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Kim JD, Lee AR, Moon DH, Chung YU, Hong SY, Cho HJ, Kang TH, Jang YH, Sohn MH, Seong BL, Seo SU. Efficacy of genotype-matched vaccine against re-emerging genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2343910. [PMID: 38618740 PMCID: PMC11060017 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2343910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a highly threatening disease with no specific treatment. Fortunately, the development of vaccines has enabled effective defense against JE. However, re-emerging genotype V (GV) JEV poses a challenge as current vaccines are genotype III (GIII)-based and provide suboptimal protection. Given the isolation of GV JEVs from Malaysia, China, and the Republic of Korea, there is a concern about the potential for a broader outbreak. Under the hypothesis that a GV-based vaccine is necessary for effective defense against GV JEV, we developed a pentameric recombinant antigen using cholera toxin B as a scaffold and mucosal adjuvant, which was conjugated with the E protein domain III of GV by genetic fusion. This GV-based vaccine antigen induced a more effective immune response in mice against GV JEV isolates compared to GIII-based antigen and efficiently protected animals from lethal challenges. Furthermore, a bivalent vaccine approach, inoculating simultaneously with GIII- and GV-based antigens, showed protective efficacy against both GIII and GV JEVs. This strategy presents a promising avenue for comprehensive protection in regions facing the threat of diverse JEV genotypes, including both prevalent GIII and GI as well as emerging GV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Animals
- Genotype
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/immunology
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines/genetics
- Mice
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Female
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Vaccine Efficacy
- Cholera Toxin/genetics
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Deog Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dah-Hyun Moon
- The Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Integrative Biotechnology & Translational Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Uk Chung
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Je Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Jang
- Department of Vaccine Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Vaccine Innovative Technology ALliance (VITAL)-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee AR, Kim SH, Hong SY, Lee SH, Oh JS, Lee KY, Kim SJ, Ishikawa T, Shim SM, Lee HI, Seo SU. Characterization of genotype V Japanese encephalitis virus isolates from Republic of Korea. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2362392. [PMID: 38808613 PMCID: PMC11168223 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2362392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, continues to pose significant public health challenges worldwide despite efficient vaccines. The virus is classified into five genotypes, among which genotype V (GV) was not detected for a long period after its initial isolation in 1952, until reports emerged from China and the Republic of Korea (ROK) since 2009. The characteristics of the virus are crucial in estimating its potential epidemiological impact. However, characterization of GV JEVs has so far been limited to two strains: Muar, the original isolate, and XZ0934, isolated in China. Two additional ROK GV JEV isolates, NCCP 43279 and NCCP 43413, are currently available, but their characteristics have not been explored. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that GV virus sequences from the ROK segregate into two clades. NCCP 43279 and NCCP 43413 belong to different clades and exhibit distinct in vitro phenotypes. NCCP 43279 forms larger plaques but demonstrates inefficient propagation in cell culture compared to NCCP 43413. In vivo, NCCP 43279 induces higher morbidity and mortality in mice than NCCP 43413. Notably, NCCP 43279 shows more severe blood-brain barrier damage, suggesting superior brain invasion capabilities. Consistent with its higher virulence, NCCP 43279 displays more pronounced histopathological and immunopathological outcomes. In conclusion, our study confirms that the two ROK isolates are not only classified into different clades but also exhibit distinct in vitro and in vivo characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Hong
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sang Oh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Yong Lee
- Division of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Infectious Disease Vaccine and Diagnosis Innovation (CEVI), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sang-Mu Shim
- Division of Acute Virus Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Il Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Park JY, Lee HM, Jun SH, Kamitani W, Kim O, Shin HJ. Insights into the Pathogenesis and Development of Recombinant Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype 3 as a Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:597. [PMID: 38932326 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, has caused epidemics and severe neurological diseases in Asian countries. In this study, we developed a cDNA infectious clone, pBAC JYJEV3, of the JEV genotype 3 strain (EF571853.1) using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector. The constructed infectious clone was transfected into Vero cells, where it exhibited infectivity and induced cytopathic effects akin to those of the parent virus. Confocal microscopy confirmed the expression of the JEV envelope protein. Comparative analysis of growth kinetics revealed similar replication dynamics between the parental and recombinant viruses, with peak titers observed 72 h post-infection (hpi). Furthermore, plaque assays demonstrated comparable plaque sizes and morphologies between the viruses. Cryo-electron microscopy confirmed the production of recombinant virus particles with a morphology identical to that of the parent virus. Immunization studies in mice using inactivated parental and recombinant viruses revealed robust IgG responses, with neutralizing antibody production increasing over time. These results showcase the successful generation and characterization of a recombinant JEV3 virus and provide a platform for further investigations into JEV pathogenesis and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Yeon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Jun
- Electron Microscopy & Spectroscopy Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Wataru Kamitani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Host Defense, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-0034, Japan
| | - Onnuri Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Yang L, Wu W, Cai S, Wang J, Kuang G, Yang W, Wang J, Han X, Pan H, Shi M, Feng Y. Transcriptomic Investigation of the Virus Spectrum Carried by Midges in Border Areas of Yunnan Province. Viruses 2024; 16:674. [PMID: 38793556 PMCID: PMC11126116 DOI: 10.3390/v16050674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Yunnan province in China shares its borders with three neighboring countries: Myanmar, Vietnam, and Laos. The region is characterized by a diverse climate and is known to be a suitable habitat for various arthropods, including midges which are notorious for transmitting diseases which pose significant health burdens affecting both human and animal health. A total of 431,100 midges were collected from 15 different locations in the border region of Yunnan province from 2015 to 2020. These midges were divided into 37 groups according to the collection year and sampling site. These 37 groups of midges were then homogenized to extract nucleic acid. Metatranscriptomics were used to analyze their viromes. Based on the obtained cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI) sequences, three genera were identified, including one species of Forcipomyia, one species of Dasyhelea, and twenty-five species of Culicoides. We identified a total of 3199 viruses in five orders and 12 families, including 1305 single-stranded positive-stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA) in two orders and seven families, 175 single-stranded negative-stranded RNA viruses (-ssRNA) in two orders and one family, and 1719 double-stranded RNA viruses in five families. Six arboviruses of economic importance were identified, namely Banna virus (BAV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Akabane virus (AKV), Bluetongue virus (BTV), Tibetan circovirus (TIBOV), and Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), all of which are capable, to varying extents, of causing disease in humans and/or animals. The survey sites in this study basically covered the current distribution area of midges in Yunnan province, which helps to predict the geographic expansion of midge species. The complexity and diversity of the viral spectrum carried by midges identified in the study calls for more in-depth research, which can be utilized to monitor arthropod vectors and to predict the emergence and spread of zoonoses and animal epidemics, which is of great significance for the control of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Weichen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Sa Cai
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Guopeng Kuang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Weihong Yang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Juan Wang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Xi Han
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Hong Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
| | - Mang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Medicine, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China; (W.W.); (J.W.)
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali 671000, China; (L.Y.); (S.C.); (G.K.); (W.Y.); (J.W.); (X.H.); (H.P.)
- School of Public Health, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Center for Global Change and Public Health, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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5
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Gao T, Li M, Liu H, Fu S, Wang H, Liang G. Genome and evolution of Tibet orbivirus, TIBOV (genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1327780. [PMID: 38505291 PMCID: PMC10950067 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) was first isolated from Anopheles maculatus mosquitoes in Xizang, China, in 2009. In recent years, more TIBOV strains have been isolated in several provinces across China, Japan, East Asia, and Nepal, South Asia. Furthermore, TIBOVs have also been isolated from Culex mosquitoes, and several midge species. Additionally, TIBOV neutralizing antibodies have been detected in serum specimens from several mammals, including cattle, sheep, and pigs. All of the evidence suggests that the geographical distribution of TIBOVs has significantly expanded in recent years, with an increased number of vector species involved in its transmission. Moreover, the virus demonstrated infectivity towards a variety of animals. Although TIBOV is considered an emerging orbivirus, detailed reports on its genome and molecular evolution are currently lacking. Thus, this study performed the whole-genome nucleotide sequencing of three TIBOV isolates from mosquitoes and midges collected in China in 2009, 2011, and 2019. Furthermore, the genome and molecular genetic evolution of TIBOVs isolated from different countries, periods, and hosts (mosquitoes, midges, and cattle) was systematically analyzed. The results revealed no molecular specificity among TIBOVs isolated from different countries, periods, and vectors. Meanwhile, the time-scaled phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of TIBOV appeared approximately 797 years ago (95% HPD: 16-2347) and subsequently differentiated at least three times, resulting in three distinct genotypes. The evolutionary rate of TIBOVs was about 2.12 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (s/s/y) (95% HPD: 3.07 × 10-5, 9.63 × 10-3), which is similar to that of the bluetongue virus (BTV), also in the Orbivirus genus. Structural analyses of the viral proteins revealed that the three-dimensional structures of the outer capsid proteins of TIBOV and BTV were similar. These results suggest that TIBOV is a newly discovered and rapidly evolving virus transmitted by various blood-sucking insects. Given the potential public health burden of this virus and its high infectious rate in a wide range of animals, it is significant to strengthen research on the genetic variation of TIBOVs in blood-feeding insects and mammals in the natural environment and the infection status in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gao
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Minghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Dong HL, Chen ZL, He MJ, Cui JZ, Cheng H, Wang QY, Xiong XH, Liu G, Chen HP. The Chimeric Chaoyang-Zika Vaccine Candidate Is Safe and Protective in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:215. [PMID: 38400198 PMCID: PMC10893063 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital syndromes including microcephaly and fetal demise in pregnant women. No commercial vaccines against ZIKV are currently available. We previously generated a chimeric ZIKV (ChinZIKV) based on the Chaoyang virus (CYV) by replacing the prME protein of CYV with that of a contemporary ZIKV strain GZ01. Herein, we evaluated this vaccine candidate in a mouse model and showed that ChinZIKV was totally safe in both adult and suckling immunodeficient mice. No viral RNA was detected in the serum of mice inoculated with ChinZIKV. All of the mice inoculated with ChinZIKV survived, while mice inoculated with ZIKV succumbed to infection in 8 days. A single dose of ChinZIKV partially protected mice against lethal ZIKV challenge. In contrast, all the control PBS-immunized mice succumbed to infection after ZIKV challenge. Our results warrant further development of ChinZIKV as a vaccine candidate in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gang Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui-Peng Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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Guo J, Mi Y, Guo Y, Bai Y, Wang M, Wang W, Wang Y. Current Advances in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Drug Development. Viruses 2024; 16:202. [PMID: 38399978 PMCID: PMC10892782 DOI: 10.3390/v16020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belongs to the Flaviviridae family and is a representative mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for acute encephalitis and meningitis in humans. Despite the availability of vaccines, JEV remains a major public health threat with the potential to spread globally. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are an estimated 69,000 cases of JE each year, and this figure is probably an underestimate. The majority of JE victims are children in endemic areas, and almost half of the surviving patients have motor or cognitive sequelae. Thus, the absence of a clinically approved drug for the treatment of JE defines an urgent medical need. Recently, several promising and potential drug candidates were reported through drug repurposing studies, high-throughput drug library screening, and de novo design. This review focuses on the historical aspects of JEV, the biology of JEV replication, targets for therapeutic strategies, a target product profile, and drug development initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Guo
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yunqi Mi
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yang Bai
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
| | - Meihua Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Xi’an Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganism and Tumor Immunity, School of Basic Medicine, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an 710021, China; (J.G.); (Y.M.); (Y.B.)
