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Mietzsch M, Kailasan S, Bennett A, Chipman P, Fane B, Huiskonen JT, Clarke IN, McKenna R. The Structure of Spiroplasma Virus 4: Exploring the Capsid Diversity of the Microviridae. Viruses 2024; 16:1103. [PMID: 39066266 PMCID: PMC11281519 DOI: 10.3390/v16071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Spiroplasma virus 4 (SpV4) is a bacteriophage of the Microviridae, which packages circular ssDNA within non-enveloped T = 1 icosahedral capsids. It infects spiroplasmas, which are known pathogens of honeybees. Here, the structure of the SpV4 virion is determined using cryo-electron microscopy to a resolution of 2.5 Å. A striking feature of the SpV4 capsid is the mushroom-like protrusions at the 3-fold axes, which is common among all members of the subfamily Gokushovirinae. While the function of the protrusion is currently unknown, this feature varies widely in this subfamily and is therefore possibly an adaptation for host recognition. Furthermore, on the interior of the SpV4 capsid, the location of DNA-binding protein VP8 was identified and shown to have low structural conservation to the capsids of other viruses in the family. The structural characterization of SpV4 will aid future studies analyzing the virus-host interaction, to understand disease mechanisms at a molecular level. Furthermore, the structural comparisons in this study, including a low-resolution structure of the chlamydia phage 2, provide an overview of the structural repertoire of the viruses in this family that infect various bacterial hosts, which in turn infect a wide range of animals and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA (A.B.)
| | - Shweta Kailasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA (A.B.)
| | - Antonette Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA (A.B.)
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA (A.B.)
| | - Bentley Fane
- The BIO5 Institute, Keating Building, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Juha T. Huiskonen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ian N. Clarke
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA (A.B.)
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Nevue AA, Sairavi A, Huang SJ, Nakai H, Mello CV. Genomic loss of GPR108 disrupts AAV transduction in birds. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.16.589954. [PMID: 38798475 PMCID: PMC11118497 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.589954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 108 (GPR108) gene encodes a protein factor identified as critical for adeno-associated virus (AAV) entry into mammalian cells, but whether it is universally involved in AAV transduction is unknown. Remarkably, we have discovered that GPR108 is absent in the genomes of birds and in most other sauropsids, providing a likely explanation for the overall lower AAV transduction efficacy of common AAV serotypes in birds compared to mammals. Importantly, transgenic expression of human GPR108 and manipulation of related glycan binding sites in the viral capsid significantly boost AAV transduction in zebra finch cells. These findings contribute to a more in depth understanding of the mechanisms and evolution of AAV transduction, with potential implications for the design of efficient tools for gene manipulation in experimental animal models, and a range of gene therapy applications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Nevue
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Anusha Sairavi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Samuel J Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Nakai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Claudio V Mello
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon, USA
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Mietzsch M, Nelson AR, Hsi J, Zachary J, Potts L, Chipman P, Ghanem M, Khandekar N, Alexander IE, Logan GJ, Huiskonen JT, McKenna R. Structural characterization of antibody-responses from Zolgensma treatment provides the blueprint for the engineering of an AAV capsid suitable for redosing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.01.590489. [PMID: 38746165 PMCID: PMC11092599 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.590489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are useful tools to dissect the neutralizing antibody response against the adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids used as gene therapy delivery vectors. This study structurally characterizes the interactions of 21 human-derived antibodies from patients treated with the AAV9 vector, Zolgensma ® , utilizing high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy. The majority of the bound antibodies do not conform to the icosahedral symmetry of the capsid, thus requiring localized reconstructions. These complex structures provide unprecedented details of the mAbs binding interfaces, with some antibodies inducing structural perturbations of the capsid upon binding. Key surface capsid amino acid residues were identified facilitating the design of capsid variants with an antibody escape phenotype, with the potential to expand the patient cohort treatable with AAV9 vectors to include those that were previously excluded due to their pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, and possibly also to those requiring redosing.
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Yu DL, van Lieshout LP, Stevens BAY, Near KJ(J, Stodola JK, Stinson KJ, Slavic D, Wootton SK. AAV Vectors Pseudotyped with Capsids from Porcine and Bovine Species Mediate In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Delivery. Viruses 2023; 16:57. [PMID: 38257756 PMCID: PMC10820940 DOI: 10.3390/v16010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are among the most widely used delivery vehicles for in vivo gene therapy as they mediate robust and sustained transgene expression with limited toxicity. However, a significant impediment to the broad clinical success of AAV-based therapies is the widespread presence of pre-existing humoral immunity to AAVs in the human population. This immunity arises from the circulation of non-pathogenic endemic human AAV serotypes. One possible solution is to use non-human AAV capsids to pseudotype transgene-containing AAV vector genomes of interest. Due to the low probability of human exposure to animal AAVs, pre-existing immunity to animal-derived AAV capsids should be low. Here, we characterize two novel AAV capsid sequences: one derived from porcine colon tissue and the other from a caprine adenovirus stock. Both AAV capsids proved to be effective transducers of HeLa and HEK293T cells in vitro. In vivo, both capsids were able to transduce the murine nose, lung, and liver after either intranasal or intraperitoneal administration. In addition, we demonstrate that the porcine AAV capsid likely arose from multiple recombination events involving human- and animal-derived AAV sequences. We hypothesize that recurrent recombination events with similar and distantly related AAV sequences represent an effective mechanism for enhancing the fitness of wildtype AAV populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick L. Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jenny K. Stodola
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kevin J. Stinson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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