells. Knockdown of FSCN1 significantly inhibits subcutaneous tumorigenesis of CRC cells and leads to the downregulation of FASN and SCD, genes encoding key enzymes in fatty acid synthesis. In summary, this study reveals a novel mechanism by which LYAR promotes tumor cell migration and invasion by upregulating FSCN1 expression and affecting fatty acid metabolism in CRC.
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Xu J, Wang P, Li Z, Li Z, Han D, Wen M, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Ma Y, Liu W, Jiang M, Zhang X, Cao X. IRF3-binding lncRNA-ISIR strengthens interferon production in viral infection and autoinflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109926. [PMID: 34731629 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is an essential transductor for initiation of many immune responses. Here, we show that lncRNA-ISIR directly binds IRF3 to promote its phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear translocation, along with enhanced target gene productions. In vivo lncRNA-ISIR deficiency results in reduced IFN production, uncontrolled viral replication, and increased mortality. The human homolog, AK131315, also binds IRF3 and promotes its activation. More important, AK131315 expression is positively correlated with type I interferon (IFN-I) level and severity in patients with lupus. Mechanistically, in resting cells, IRF3 is bound to suppressor protein Flightless-1 (Fli-1), which keeps its inactive state. Upon infection, IFN-I-induced lncRNA-ISIR binds IRF3 at DNA-binding domain in cytoplasm and removes Fli-1's association from IRF3, consequently facilitating IRF3 activation. Our results demonstrate that IFN-I-inducible lncRNA-ISIR feedback strengthens IRF3 activation by removing suppressive Fli-1 in immune responses, revealing a method of lncRNA-mediated modulation of transcription factor (TF) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Xu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zemeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dan Han
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingyue Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qihang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lianfeng Zhang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuanwu Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Minghong Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology, Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China; Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100021, China.
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9
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Liu HM. Intracellular innate immunity and mechanism of action of cytosolic nucleic acid receptor-mediated type I IFN against viruses. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:180-189. [PMID: 34500496 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The induction of type I interferons (IFN) is critical for antiviral innate immune response. The rapid activation of antiviral innate immune responses is the key to successful clearance of evading pathogens. To achieve this, a series of proteins, including the pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), the adaptor proteins, the accessory proteins, kinases, and the transcription factors, are all involved and finely orchestrated. The magnitude and latitude of type I IFN induction however are distinctly regulated in different tissues. A set of interferon simulated genes (ISGs) are then expressed in response to type I IFN signaling to set the cells in the antiviral state. In this review, how type I IFN is induced by viral infections by intracellular PRRs and how type I IFN triggers the expression of downstream effectors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Minyi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Lv Z, Xue C, Zhang L, Sun J, Bo C. Elevated mRNA Level of Y-Box Binding Protein 1 Indicates Unfavorable Prognosis Correlated with Macrophage Infiltration and T Cell Exhaustion in Luminal Breast Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:6411-6428. [PMID: 34429650 PMCID: PMC8374538 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s311650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Y-box binding protein 1 (YBX1) gene encodes the multifunctional protein YB1 that is associated with the dysregulation of numerous cancer-related genes. However, the prognostic value of YBX1 and its correlation with immune cell infiltration in breast cancer (BRCA) remain unclear. Methods YBX1 expression data in various malignancies were obtained from Oncomine, Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER), Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, UALCAN and cBio Cancer Genomics Portal databases. Survival data were analyzed with Kaplan–Meier plotter. Immune cell infiltration and its association with YBX1 expression level were assessed with TIMER and LinkedOmics. YB1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, and changes in cancer cell viability and T cell activity following YBX1 knockdown were assessed with an immunocyte–tumor cell co-culture assay. Results YBX1 was downregulated in the BRCA cohort, which was closely associated with worse prognosis in the luminal A subtype (overall survival [OS]: hazard ratio [HR] 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22–3.05, P = 0.0042; recurrence-free survival [RFS]: HR 1.85, 95% CI 1.51–2.28, P = 3.1e-9) and luminal B subtype (OS: HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.68–1.70, P = 0.75; RFS: HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.02–1.62, P = 0.03). YBX1 expression was positively correlated with the M2 macrophage infiltration and expression of T cell exhaustion markers such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) (rs = 0.388, P = 4.93e-37) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) (rs = 0.321, P = 2.54e-25) in luminal BRCA. Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed a correlation between YBX1 expression, M2 infiltration and survival outcome. Co-culture with macrophages or T cells enhanced the decrease in luminal BRCA cell viability induced by YBX1 knockdown. Conclusion High YBX1 mRNA levels predict a poor prognosis in luminal BRCA, which is correlated with M2 macrophage infiltration and T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Combining classic therapeutics with immune checkpoint inhibitors and M1 polarization agents may be an effective treatment strategy for luminal BRCA with YBX1 overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhuan Lv