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8
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Li W, Feng Y, Zhong H, Jiang M, Zhang J, Lin S, Chen N, He S, Zhang K, Fu S, Wang H, Liang G. Incongruence between confirmed and suspected clinical cases of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1302314. [PMID: 38343888 PMCID: PMC10853334 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1302314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a notifiable infectious disease in China. Information on every case of JE is reported to the superior health administration department. However, reported cases include both laboratory-confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases. This study aimed to differentiate between clinical and laboratory-confirmed cases of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, and improve the accuracy of reported JE cases by analyzing the acute-phase serum and cerebrospinal fluid of all reported JE cases in the Sichuan province from 2012 to 2022. Methods All acute-phase serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples of the reported JE cases were screened for IgM(ImmunoglobulinM)to JEV using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the detection of the viral genes of JEV and 9 other pathogens including enterovirus (EV), using reverse transcription PCR was attempted. Epidemiological analyses of JE and non-JE cases based on sex, age, onset time, and geographical distribution were also performed. Results From 2012 to 2022, 1558 JE cases were reported in the Sichuan province. The results of serological (JEV-specific IgM) and genetic testing for JEV showed that 81% (1262/1558) of the reported cases were confirmed as JEV infection cases (laboratory-confirmed cases). Among the 296 cases of non-JEV infection, 6 viruses were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in 62 cases, including EV and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), constituting 21% (62/296) of all non-JE cases. Among the 62 non-JEV infection cases with confirmed pathogens, infections with EV and EBV included 17 cases each, herpes simplex virus (HSV-1/2) included 14 cases, varicella- zoster virus included 6 cases, mumps virus included 2 cases, and human herpes viruses-6 included 1 case. Additionally, there were five cases involving mixed infections (two cases of EV/EBV, one case of HSV-1/HSV-2, one case of EBV/HSV-1, and one case of EV/herpes viruses-6). The remaining 234 cases were classified as unknown viral encephalitis cases. Our analysis indicated that those aged 0-15 y were the majority of the patients among the 1558 reported JE cases. However, the incidence of laboratory-confirmed JE cases in the >40 y age group has increased in recent years. The temporal distribution of laboratory-confirmed cases of JE revealed that the majority of cases occurred from May to September each year, with the highest incidence in August. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that there is a certain discrepancy between clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases of JE. Each reported case should be based on laboratory detection results, which is of great importance in improving the accuracy of case diagnosis and reducing misreporting. Our results are not only important for addressing JE endemic to the Sichuan province, but also provide a valuable reference for the laboratory detection of various notifiable infectious diseases in China and other regions outside China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuliang Feng
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongrong Zhong
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingfeng Jiang
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiake Zhang
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihua Lin
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Chen
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shusen He
- Institute of Microbiological Detection and Analyses, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Immunization Programme, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Li C, Zhao W. Complete genome sequence of Japanese encephalitis virus strain SDWF-2021 isolated from a Culex mosquito pool from a duck farm. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0084123. [PMID: 38047683 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00841-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strain SDWF-2021, isolated from a Culex mosquito pool in a duck farm located in Shandong, China. The isolated JEV genetically belong to genotype I, which is the dominant genotype circulation in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Harbin, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses , Yangzhou, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University , Yangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Engineering, Cangzhou Technical College , Cangzhou, China
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Wahaab A, Zhang Y, Rasgon JL, Kang L, Hameed M, Li C, Anwar MN, Zhang Y, Shoaib A, Liu K, Lee B, Wei J, Qiu Y, Ma Z. NS2B-D55E and NS2B-E65D Variations are Responsible for Differences in NS2B-NS3 Protease Activities Between Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype I and III in Fluorogenic Peptide Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.08.570834. [PMID: 38105993 PMCID: PMC10723430 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.08.570834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) NS2B-NS3 is a protein complex composed of NS3 proteases and a NS2B cofactor. The N-terminal protease domain (180 residues) of NS3 (NS3(pro)) interacts directly with a central 40-amino acid hydrophilic domain of NS2B (NS2B(H)) to form an active serine protease. In this study, the recombinant NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) proteases were prepared in E. coli and used to compare the enzymatic activity between genotype I (GI) and III (GIII) NS2B-NS3 proteases. The GI NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) was able to cleave the sites at internal C, NS2A/NS2B, NS2B/NS3 and NS3/NS4A junctions that were identical to the sites proteolytically processed by GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro). Analysis of the enzymatic activity of recombinant NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) proteases using a model of fluorogenic peptide substrate revealed that the proteolytical processing activity of GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) was significantly higher than that of GI NS2B(H)-NS3(pro). There were eight amino acid variations between GI and GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro), which may be responsible for the difference in enzymatic activities between GI and GIII proteases. Therefore, recombinant mutants were generated by exchanging NS2B(H) and NS3(pro) domains between GI and GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) and subjected to protease activity analysis. Substitution of NS2B(H) significantly altered the protease activities, as compared to the parental NS2B(H)-NS3(pro), suggesting that NS2B(H) played an essential role in regulation of NS3(pro) protease activity. To further identify the amino acids responsible for the difference in protease activities, multiple substitution mutants including the individual and combined mutations at the variant residue 55 and 65 of NS2B(H) were generated and subjected to protease activity analysis. Replacement of NS2B-55 and NS2B-65 of GI to GIII significantly increased the enzymatic activity of GI NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) protease, whereas mutation of NS2B-55 and NS2B-65 of GIII to GI remarkably reduced the enzymatic activity of GIII NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) protease. Overall, these data demonstrated that NS2B-55 and NS2B-65 variations in hydrophilic domain of NS2B co-contributed to the difference in NS2B(H)-NS3(pro) protease activities between GI and GIII. These observations gain an insight into the role of NS2B in regulation of NS3 protease activities, which is useful for understanding the replication of JEV GI and GIII viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- The Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lei Kang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Chenxi Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanbing Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Anam Shoaib
- School of Behavior and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Beibei Lee
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
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Xia Q, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Ma X, Xiao C, Zhang J, Li Z, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. Shift in dominant genotypes of Japanese encephalitis virus and its impact on current vaccination strategies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1302101. [PMID: 38045034 PMCID: PMC10690641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1302101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a zoonotic ailment from the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV belongs to the flavivirus genus and is categorized into a solitary serotype consisting of five genetically diverse genotypes (I, II, III, IV, and V). The JEV genotype III (GIII) was the prevailing strain responsible for multiple outbreaks in countries endemic to JEV until 1990. In recent years, significant improvements have occurred in the epidemiology of JE, encompassing the geographical expansion of the epidemic zone and the displacement of prevailing genotypes. The dominant genotype of the JEV has undergone a progressive shift from GIII to GI due to variations in its adaptability within avian populations. From 2021 to 2022, Australia encountered an epidemic of viral encephalitis resulting from infection with the GIV JEV pathogen. The current human viral encephalitis caused by GIV JEV is the initial outbreak since its initial discovery in Indonesia during the late 1970s. Furthermore, following a time frame of 50 years, the detection and isolation of GV JEV have been reported in Culex mosquitoes across China and South Korea. Evidence suggests that the prevalence of GIV and GV JEV epidemic regions may be on the rise, posing a significant threat to public safety and the sustainable growth of animal husbandry. The global approach to preventing and managing JE predominantly revolves around utilizing the GIII strain vaccine for vaccination purposes. Nevertheless, research has demonstrated that the antibodies generated by the GIII strain vaccine exhibit limited capacity to neutralize the GI and GV strains. Consequently, these antibodies cannot protect against JEV challenge caused by animal GI and GV strains. The limited cross-protective and neutralizing effects observed between various genotypes may be attributed to the low homology of the E protein with other genotypes. In addition, due to the GIV JEV outbreak in Australia, further experiments are needed to evaluate the protective efficiency of the current GIII based JE vaccine against GIV JEV. The alteration of the prevailing genotype of JEV and the subsequent enlargement of the geographical extent of the epidemic have presented novel obstacles in JE prevention and control. This paper examines the emerging features of the JE epidemic in recent years and the associated problems concerning prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lujia Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Zhang W, Yin Q, Wang H, Liang G. The reemerging and outbreak of genotypes 4 and 5 of Japanese encephalitis virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1292693. [PMID: 38076463 PMCID: PMC10698470 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1292693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is classified into five distinct genotypes, with genotypes 1 and 3 historically showing higher activity. These genotypes are the primary agents of viral encephalitis in the Asian continent. Genotypes 4 and 5 have remained silent in low-latitude tropical regions since their discovery. From 2009, the hidden genotype 5 suddenly emerged simultaneously in mosquitoes from the Tibetan region of China and those from South Korea in East Asia. The detection of genotype 5 of JEV in these mosquitoes was associated with cases of viral encephalitis in the local population. Similarly, in 2022, the long-silent genotype 4 of JEV emerged in Australia, resulting in a local outbreak of viral encephalitis that primarily affected adults and caused fatalities. The emergence and outbreaks of genotypes 4 and 5 of JEV present new challenges for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study not only analyzes the recent emergence of these new genotypes but also discusses their implications in the development of JE vaccines and laboratory tests for newly emerging JEV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arbovirus, National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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13
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Olson MF, Brooks C, Kakazu A, Promma P, Sornjai W, Smith DR, Davis TJ. Mosquito surveillance on U.S military installations as part of a Japanese encephalitis virus detection program: 2016 to 2021. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011422. [PMID: 37856569 PMCID: PMC10617694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) continues to circulate throughout Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific where approximately 3 billion people in 24 countries are at risk of infection. Surveillance targeting the mosquito vectors of JEV was conducted at four military installations on Okinawa, Japan, between 2016 and 2021. Out of a total of 10,426 mosquitoes from 20 different species, zero were positive for JEV. The most abundant mosquito species collected were Aedes albopictus (36.4%) followed by Culex sitiens (24.3%) and Armigeres subalbatus (19%). Statistically significant differences in mosquito species populations according to location were observed. Changes in land use over time appear to be correlated with the species and number of mosquitoes trapped in each location. JEV appears to be absent from mosquito populations on Okinawa, but further research on domestic pigs and ardeid birds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Olson
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Caroline Brooks
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Akira Kakazu
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
| | - Ploenphit Promma
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wannapa Sornjai
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Duncan R. Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Timothy J. Davis
- United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces, Theater Preventive Medicine Flight, Armed Forces Pacific, United States of America
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14
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Dong HL, He MJ, Wang QY, Cui JZ, Chen ZL, Xiong XH, Zhang LC, Cheng H, Xiong GQ, Hu A, Lu YY, Cheng CL, Meng ZX, Zhu C, Zhao G, Liu G, Chen HP. Rapid Generation of Recombinant Flaviviruses Using Circular Polymerase Extension Reaction. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1250. [PMID: 37515065 PMCID: PMC10383701 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus is a group of arthropod-borne single-stranded RNA viruses, which includes important human and animal pathogens such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Reverse genetics has been a useful tool for understanding biological properties and the pathogenesis of flaviviruses. However, the conventional construction of full-length infectious clones for flavivirus is time-consuming and difficult due to the toxicity of the flavivirus genome to E. coli. Herein, we applied a simple, rapid, and bacterium-free circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER) method to synthesize recombinant flaviviruses in vertebrate cells as well as insect cells. We started with the de novo synthesis of the JEV vaccine strain SA-14-14-2 in Vero cells using CPER, and then modified the CPER method to recover insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) in mosquito C6/36 cells. Chimeric Zika virus (ChinZIKV) based on the Chaoyang virus (CYV) backbone and the Culex flavivirus reporter virus expressing green fluorescent protein (CxFV-GFP) were subsequently rescued in C6/36 cells. CPER is a simple method for the rapid generation of flaviviruses and other potential RNA viruses. A CPER-based recovery system for flaviviruses of different host ranges was established, which would facilitate the development of countermeasures against flavivirus outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Dong
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mei-Juan He
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qing-Yang Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jia-Zhen Cui
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhi-Li Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | | | | | - Hao Cheng
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guo-Qing Xiong
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Ao Hu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Chun-Lin Cheng
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Meng
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui-Peng Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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15
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Xu J, Wahaab A, Khan S, Nawaz M, Anwar MN, Liu K, Wei J, Hameed M, Ma Z. Recent Population Dynamics of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1312. [PMID: 37376612 DOI: 10.3390/v15061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes acute viral encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorders in pigs. JEV emerged during the 1870s in Japan, and since that time, JEV has been transmitted exclusively throughout Asia, according to known reporting and sequencing records. A recent JEV outbreak occurred in Australia, affecting commercial piggeries across different temperate southern Australian states, and causing confirmed infections in humans. A total of 47 human cases and 7 deaths were reported. The recent evolving situation of JEV needs to be reported due to its continuous circulation in endemic regions and spread to non-endemics areas. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny and population dynamics of JEV using recent JEV isolates for the future perception of disease spread. Phylogenetic analysis shows the most recent common ancestor occurred about 2993 years ago (YA) (95% Highest posterior density (HPD), 2433 to 3569). Our results of the Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) demonstrates that JEV demography lacks fluctuations for the last two decades, but it shows that JEV genetic diversity has increased during the last ten years. This indicates the potential JEV replication in the reservoir host, which is helping it to maintain its genetic diversity and to continue its dispersal into non-endemic areas. The continuous spread in Asia and recent detection from Australia further support these findings. Therefore, an enhanced surveillance system is needed along with precautionary measures such as regular vaccination and mosquito control to avoid future JEV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan
| | | | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
- Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China
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Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Li F, Feng Y, Wang G, Zhang W, Fu S, Wang Z, Yin Q, Nie K, Yan J, Deng X, He Y, Liang L, Xu S, Wang Z, Liang G, Wang H. Tracing the spatiotemporal phylodynamics of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I throughout Asia and the western Pacific. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011192. [PMID: 37053286 PMCID: PMC10128984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV; Flaviridae: Flavivirus) causes Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the most important arboviral disease in Asia and the western Pacific. Among the five JEV genotypes (GI-IV), GI has dominated traditional epidemic regions in the past 20 years. We investigated the transmission dynamics of JEV GI through genetic analyses. METHODS We generated 18 JEV GI near full length sequences by using multiple sequencing approaches from mosquitoes collected in natural settings or from viral isolates obtained through cell culture. We performed phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history by integrating our data with 113 publicly available JEV GI sequences. RESULTS We identified two subtypes of JEV GI (GIa and GIb), with a rate of 5.94 × 10-4 substitutions per site per year (s/s/y). At present, GIa still circulates within a limited region, exhibited no significant growth, the newest strain was discovered in China (Yunnan) in 2017, whereas most JEV strains circulating belong to the GIb clade. During the past 30 years, two large GIb clades have triggered epidemics in eastern Asia: one epidemic occurred in 1992 [95% highest posterior density (HPD) = 1989-1995] and the causative strain circulates mainly in southern China (Yunnan, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Taiwan) (Clade 1); the other epidemic occurred in 1997 (95% HPD = 1994-1999) and the causative strain has increased in circulation in northern and southern China during the past 5 years (Clade 2). An emerging variant of Clade 2 contains two new amino acid markers (NS2a-151V, NS4-169K) that emerged around 2005; this variant has demonstrated exponential growth in northern China. CONCLUSION JEV GI stain circulating in Asia have shifted during the past 30 years, spatiotemporal differences were observed among JEV GI subclade. GIa is still circulating within a limited range, exhibite no significant growth. Two large GIb clades have triggered epidemics in eastern Asia, all JEV sequences identified in northern China during the past 5 years were of the new emerging variant of G1b-clade 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yun Feng
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Control and Prevention, Yunnan Institute of Endemic Disease Control and Prevention, Dali, PR China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zuosu Wang
- Liaoning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Qikai Yin
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kai Nie
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Juying Yan
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xuan Deng
- Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liang Liang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, PR China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Ningxia Nervous System Diseases, Yinchuan, PR China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
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Xu G, Gao T, Wang Z, Zhang J, Cui B, Shen X, Zhou A, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Liu H, Liang G. Re-Emerged Genotype IV of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Is the Youngest Virus in Evolution. Viruses 2023; 15:626. [PMID: 36992335 PMCID: PMC10054483 DOI: 10.3390/v15030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An outbreak of viral encephalitis caused by a Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype IV infection occurred in Australia between 2021 and 2022. A total of 47 cases and seven deaths were reported as of November 2022. This is the first outbreak of human viral encephalitis caused by JEV GIV since it was first isolated in Indonesia in the late 1970s. Here, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis based on the whole genome sequences of JEVs revealed it emerged 1037 years ago (95% HPD: 463 to 2100 years). The evolutionary order of JEV genotypes is as follows: GV, GIII, GII, GI, and GIV. The JEV GIV emerged 122 years ago (95% HPD: 57-233) and is the youngest viral lineage. The mean substitution rate of the JEV GIV lineage was 1.145 × 10-3 (95% HPD values, 9.55 × 10-4, 1.35 × 10-3), belonging to rapidly evolving viruses. A series of amino acid mutations with the changes of physico-chemical properties located in the functional important domains within the core and E proteins distinguished emerging GIV isolates from old ones. These results demonstrate the JEV GIV is the youngest JEV genotype at a rapid evolution stage and has good host/vector adaptability for introduction to non-endemic areas. Thus, surveillance of JEVs is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlun Xu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Tingting Gao
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Baoqiu Cui
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Xinxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Anyang Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Guangdong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
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Tajima S, Maeki T, Nakayama E, Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Isawa H, Maekawa Y, Bendryman SS, Mulyatno KC, Rohmah EA, Mori Y, Sawabe K, Ebihara H, Lim CK. Growth, Pathogenesis, and Serological Characteristics of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype IV Recent Strain 19CxBa-83-Cv. Viruses 2023; 15:239. [PMID: 36680278 PMCID: PMC9866982 DOI: 10.3390/v15010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotype IV Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus (GIV JEV) is the least common and most neglected genotype in JEV. We evaluated the growth and pathogenic potential of the GIV strain 19CxBa-83-Cv, which was isolated from a mosquito pool in Bali, Indonesia, in 2019, and serological analyses were also conducted. The growth ability of 19CxBa-83-Cv in Vero cells was intermediate between that of the genotype I (GI) strain Mie/41/2002 and the genotype V (GV) strain Muar, whereas 19CxBa-83-Cv and Mie/41/2002 grew faster than Muar in mouse neuroblastoma cells. The neuroinvasiveness of 19CxBa-83-Cv in mice was higher than that of Mie/41/2002 but lower than that of Muar; however, there were no significant differences in neurovirulence in mice among the three strains. The neutralizing titers of sera from 19CxBa-83-Cv- and Mie/41/2002-inoculated mice against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Mie/41/2002 were similar, whereas the titers against Muar were lower than those of the other two viruses. The neutralizing titers of JE vaccine-inoculated mouse pool serum against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Muar were significantly lower than those against Mie/41/2002. The neutralizing titers against the three viruses were similar in three out of the five serum samples from GI-infected JE patients, although the titers against Mie/41/2002 were higher than those against 19CxBa-83-Cv and Muar in the remaining two sera samples. In summary, we identified the basic characteristics of 19CxBa-83-Cv, but further studies are needed to better understand GIV JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tajima