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunli Xue
- Department of Radiotherapy, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Physical Examination Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, People's Republic of China
| | - Jujie Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Bo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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11
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Thoms M, Buschauer R, Ameismeier M, Koepke L, Denk T, Hirschenberger M, Kratzat H, Hayn M, Mackens-Kiani T, Cheng J, Straub JH, Stürzel CM, Fröhlich T, Berninghausen O, Becker T, Kirchhoff F, Sparrer KMJ, Beckmann R. Structural basis for translational shutdown and immune evasion by the Nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. Science 2020; 369:1249-1255. [PMID: 32680882 PMCID: PMC7402621 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc8665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A major virulence factor of SARS-CoVs is the nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1), which suppresses host gene expression by ribosome association. Here, we show that Nsp1 from SARS-CoV-2 binds to the 40S ribosomal subunit, resulting in shutdown of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation both in vitro and in cells. Structural analysis by cryo-electron microscopy of in vitro-reconstituted Nsp1-40S and various native Nsp1-40S and -80S complexes revealed that the Nsp1 C terminus binds to and obstructs the mRNA entry tunnel. Thereby, Nsp1 effectively blocks retinoic acid-inducible gene I-dependent innate immune responses that would otherwise facilitate clearance of the infection. Thus, the structural characterization of the inhibitory mechanism of Nsp1 may aid structure-based drug design against SARS-CoV-2.
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MESH Headings
- Betacoronavirus/chemistry
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/metabolism
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- DEAD Box Protein 58/genetics
- DEAD Box Protein 58/metabolism
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-beta/genetics
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Biosynthesis
- Protein Domains
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/chemistry
- Ribosome Subunits, Small, Eukaryotic/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Thoms
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Buschauer
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Ameismeier
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lennart Koepke
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Denk
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hanna Kratzat
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Hayn
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timur Mackens-Kiani
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jingdong Cheng
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan H Straub
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina M Stürzel
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- Laboratory of Functional Genome Analysis, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Otto Berninghausen
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Roland Beckmann
- Gene Center Munich, Department of Biochemistry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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12
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Schwanke H, Stempel M, Brinkmann MM. Of Keeping and Tipping the Balance: Host Regulation and Viral Modulation of IRF3-Dependent IFNB1 Expression. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070733. [PMID: 32645843 PMCID: PMC7411613 DOI: 10.3390/v12070733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is a principal component of our immune system that allows to counter a viral attack immediately upon viral entry into host cells. Upon engagement of aberrantly localised nucleic acids, germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors convey their find via a signalling cascade to prompt kinase-mediated activation of a specific set of five transcription factors. Within the nucleus, the coordinated interaction of these dimeric transcription factors with coactivators and the basal RNA transcription machinery is required to access the gene encoding the type I IFN IFNβ (IFNB1). Virus-induced release of IFNβ then induces the antiviral state of the system and mediates further mechanisms for defence. Due to its key role during the induction of the initial IFN response, the activity of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is tightly regulated by the host and fiercely targeted by viral proteins at all conceivable levels. In this review, we will revisit the steps enabling the trans-activating potential of IRF3 after its activation and the subsequent assembly of the multi-protein complex at the IFNβ enhancer that controls gene expression. Further, we will inspect the regulatory mechanisms of these steps imposed by the host cell and present the manifold strategies viruses have evolved to intervene with IFNβ transcription downstream of IRF3 activation in order to secure establishment of a productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Schwanke
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Stempel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Melanie M. Brinkmann
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.S.); (M.S.)
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-531-6181-3069
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