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeki
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Eri Nakayama
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Maekawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Sri Subekti Bendryman
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kris Cahyo Mulyatno
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Etik Ainun Rohmah
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Tropical Diseases, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Ebihara
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Chang-Kweng Lim
- Department of Virology 1, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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20
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Sharma KB, Chhabra S, Kalia M. Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Infected Cells. Subcell Biochem 2023; 106:251-281. [PMID: 38159231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-40086-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
RNA virus infections have been a leading cause of pandemics. Aided by global warming and increased connectivity, their threat is likely to increase over time. The flaviviruses are one such RNA virus family, and its prototypes such as the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus, Zika virus, West Nile virus, etc., pose a significant health burden on several endemic countries. All viruses start off their life cycle with an infected cell, wherein a series of events are set in motion as the virus and host battle for autonomy. With their remarkable capacity to hijack cellular systems and, subvert/escape defence pathways, viruses are able to establish infection and disseminate in the body, causing disease. Using this strategy, JEV replicates and spreads through several cell types such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes and macrophages, and ultimately breaches the blood-brain barrier to infect neurons and microglia. The neurotropic nature of JEV, its high burden on the paediatric population, and its lack of any specific antivirals/treatment strategies emphasise the need for biomedical research-driven solutions. Here, we highlight the latest research developments on Japanese encephalitis virus-infected cells and discuss how these can aid in the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Simran Chhabra
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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Virulence and Cross-Protection Conferred by an Attenuated Genotype I-Based Chimeric Japanese Encephalitis Virus Strain Harboring the E Protein of Genotype V in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0199022. [PMID: 36301111 PMCID: PMC9769820 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01990-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype V (GV) emerged in China in 2009, then South Korea, and has since spread to other regions in Asia and beyond, raising concern about its pathogenicity and the cross-protection offered by JEV vaccines against different genotypes. In this study, we replaced the structural proteins (C-prM-E) of an attenuated genotype I (GI) SD12-F120 strain with those of a virulent GV XZ0934 strain to construct a recombinant chimeric GI-GV JEV (JEV-GI/V) strain to determine the role of the structural proteins in virulence and cross-protection. The recombinant chimeric virus was highly neurovirulent and neuroinvasive in mice. This demonstrated the determinant role of the structural proteins in the virulence of the GV strain. Intracerebral or intraperitoneal inoculation of mice with JEV-GI/V-E5 harboring a combination of substitutions (N47K, L107F, E138K, H123R, and I176R) in E protein, but not mutants containing single substitution of these residues, resulted in decreased or disappeared mortality, suggesting that these residues synergistically, but not individually, played a role in determining the neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of the GV strain. Immunization of mice with attenuated strain JEV-GI/V-E5 provided complete protection and induced high neutralizing antibody titers against parental strain JEV-GI/V, but partial cross-protection and low cross-neutralizing antibodies titers against the heterologous GI and GIII strains in mice, suggesting the reduced cross-protection of JEV vaccines among different genotypes. Overall, these findings suggested the essential role of the structural proteins in determination of the virulence of GV strain, and highlighted the need for a novel vaccine against this newly emerged strain. IMPORTANCE The GV JEV showed an increase in epidemic areas, which exhibited higher pathogenicity in mice than the prevalent GI and GIII strains. We replaced a recombinant chimeric GI-GV JEV (JEV-GI/V) strain to determine the role of the structural proteins in virulence and cross-protection. It was found that the essential role of the structural proteins is to determinethe virulence of the GV strain. It is also suggested that there is reduced cross-protection of JEV vaccines among different genotypes, which provides basic data for subsequent JEV prevention, control, and new vaccine development.
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22
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Isolation and Genetic Characterization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Two Decades after Its Elimination in Singapore. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122662. [PMID: 36560666 PMCID: PMC9786948 DOI: 10.3390/v14122662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an important arbovirus in Asia that can cause serious neurological disease. JEV is transmitted by mosquitoes in an enzootic cycle involving porcine and avian reservoirs, in which humans are accidental, dead-end hosts. JEV is currently not endemic in Singapore, after pig farming was abolished in 1992; the last known human case was reported in 2005. However, due to its location along the East-Asian Australasian Flyway (EAAF), Singapore is vulnerable to JEV re-introduction from the endemic regions. Serological and genetic evidence in the last decade suggests JEV's presence in the local fauna. In the present study, we report the genetic characterization and the first isolation of JEV from 3214 mosquito pools consisting of 41,843 Culex mosquitoes, which were trapped from April 2014 to May 2021. The findings demonstrated the presence of genotype I of JEV (n = 10), in contrast to the previous reports of the presence of genotype II of JEV in Singapore. The genetic analyses also suggested that JEV has entered Singapore on several occasions and has potentially established an enzootic cycle in the local fauna. These observations have important implications in the risk assessment and the control of Japanese encephalitis in non-endemic countries, such as Singapore, that are at risk for JEV transmission.
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Wang X, Wang G, Yang H, Fu S, He Y, Li F, Wang H, Wang Z. A mouse model of peripheral nerve injury induced by Japanese encephalitis virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010961. [PMID: 36441775 PMCID: PMC9731479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most important cause of acute encephalitis in Eastern/Southern Asia. Infection with this virus also induces peripheral nerve injury. However, the disease pathogenesis is still not completely understood. Reliable animal models are needed to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of this condition. We studied the effect of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in C57BL/6 mice after a subcutaneous challenge. Limb paralysis was determined in mice using behavioral tests, including a viral paralysis scale and the hanging wire test, as well as by changes in body weight. Nerve conduction velocity and electromyography testing indicated the presence of demyelinating neuropathy of the sciatic nerve. Pathological changes in neural tissues were examined by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed that the predominant pathologic change was demyelination. Although Western blots confirmed the presence of the virus in neural tissue, additional studies demonstrated that an immune-induced inflammatory response resulted in severe never injury. Immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of Japanese encephalitis virus in the brains of infected mice, and an inflammatory reaction was observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining as well. However, these observations were inconsistent at the time of paralysis onset. In summary, our results demonstrated that Japanese encephalitis virus infection could cause inflammatory demyelination of the peripheral nervous system in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- The NO.1 People’s Hospital of Shizuishan, Shizuishan, China
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | | | - Huan Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HYW); (ZHW)
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Neurology Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Engineering Technology Research Center of Nervous System Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
- * E-mail: (HYW); (ZHW)
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Crispell G, Williams K, Zielinski E, Iwami A, Homas Z, Thomas K. Method comparison for Japanese encephalitis virus detection in samples collected from the Indo-Pacific region. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1051754. [PMID: 36504937 PMCID: PMC9730272 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1051754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne viral pathogen, which is becoming a growing public health concern throughout the Indo-Pacific. Five genotypes of JEV have been identified. Current vaccines are based on genotype III and provide a high degree of protection for four of the five known genotypes. Methods RT-PCR, Magpix, Twist Biosciences Comprehensive Viral Research Panel (CVRP), and SISPA methods were used to detect JEV from mosquito samples collected in South Korea during 2021. These methods were compared to determine which method would be most effective for biosurveillance in the Indo-Pacific region. Results Our data showed that RT-PCR, Twist CVRP, and SISPA methods were all able to detect JEV genotype I, however, the proprietary Magpix panel was only able to detect JEV genotype III. Use of minION sequencing for pathogen detection in arthropod samples will require further method development. Conclusion Biosurveillance of vectorborne pathogens remains an area of concern throughout the Indo-Pacific. RT-PCR was the most cost effective method used in the study, but TWIST CVRP allows for the identification of over 3,100 viral genomes. Further research and comparisons will be conducted to ensure optimal methods are used for large scale biosurveillance.
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus: The Emergence of Genotype IV in Australia and Its Potential Endemicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112480. [PMID: 36366578 PMCID: PMC9698845 DOI: 10.3390/v14112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A fatal case of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occurred in northern Australia in early 2021. Sequence studies showed that the virus belonged to genotype IV (GIV), a genotype previously believed to be restricted to the Indonesian archipelago. This was the first locally acquired case of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) GIV to occur outside Indonesia, and the second confirmed fatal human case caused by a GIV virus. A closely related GIV JEV strain subsequently caused a widespread outbreak in eastern Australia in 2022 that was first detected by fetal death and abnormalities in commercial piggeries. Forty-two human cases also occurred with seven fatalities. This has been the first major outbreak of JEV in mainland Australia, and geographically the largest virgin soil outbreak recorded for JEV. This outbreak provides an opportunity to discuss and document the factors involved in the virus' spread and its ecology in a novel ecological milieu in which other flaviviruses, including members of the JE serological complex, also occur. The probable vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors are discussed with respect to virus spread and its possible endemicity in Australia, and the need to develop a One Health approach to develop improved surveillance methods to rapidly detect future outbreak activity across a large geographical area containing a sparse human population. Understanding the spread of JEV in a novel ecological environment is relevant to the possible threat that JEV may pose in the future to other receptive geographic areas, such as the west coast of the United States, southern Europe or Africa.
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Liu S, Wang J, Yang J, Wen Y. The underlying mechanism of Guillain-Barré syndrome in a young patient suffered from Japanese encephalitis virus infection: a case report. Virol J 2022; 19:139. [PMID: 36050705 PMCID: PMC9434870 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01870-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presentation of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is uncommon, although clusters of GBS cases were observed in China in 2018. The underlying mechanism is unclear, particularly in individuals vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis in childhood. Case presentation We report a patient with acute flaccid paralysis involving four extremities and respiratory muscles, while magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine were standard. Electrophysiological examination displayed slowed motor nerve conduction speed and reduced evoked velocity amplitude. GBS was finally considered which was related to JEV infection verified by positive anti-JEV immunoglobulin M antibody and positive immunoglobulin G antibody in the serum. Unfortunately, the patient refused intravenous immunoglobulin and declined the use of mechanical ventilation again. He voluntarily withdrew from the hospital and died on the 36th day after the onset of illness. We also performed a review of previously reported related cases and discussed the underlying mechanism. Conclusion JEV infection-associated GBS is unusual. We should pay attention to the atypical manifestations of JEV infection and explore possible pathogenesis in particular individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinyong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Neurology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Ying Wen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
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Lee AR, Song JM, Seo SU. Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus Genotype V in Republic of Korea. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:955-959. [PMID: 35879275 PMCID: PMC9628952 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2207.07002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable mosquito-borne disease caused by infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV has five genotypes, including genotype V (GV), which is considered ancestral to the other genotypes. The first GV strain, GV Muar, was isolated from a Malayan patient in 1952 and GV did not reappear for 57 years until GV XZ0934 was isolated from a mosquito sample in China. Since 2010, 21 GV strains have been identified in Republic of Korea (ROK). Both GV Muar and GV XZ0934 are more pathogenic than other GI/GIII strains and are serologically distinct. However, because the ROK's GV strains have not been experimentally tested, their characteristics are not known. Characterization of the ROK's isolates is needed to enable development of effective GV strain-based vaccines to protect against GV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ra Lee
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Song
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Uk Seo
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-2258-7355 Fax: +82-2-2258-8969 E-mail:
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28
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Sun Y, Ding H, Zhao F, Yan Q, Li Y, Niu X, Zeng W, Wu K, Ling B, Fan S, Zhao M, Yi L, Chen J. Genomic Characteristics and E Protein Bioinformatics Analysis of JEV Isolates from South China from 2011 to 2018. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081303. [PMID: 36016192 PMCID: PMC9412759 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne zoonotic epidemic caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). JEV is not only the leading cause of Asian viral encephalitis, but also one of the leading causes of viral encephalitis worldwide. To understand the genetic evolution and E protein characteristics of JEV, 263 suspected porcine JE samples collected from South China from 2011 to 2018 were inspected. It was found that 78 aborted porcine fetuses were JEV-nucleic-acid-positive, with a positive rate of 29.7%. Furthermore, four JEV variants were isolated from JEV-nucleic-acid-positive materials, namely, CH/GD2011/2011, CH/GD2014/2014, CH/GD2015/2015, and CH/GD2018/2018. The cell culture and virus titer determination of four JEV isolates showed that four JEV isolates could proliferate stably in Vero cells, and the virus titer was as high as 108.5 TCID 50/mL. The whole-genome sequences of four JEV isolates were sequenced. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the JEV E gene and whole genome, it was found that CH/GD2011/2011 and CH/GD2015/2015 belonged to the GIII type, while CH/GD2014/2014 and CH/GD2018/2018 belonged to the GI type, which was significantly different from that of the JEV classical strain CH/BJ-1/1995. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the E protein phosphorylation site, glycosylation site, B cell antigen epitope, and modeled 3D structures of E protein in four JEV isolates. The analysis of the prevalence of JEV and the biological function of E protein can provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of JEV and the design of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxing Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Feifan Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Quanhui Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuwan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinni Niu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weijun Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Keke Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bing Ling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuangqi Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lin Yi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinding Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +86-20-8528-0245
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Xu C, Zhang W, Pan Y, Wang G, Yin Q, Fu S, Li F, He Y, Xu S, Wang Z, Liang G, Nie K, Wang H. A Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research on Japanese Encephalitis From 1934 to 2020. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:833701. [PMID: 35155284 PMCID: PMC8829047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.833701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The disease is mainly an epidemic in Asia and has been studied for nearly 90 years. To evaluate the research trends of JE, 3,023 English publications between 1934 and 2020 were retrieved and analyzed from the Web of Science database using indicators for publication, country or territory, citation, journal, author and affiliation, keyword co-occurrence cluster, and strongest citation bursts detection. The results of the bibliometric analysis and the visualization tools show that the number of annual publications on JE has been increasing. JE has been continuously studied in the USA and also many Asian countries, such as Japan, China, India, and South Korea; however, only a few publications have high citations. The main research groups of JE in the last 5 years were in China, Japan, and the UK. The keyword co-occurrence analysis and the strongest citation bursts detection revealed that most studies focused on the pathogenic mechanism of JEV, control of outbreaks, and immunization with JE vaccine. The research maps on JE obtained by our analysis are expected to help researchers effectively explore the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiao Xu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuefeng Pan
- Saint John’s Preparatory School, Collegeville, MN, United States
| | - Guowei Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qikai Yin
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Engineering Research Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Ningxia Nervous System Diseases, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Nie
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huanyu Wang, ; Kai Nie,
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arboviruses, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Joint Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Huanyu Wang, ; Kai Nie,
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Effectiveness of Live-Attenuated Genotype III Japanese Encephalitis Viral Vaccine against Circulating Genotype I Viruses in Swine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010114. [PMID: 35062317 PMCID: PMC8778556 DOI: 10.3390/v14010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of genotype I (GI) Japanese encephalitis viruses (JEV) has resulted in the replacement of the dominant genotype III (GIII) viruses, raising serious public health concerns for using GIII virus-derived vaccines to effectively control JEV epidemics. Therefore, this study used swine as the model to estimate the effectiveness of GIII live-attenuated vaccine against GI virus infection by comparing the incidence of stillbirth/abortion in gilts from vaccinated and non-vaccinated pig farms during the GI-circulation period. In total, 389 and 213 litters of gilts were recorded from four vaccinated and two non-vaccinated pig farms, respectively. All viruses detected in the aborted fetuses and mosquitoes belonged to the GI genotype during the study period. We thus estimated that the vaccine effectiveness of GIII live-attenuated vaccine against GI viruses in naive gilts based on the overall incidence of stillbirth/abortion and incidence of JEV-confirmed stillbirth/abortion was 65.5% (50.8–75.7%) and 74.7% (34.5–90.2%), respectively. In contrast to previous estimates, the GIII live-attenuated vaccine had an efficacy of 95.6% (68.3–99.4%) to prevent the incidence of stillbirth/abortion during the GIII-circulating period. These results indicate that the vaccine effectiveness of GIII live-attenuated JEV vaccine to prevent stillbirth/abortion caused by GI viruses is lower than that against GIII viruses.
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Novel reverse genetics of genotype I and III Japanese encephalitis viruses assembled through transformation associated recombination in yeast: The reporter viruses expressing a green fluorescent protein for the antiviral screening assay. Antiviral Res 2022; 197:105233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chiou SS, Chen JM, Chen YY, Chia MY, Fan YC. The feasibility of field collected pig oronasal secretions as specimens for the virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009977. [PMID: 34860839 PMCID: PMC8673640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Virologic surveillance of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) relies on collecting pig blood specimens and adult mosquitoes in the past. Viral RNAs extracted from pig blood specimens suffer from low detecting positivity by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The oronasal transmission of the virus has been demonstrated in experimentally infected pigs. This observation suggested oronasal specimens could be useful source in the virus surveillance. However, the role of this unusual route of transmission remains unproven in the operational pig farm. In this study, we explore the feasibility of using pig oronasal secretions collected by chewing ropes to improve the positivity of detection in commercial pig farms. The multiplex genotype-specific RT-PCR was used in this study to determine and compare the positivity of detecting JEV viral RNAs in pig’s oronasal secretions and blood specimens, and the primary mosquito vector. Oronasal specimens had the overall positive rate of 6.0% (95% CI 1.3%–16.6%) (3/50) to 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%–26.5%) (3/30) for JEV during transmission period despite the negative results of all blood-derived specimens (n = 2442). Interestingly, pig oronasal secretions and female Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito samples collected from the same pig farm showed similar viral RNA positive rates, 10.0% (95% CI 2.1%–26.5%) (3/30) and 8.9% (95% CI 2.5%–21.2%) (4/45), respectively (p> 0.05). Pig oronasal secretion-based surveillance revealed the seasonality of viral activity and identified closely related genotype I virus derived from the mosquito isolates. This finding indicates oronasal secretion-based RT-PCR assay can be a non-invasive, alternative method of implementing JEV surveillance in the epidemic area prior to the circulation of virus-positive mosquitoes. Mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) has either endemic or seasonal patterns of transmission in Asia and Australia. Most hosts infected by the virus remains asymptomatic but can result in severe encephalitis in humans and horses, and abortion or stillbirth in pregnant sows. Isolation of virus in adult mosquitoes or pig seroconversion has been used as an early indicator of upcoming JE outbreak in humans. Genotype identification of the virus is important since current human and domestic animal vaccines are all genotype III (GIII) specific. GIII vaccine elicited immunity has reduced cross-protections to genotypes other than GIII. Our virologic surveillance using pig’s oronasal secretion detected higher prevalence and earlier genotype I virus activity than using pig’s blood and mosquitoes, respectively. This proposed surveillance tool might be more effective that will allow the public health agency to properly implement the preventive measures, such as implementing mosquito control, encouraging booster vaccination, and encouraging the use of mosquito repellent, to reduce the impact of upcoming outbreak. Collection of pig’s oronasal secretion is non-invasive to pigs and less technically demanding to operators. Thus we propose the use of pig’s oronasal secretions as the novel source of specimens for virologic surveillance to replace the traditional pig blood or adult mosquito specimens to monitor and control JE outbreak/epidemic in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyan-Song Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Liu H, Zhang J, Niu Y, Liang G. The 5' and 3' Untranslated Regions of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV): Molecular Genetics and Higher Order Structures. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730045. [PMID: 34777278 PMCID: PMC8581615 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The untranslated region (UTRs) of viral genome are important for viral replication and immune modulation. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most significant cause of epidemic encephalitis worldwide. However, little is known regarding the characterization of the JEV UTRs. Here, systematic analyses of the UTRs of JEVs isolated from a variety of hosts worldwide spanning about 80 years were made. All the important cis-acting elements and structures were compared with other mosquito-borne Flaviviruses [West Nile virus (WNV), Yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Dengue virus (DENV)] and annotated in detail in the UTRs of different JEV genotypes. Our findings identified the JEV-specific structure and the sequence motif with unique JEV feature. (i) The 3’ dbsHP was identified as a small hairpin located in the DB region in the 3′ UTR of JEV, with the structure highly conserved among the JEV genotypes. (ii) The spacer sequence UARs of JEV consist of four discrete spacer sequences, whereas the UARs of other mosquito-borne Flaviviruses are continuous sequences. In addition, repetitive elements have been discovered in the UTRs of mosquito-borne Flaviviruses. The lengths, locations, and numbers of the repetitive elements of JEV also differed from other Flaviviruses (WNV, YFV, ZIKV, DENV). A 300 nt-length region located at the beginning of the 3′ UTR exhibited significant genotypic specificity. This study lays the basis for future research on the relationships between the JEV specific structures and elements in the UTRs, and their important biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.,Zibo Key Laboratory of Precise Gene Detection, Zibo, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Yuzhen Niu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an endemic disease dominantly in the Asia-Pacific region with mortality rate varying between 3% and 30%. Long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae developed in 30–50% of the survivors. There is no available antiviral therapy for JE. JE vaccines play a major role in preventing this devastating disease. The incidence of JE declined over years and the age distribution shifted toward adults in countries where JE immunization program exists. Mouse brain–JE vaccine is currently replaced by inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccine and live-attenuated vaccine using SA14-14-2 strain, and live chimeric JE vaccines. These three types of JE vaccines are associated with favorable efficacy and safety profiles. Common adverse reactions include injection site reactions and fever, and severe adverse reactions are rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ing Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sharma KB, Vrati S, Kalia M. Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100994. [PMID: 34274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the leading global cause of virus-induced encephalitis. The disease is predominant in the entire Asia-Pacific region with the potential of global spread. JEV is highly neuroinvasive with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death. One-third of JE infections are fatal, and half of the survivors develop permanent neurological sequelae. Disease prognosis is determined by a series of complex and intertwined signaling events dictated both by the virus and the host. All flaviviruses, including JEV replicate in close association with ER derived membranes by channelizing the protein and lipid components of the ER. This leads to activation of acute stress responses in the infected cell-oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The host innate immune and inflammatory responses also enter the fray, the components of which are inextricably linked to the cellular stress responses. These are especially crucial in the periphery for dendritic cell maturation and establishment of adaptive immunity. The pathogenesis of JEV is a combination of direct virus induced neuronal cell death and an uncontrolled neuroinflammatory response. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the JEV life cycle and how the cellular stress responses dictate the pathobiology and resulting immune response. We also deliberate on how modulation of these stress pathways could be a potential strategy to develop therapeutic interventions, and define the persisting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Amoa-Bosompem M, Higa Y, Tsuda Y, Itokawa K, Miura K, Hirayama K, Sawabe K, Isawa H. Evaluating the competence of the primary vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and the invasive mosquito species, Aedes japonicus japonicus, in transmitting three Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008986. [PMID: 33370301 PMCID: PMC7793266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is maintained in an enzootic cycle between swine, water birds, and mosquitoes. JEV has circulated indigenously in Asia, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus as the primary vector. In some areas where the primary vector is scarce or absent, sporadic cases of Japanese encephalitis have been reported, with Aedes japonicus japonicus presumed to have the potential as a secondary vector. As one of the world's most invasive culicid species, Ae. j. japonicus carries a considerable health risk for spreading diseases to wider areas, including Europe and North America. Thus, evaluation of its competency as a JEV vector, particularly in a native population, will be essential in preventing potential disease spread. In this study, the two mosquito species' vector competence in transmitting three JEV genotypes (I, III, and V) was assessed, with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus serving as a point of reference. The mosquitoes were virus-fed and the infection rate (IR), dissemination rate (DR), and transmission rate (TR) evaluated individually by either RT-qPCR or focus forming assay. Results showed striking differences between the two species, with IR of 95% (261/274) and 9% (16/177) in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ae. j. japonicus, respectively. Both mosquitoes were susceptible to all three JEV genotypes with significant differences in IR and mean viral titer. Results confirm the primary vector's competence, but the fact that JEV was able to establish in Ae. j. japonicus is of public health significance, and with 2%-16% transmission rate it has the potential to successfully transmit JEV to the next host. This may explain the human cases and infrequent detection in primary vector-free areas. Importantly, Ae. j. japonicus could be a relevant vector spreading the disease into new areas, indicating the need for security measures in areas where the mosquito is distributed or where it may be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astri Nur Faizah
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Amoa-Bosompem
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tsuda
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozue Miura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hirayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Adaptation of a live-attenuated genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus to vero cells is associated with mutations in structural protein genes. Virus Res 2020; 292:198256. [PMID: 33285172 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The SD12-F120 is a live-attenuated genotype I strain of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and was obtained by serial passage of wild-type strain SD12 on BHK-21 cells combined with multiple plaque purification and virulence selection in mice. The large scale production and vast clinical trials always demand ideal safety and efficacy profile of live-attenuated vaccines. In the present study, SD12-F120VC has undergone serial passaging of P1-P30 in WHO qualified Vero cells to assess the potential effect of adaptation to growth on Vero cells. The series of experiments showed that vaccine SD12-F120VC (Vero cell adapted) variants have consistently increased in peak virus titer compared to early passages and have good adaptation to growth in Vero cells. The animal experiments showed that Vero cell adapted SD12-F120VC variants have attenuation phenotype in suckling mice and the plaque morphology for all SD12-F120VC variants was small. Vaccination of mice with SD12-F120VC vaccine produced complete protection for homologous SD12 genotype I strain, but failed to give the complete protection of vaccinated mice against the challenge of heterologous N28 genotype III strain. In response to immunization of SD12-F120VC in mice, the neutralizing antibodies titer against homologous SD12-F120VC and SD12 (GI) was higher than heterologous N28 (GIII) strain. The prM protein has 6 amino acid substitutions, of which 5 amino acid changes were confined at the start of the pr domain in the ∼40 amino acids, and some mutations in the pr domain of prM might contribute to Vero cell adaptation. Our findings in this study are important for validation, evaluation and quality control study of live attenuated flaviviruses vaccines and show that Vero cells are a suitable substrate for the production of a safe and stable live-attenuated JEV vaccine.
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Li C, Di D, Huang H, Wang X, Xia Q, Ma X, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Li Z, Wei J, Ma Z. NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations are responsible for differences in interferon α/β induction and co-contribute to the replication advantage of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype I over genotype III in ducklings. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008773. [PMID: 32881988 PMCID: PMC7494076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype I (GI) replicates more efficiently than genotype III (GIII) in birds, and this difference is considered to be one of the reasons for the JEV genotype shift. In this study, we utilized duck embryo fibroblasts and domestic ducklings as in vitro and in vivo models of a JEV amplifying avian host to identify the viral determinants of the differing replication efficiency between the GI and GIII strains in birds. GI strains induced significantly lower levels of interferon (IFN)-α and β production than GIII strains, an effect orrelated with the enhanced replication efficiency of GI strains over GIII strains. By using a series of chimeric viruses with exchange of viral structural and non-structural (NS) proteins, we identified NS5 as the viral determinant of the differences in IFN-α and β induction and replication efficiency between the GI and III strains. NS5 inhibited IFN-α and β production induced by poly(I:C) stimulation and harbored 11 amino acid variations, of which the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations were identified to co-contribute to the differences in IFN-α and β induction and replication efficiency between the strains. The NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations resulted in alterations in the number of hydrogen bonds formed with neighboring residues, which were associated with the different ability of the GI and GIII strains to inhibit IFN-α and β production. Our findings indicated that the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations enabled GI strains to inhibit IFN-α and β production more efficiently than GIII strains for antagonism of the IFN-I mediated antiviral response, thereby leading to the replication and host adaption advantages of GI strains over GIII strains in birds. These findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of the JEV genotype shift. The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission cycle is maintained by mosquitoes and amplification hosts (pigs and birds). In areas without large pig populations, birds play a major role in the maintenance of the JEV transmission cycle. The shift in the dominant JEV genotype from genotype III (GIII) to genotype I (GI) is occurring in most countries in Asia. GI strains replicates more efficiently than GIII strains in birds, and this difference has been considered one of the reasons for the JEV genotype shift. By using a series of chimeric viruses with exchange of viral structural and non-structural (NS) proteins, we demonstrated that NS5 is the viral determinant of the differences in replication efficiencies between the GI and III strains in birds. Furthermore, the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations were identified to co-contribute to the differences in type I interferon (IFN-I) induction and replication efficiency between the strains. Our findings suggested that the NS5-V372A and NS5-H386Y variations enable GI strains to inhibit IFN-I production more efficiently than GIII strains, thus resulting in antagonism of the IFN-I mediated antiviral response and consequently conferring a replication and host adaption advantage to GI strains over GIII strains in birds. These findings provide new insight into the molecular basis of the JEV genotype shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hui Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qiqi Xia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZM)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (JW); (ZM)
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Deng X, Yan JY, He HQ, Yan R, Sun Y, Tang XW, Zhou Y, Pan JH, Mao HY, Zhang YJ, Lv HK. Serological and molecular epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, China, 2015-2018. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008574. [PMID: 32853274 PMCID: PMC7491720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shifts have occurred in the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE), extending from the molecular level to the population level. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of JE neutralizing antibodies in healthy populations from different age groups in Zhejiang Province, and to conduct mosquito monitoring to evaluate the infection rate of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) among vectors, as well as the molecular characteristics of the E gene of isolated JEV strains. Methodology/Principal findings A total of 1190 sera samples were screened by a microseroneutralization test, including 429 infants (28d-11m) and 761 participants (2y-82y). For those under 1 year old, the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of the JE neutralizing antibody was 9.49 at birth and significantly declined as the age of month increased (r = -0.225, P<0.001). For those above 1-year old, seropositive proportions were higher in subjects aged 1–3 years old as well as ≥25 years old (65%-75%), and relatively lower in subjects aged between 4–25 years old (22%-55%). Four or more years after the 2nd dose of JEV-L (first dose administered at 8 months and the second at 2 years of age), the seropositive proportion decreased to 32.5%, and GMTs decreased to 8.08. A total of 87,201 mosquitoes were collected from livestock sheds in 6 surveillance sites during 2015–2018, from which 139 E gene sequences were successfully amplified. The annual infection rate according to bias-corrected maximum likelihood estimation of JEV in Culex tritaeniorhynchus was 1.56, 2.36, 5.65 and 1.77 per 1000, respectively. JEV strains isolated during 2015–2018 all belonged to Genotype I. The E gene of amplified 139 samples differed from the JEV-L vaccine strain at fourteen amino acid residues, including the eight key residues related to virulence and virus attenuation. No divergence was observed at the sites related to antigenicity. Conclusions/Significance Zhejiang Province was at a high risk of JE exposure due to relatively lower neutralizing antibody levels among the younger-aged population and higher infection rates of JEV in mosquitoes. Continuous, timely and full coverage of JE vaccination are essential, as well as the separation of human living areas and livestock shed areas. In addition, annual mosquito surveillance and periodic antibody level monitoring are important for providing evidence for improvement in JE vaccines and immunization schedules. Although Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been well-controlled in Zhejiang Province, it remains a hot public health issue due to heavy disease burden. The epidemiological characteristics of JE have changed recently in Zhejiang Province. Increasing proportion of adult cases (>40 years old) have been reported. Genotype I (GI) of JEV has displaced genotype III (GIII) as the dominant genotype. The population immunity against JE was notably low among participants aged 4–25 years old, with the lowest GMT being in the 7-14-year-old group. Two doses of JEV-L did not provide effective protection after 4 or more years past the 2nd dose. Therefore, issues about duration of protection and necessity of a booster dose at 6 years of age need further research. JEV strains isolated from mosquitoes during 2015–2018 in Zhejiang Province all belonged to GI. Compared with the JE vaccine strain, mutations at the eight amino acid residues on E gene related to virulence in Zhejiang strains were detected, while the antigenic sites remained the same. JE serological survey in healthy populations with different sequential immunization schedule should be conducted to provide evidence for reformation on JE immunization strategy, including type, dose and interval.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- China/epidemiology
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Culex/virology
- Culicidae/virology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/isolation & purification
- Encephalitis, Japanese/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Genes, Viral/genetics
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Epidemiology
- Mosquito Vectors/virology
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Deng
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ju-ying Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Han-qing He
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Yan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-wen Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-hang Pan
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-yan Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-jun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-kun Lv
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Hameed M, Khan S, Xu J, Zhang J, Wang X, Di D, Chen Z, Naveed Anwar M, Wahaab A, Ma X, Nawaz M, Liu K, Li B, Shao D, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. Detection of Japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes from Xinjiang during next-generation sequencing arboviral surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:467-476. [PMID: 32614516 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A total of 548 mosquitoes were collected from different animal farms located near to highly populated cities in Xinjiang and were subjected to metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). The mNGS data demonstrated that 18,842 (XJ1 strain) and 1,077 (XJ2 strain) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-related reads were detected in XJ1 and XJ2 mosquito samples collected from Wushi and Wensu counties of Aksu area, which accounted for 0.032% and 0.006% of the total clean reads generated from XJ1 and XJ2 samples, respectively. The Bayesian molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that XJ1 and XJ2 strains belonged to JEV genotype III and were clustered with JEV strains isolated in China. Notably, Bayesian molecular time line phylogeny revealed that XJ1 strain shared its MRCA with JEV GSS strain about 67 YA, suggesting that XJ1 strain likely originated from linages closely related to GSS strain and spread to Xinjiang later. Overall, these findings suggest that Xinjiang was probably not free from JEV, and thus, a further surveillance of JEV is required in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Sawar Khan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jinpeng Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Di Di
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Mohsin Nawaz
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai, PR China
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Zhang J, Liu H, Wang J, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang X, Ji H, Ding Z, Xia H, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Liang G. Origin and evolution of emerging Liao ning Virus (genus Seadornavirus, family Reoviridae). Virol J 2020; 17:105. [PMID: 32664965 PMCID: PMC7359424 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liao ning virus (LNV) is a member of the genus Seadornavirus, family Reoviridae and has been isolated from kinds of vectors in Asia and Australia. However, there are no systematic studies describe the molecular genetic evolution and migration of LNVs. With the development of bioinformatics, viral genetic data combining the information of virus isolation time and locations could be integrated to infer the virus evolution and spread in nature. Methods Here, a phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations was conducted on the LNVs isolated from a variety of vectors during 1990–2014 to identify the evolution and migration patterns of LNVs. Results The results demonstrated that the LNV could be divided into 3 genotypes, of which genotype 1 mainly composed of LNVs isolated from Australia during 1990 to 2014 and the original LNV strain (LNV-NE97–31) isolated from Liaoning province in northern China in 1997, genotype 2 comprised of the isolates all from Xinjiang province in western China and genotype 3 consisted the isolates from Qinghai and Shanxi province of central China. LNVs emerged about 272 years ago and gradually evolved into three lineages in the order genotype 1, genotype 2 and genotype 3. Following phylogeographic analysis, it shows genotype 1 LNVs transmitted from Australia (113°E-153°E,10°S-42°S) to Liaoning province (118°E-125°E,38°N-43°N) in Northeast Asian continent then further spread across the central part of China to western China (75°E-95°E,35°N-50°N). Conclusion LNVs were initially isolated from Liaoning province of China in the Northeast Asia, however, the present study revealed that LNVs were first appeared in Australia in the South Pacific region and transmitted to mainland China then rapidly spread across China and evolved three different genotypes. The above results suggested that LNV had the characteristics of long-distance transmission and there were great genetic diversity existed in the LNV population. Notably, current information of 80 strains of LNVs are limited. It is of great importance to strengthen the surveillance of LNVs to explore its real origin in nature and monitoring of the LNVs’ population variation and maintain vigilance to avoid LNV breaking through the species barrier and further clarify its relationship to human and animal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiheng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Wang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Ji
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfeng Ding
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Liu W, Fu S, Ma X, Chen X, Wu D, Zhou L, Yin Q, Li F, He Y, Lei W, Li Y, Xu S, Wang H, Wang Z, Wang H, Yu H, Liang G. An outbreak of Japanese encephalitis caused by genotype Ib Japanese encephalitis virus in China, 2018: A laboratory and field investigation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008312. [PMID: 32453787 PMCID: PMC7274457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Japanese encephalitis virus genotype Ib (JEV GIb) has replaced JEV GIII as the dominant genotype in endemic areas of Asia, no JEV GIb has been isolated from JE cases and natural mosquitoes at the same time in an outbreak of JE. In this study, we conducted virological and molecular biological laboratory tests on JE case samples (serum/cerebrospinal fluid) and locally collected mosquito samples from the 2018 JE outbreak in Ningxia, China. The result of JEV IgM antibody detection showed that 96% (67/70) of the suspected cases were laboratory-confirmed JE cases. Of the mosquitoes collected from local environments, 70% (17400/24900) were Culex tritaeniorhynchus of which 4.6% (16 /348 of the pools tested) were positive for JEV, other mosquitoes were negative. JEVs isolated from both the human cases and C. tritaeniorhynchus specimens belong to JEV GIb and are in the same evolutionary clade according to molecular evolution analyses. JEV GIb was detected simultaneously from specimens of JE cases and mosquito samples collected in nature in this study, suggesting that the JE outbreak that occurred in Ningxia in 2018 was due to infection of JEV GIb. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is recognized as an important encephalitis pathogen all over the world. Its genotype is divided into GI-V. In recent years, JEV GIb (a temperate genotype) has gradually replaced GIII as the prevalent strain in JE endemic areas. Although JEV GIb originated from tropical Asia along with JEV GIa, it has rapidly spread for its advantages in wintering and infecting vectors. Although there have been epidemics caused by JEV GI and GIII, there have been no reports of a JE outbreak caused by JEV GIb alone in northeastern Asia. However, a JE outbreak occurred in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in northern China in summer 2018 which was the first outbreak in Ningxia in recent decades. This paper presents a series of laboratory and field studies of this outbreak. The strain isolated from JE cases as well as JEV detected in Culex tritaeniorhynchus collected from local areas in nature all belonged to JEV GIb and were in the same evolutionary clade. This is the first report of a JE outbreak caused by JEV GIb infection in northeastern Asia (latitude 35 ° 14’– 39 ° 23’ N, longitude 104 ° 17’– 107 ° 39’ E), which used to be a low endemic area of JEV GIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihong Fu
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuemin Ma
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Wu
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liwei Zhou
- Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qikai Yin
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixing Li
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songtao Xu
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaqing Wang
- National Immunization Programme, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Center for Neurology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HYW); (HY); (GDL)
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HYW); (HY); (GDL)
| | - Guodong Liang
- Department of Arbovirus, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HYW); (HY); (GDL)
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Anwar MN, Wang X, Hameed M, Wahaab A, Li C, Sharma M, Pang L, Malik MI, Liu K, Li B, Qiu Y, Wei J, Ma Z. Phenotypic and Genotypic Comparison of a Live-Attenuated Genotype I Japanese Encephalitis Virus SD12-F120 Strain with Its Virulent Parental SD12 Strain. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050552. [PMID: 32429445 PMCID: PMC7290960 DOI: 10.3390/v12050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of a live-attenuated genotype I (GI) strain (SD12-F120) of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) were compared with its virulent parental SD12 strain to gain an insight into the genetic changes acquired during the attenuation process. SD12-F120 formed smaller plaque on BHK-21 cells and showed reduced replication in mouse brains compared with SD12. Mice inoculated with SD12-F120 via either intraperitoneal or intracerebral route showed no clinical symptoms, indicating a highly attenuated phenotype in terms of both neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence. SD12-F120 harbored 29 nucleotide variations compared with SD12, of which 20 were considered silent nucleotide mutations, while nine resulted in eight amino acid substitutions. Comparison of the amino acid variations of SD12-F120 vs. SD12 pair with those from other four isogenic pairs of the attenuated and their virulent parental strains revealed that the variations at E138 and E176 positions of E protein were identified in four and three pairs, respectively, while the remaining amino acid variations were almost unique to their respective strain pairs. These observations suggest that the genetic changes acquired during the attenuation process were likely to be strain-specific and that the mechanisms associated with JEV attenuation/virulence are complicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianchao Wei
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Z.M.); Tel.: +86-21-3468-3635 (J.W.); +86-21-34293139 (Z.M.); Fax: +86-21-54081818 (J.W. & Z.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Z.M.); Tel.: +86-21-3468-3635 (J.W.); +86-21-34293139 (Z.M.); Fax: +86-21-54081818 (J.W. & Z.M.)
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Win AYN, Wai KT, Harries AD, Kyaw NTT, Oo T, Than WP, Lin HH, Lin Z. The burden of Japanese encephalitis, the catch-up vaccination campaign, and health service providers' perceptions in Myanmar: 2012-2017. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:13. [PMID: 32161512 PMCID: PMC7059723 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myanmar is endemic for Japanese encephalitis (JE) and has experienced several outbreaks in recent years. The vector-borne disease control (VBDC) program has collected hospital-based surveillance data since 1974. There is an urgent need to collate, analyze, and interpret the most recent information. The study aimed to describe (i) hospital-based JE cases and deaths between 2012 and 2017, (ii) a catch-up vaccination campaign in children in 2017, and (iii) health service provider perceptions about JE in one township in 2018. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of cases, deaths, and catch-up childhood vaccinations using secondary data from program records and a survey database of health service provider perceptions. Results Between 2012 and 2017, there were 872 JE cases and 79 deaths with a case fatality rate of 91 per 1000; 2016 was the year with most cases and deaths. Most cases (n = 324) and deaths (n = 37) occurred in children aged 5–9 years. Large case numbers were reported in delta and lowland regions (n = 550) and during the wet season (n = 580). The highest case fatality rates were observed in the hills and coastal regions (120 and 112 per 1000, respectively). Nationwide coverage of the catch-up JE vaccination campaign among 13.7 million eligible children was 92%, with coverage lower in the hills and coastal regions (84%) compared with delta and lowland regions and plains (94%). More vaccinations (65%) occurred through school-based campaigns with the remainder (35%) vaccinated through community-based campaigns. Structured interviews in one township showed that service providers (n = 47) had good perceptions about various aspects of JE, although perceived benefits of specific vector control measures were poor: spraying/fumigation (38%), garbage removal (36%), larvicide use (36%), and drainage of standing/stagnant water (32%). Conclusion The catch-up vaccination campaign was a successful response to high JE case numbers and deaths in children. However, ongoing surveillance for JE needs to continue and be strengthened to ensure comprehensive reporting of all cases, more knowledge is needed on disability in JE survivors, and all attempts must be made to ensure high percentage coverage of vaccination through routine and catch-up campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Ye Naung Win
- 1Epidemiology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, No. 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon Township, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Khin Thet Wai
- 1Epidemiology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, No. 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon Township, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Anthony D Harries
- 2International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France.,3London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Nang Thu Thu Kyaw
- 2International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
| | - Tin Oo
- 1Epidemiology Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, No. 5, Ziwaka Road, Dagon Township, Yangon, 11191 Myanmar
| | - Wint Phyo Than
- 4Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyitaw, Myanmar
| | - Htar Htar Lin
- 5Expanded Program on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Sports, Naypyitaw, Myanmar
| | - Zaw Lin
- 6WHO South East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
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Li X, Qiao M, Deng X, Chen X, Sun S, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Tan F, Sun Z, Chen X, Sun M, Tian K. Lethal Encephalitis in Seals with Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection, China, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1539-1542. [PMID: 31310219 PMCID: PMC6649316 DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.181663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) from brain samples of 2 seals with lethal encephalitis at Weihai Aquarium, Weihai, China, in 2017. We confirmed our findings by immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis showed this virus was genotype I. Our findings suggest that JEV might disseminate though infected zoo animals.
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Young CL, Lyons AC, Hsu WW, Vanlandingham DL, Park SL, Bilyeu AN, Ayers VB, Hettenbach SM, Zelenka AM, Cool KR, Peterson GJ, Higgs S, Huang YJS. Protection of swine by potent neutralizing anti-Japanese encephalitis virus monoclonal antibodies derived from vaccination. Antiviral Res 2019; 174:104675. [PMID: 31825852 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic in the Asia Pacific region. Despite use of several highly effective vaccines, it is estimated that up to 44,000 new cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) occur every year including 14,000 deaths and 24,000 survivors with permanent sequelae. Humoral immunity induced by vaccination is critical for effective protection. Potently neutralizing antibodies reactive with the JEV envelope (E) protein are important since protective immune responses induced by both live-attenuated and inactivated JE vaccines target the E protein. Our understanding of how vaccine-induced humoral immunity protects vaccinees from morbidity and mortality is, however, limited and largely obtained from in vitro studies. With the exception of neurovirulence mouse models, very few platforms are available for evaluating the protective efficacy of neutralizing antibodies against JEV in vivo. Swine are a major amplifying host in the natural JEV transmission cycle and develop multiple pathological outcomes similar to humans infected with JEV. In this study, prophylactic passive immunization was performed in a miniature swine model, using two vaccination-induced monoclonal antibodies (mAb), JEV-31 and JEV-169. These were selected as representatives for antibodies reactive with the major antigenic structures in the E protein of JEV and related flaviviruses. JEV-31 recognizes the lateral ridge of E protein domain III (EDIII) whilst JEV-169 has a broad footprint of binding involving residues throughout domains I (EDI) and II (EDII) of the E protein. Detection of neutralizing antibodies in the serum of immunized animals mimics the presence of neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Passive immunization with both mAbs significantly reduced the severity of diseases that resemble the symptoms of human JE including fever, viremia, viral shedding, systemic infection, and neuroinvasion. In contrast to the uniformed decrease of viral loads in lymphoid and central nervous systems, distinct kinetics in the onset of fever and viremia between animals receiving JEV-31 and JEV-169 suggest potential differences in immune protection mechanisms between anti-EDI and anti-EDIII neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination. Our data demonstrate the feasibility of using swine models in characterizing the protective humoral immunity against JEV and increase our understanding of how clonal populations of anti-E mAbs derived from JE vaccination protect against infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Young
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility Scientist Training Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA
| | - Amy C Lyons
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wei-Wen Hsu
- Department of Statistics, College of Arts and Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ashley N Bilyeu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Victoria B Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility Scientist Training Program, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA
| | - Susan M Hettenbach
- Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Ashley M Zelenka
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Konner R Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Gregory J Peterson
- University Research Compliance Office, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA; Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne disease that occurs in Asia and is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the genus Flavivirus. Although many flaviviruses can cause encephalitis, JEV causes particularly severe neurological manifestations. The virus causes loss of more disability-adjusted life years than any other arthropod-borne virus owing to the frequent neurological sequelae of the condition. Despite substantial advances in our understanding of Japanese encephalitis from in vitro studies and animal models, studies of pathogenesis and treatment in humans are lagging behind. Few mechanistic studies have been conducted in humans, and only four clinical trials of therapies for Japanese encephalitis have taken place in the past 10 years despite an estimated incidence of 69,000 cases per year. Previous trials for Japanese encephalitis might have been too small to detect important benefits of potential treatments. Many potential treatment targets exist for Japanese encephalitis, and pathogenesis and virological studies have uncovered mechanisms by which these drugs could work. In this Review, we summarize the epidemiology, clinical features, prevention and treatment of Japanese encephalitis and focus on potential new therapeutic strategies, based on repurposing existing compounds that are already suitable for human use and could be trialled without delay. We use our newly improved understanding of Japanese encephalitis pathogenesis to posit potential treatments and outline some of the many challenges that remain in tackling the disease in humans.
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Fan YC, Liang JJ, Chen JM, Lin JW, Chen YY, Su KH, Lin CC, Tu WC, Chiou MT, Ou SC, Chang GJJ, Lin YL, Chiou SS. NS2B/NS3 mutations enhance the infectivity of genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus in amplifying hosts. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007992. [PMID: 31381617 PMCID: PMC6695206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype I (GI) virus has replaced genotype III (GIII) virus as the dominant Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the epidemic area of Asia. The mechanism underlying the genotype replacement remains unclear. Therefore, we focused our current study on investigating the roles of mosquito vector and amplifying host(s) in JEV genotype replacement by comparing the replication ability of GI and GIII viruses. GI and GIII viruses had similar infection rates and replicated to similar viral titers after blood meal feedings in Culex tritaeniorhynchus. However, GI virus yielded a higher viral titer in amplifying host-derived cells, especially at an elevated temperature, and produced an earlier and higher viremia in experimentally inoculated pigs, ducklings, and young chickens. Subsequently we identified the amplification advantage of viral genetic determinants from GI viruses by utilizing chimeric and recombinant JEVs (rJEVs). Compared to the recombinant GIII virus (rGIII virus), we observed that both the recombinant GI virus and the chimeric rJEVs encoding GI virus-derived NS1-3 genes supported higher replication ability in amplifying hosts. The replication advantage of the chimeric rJEVs was lost after introduction of a single substitution from a GIII viral mutation (NS2B-L99V, NS3-S78A, or NS3-D177E). In addition, the gain-of-function assay further elucidated that rGIII virus encoding GI virus NS2B-V99L/NS3-A78S/E177E substitutions re-gained the enhanced replication ability. Thus, we conclude that the replication advantage of GI virus in pigs and poultry is the result of three critical NS2B/NS3 substitutions. This may lead to more efficient transmission of GI virus than GIII virus in the amplifying host-mosquito cycle. Flaviviral vertebrate amplifying host(s), invertebrate vector(s), genetics, and environmental factors shape the viral geographical distribution and epidemic disease pattern. Newly emerging dengue virus genotypes, West Nile virus clades, or Zika virus strains exhibited an enhancement in mosquito vector competence. However, hosts and viral determinants responsible for the occurrence of JEV genotype replacement remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that emerging GI viruses with enhanced transmission potential in amplifying hosts such as pigs and avian species was encoded by three critical GI-specific mutations in NS2B/NS3 proteins. This discovery provides insight into the viral genetic mechanism underlying the GI virus advantage and adaptation in the pig/avian species-mosquito cycle. Our results also emphasize the importance of monitoring viral evolution in amplifying vertebrate hosts to clarify the role of avian species in local transmission of GI virus in JE endemic and epidemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Fan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hsuan Su
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chi Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tang Chiou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chia Ou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gwong-Jen J. Chang
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyan-Song Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Yap G, Lim XF, Chan S, How CB, Humaidi M, Yeo G, Mailepessov D, Kong M, Lai YL, Okumura C, Ng LC. Serological evidence of continued Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in Singapore nearly three decades after end of pig farming. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:244. [PMID: 31101069 PMCID: PMC6525359 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Singapore used to report an annual average of 14 cases of Japanese encephalitis, but ever since the abolishment of pig farms in the early 1990s, the local incidence rate for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infections has reduced drastically. Studies done in the early 2000s demonstrated the presence of JEV-specific antibodies in animals such as wild boars, dogs, chickens and goats on the offshore island and peripheral parts of the Singapore, indicative of prior JEV exposure. A JEV wildlife and sentinel chicken surveillance system was initiated in 2010 through to 2017 to study the animal host seroprofiles. Results A total of 12/371 (3.23%) of resident bird samples, 24/254 (9.45%) of migratory bird samples and 10/66 (15.16%) of wild boar samples were positive for the presence of JEV antibodies. Seroconversions in sentinel chickens were observed at two time points. Through this study, two sites with active transmission of JEV amongst avian or porcine hosts were identified. Conclusions JEV transmission in animal hosts has continued despite the phasing out of pig farming nearly thirty years ago; however, the public health risk of transmission remains low. Environmental management for mosquito population remains key to keeping this risk low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Yap
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Fang Lim
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Mahathir Humaidi
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Gladys Yeo
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Diyar Mailepessov
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marcella Kong
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yee Ling Lai
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, Singapore
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50
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Capeding MR, Alberto ER, Bouckenooghe A, Laot TM, Chansinghakul D, Monfredo C, Machabert T, Feroldi E. Five-Year Antibody Persistence Following a Japanese Encephalitis Chimeric Virus Vaccine (JE-CV) Booster in JE-CV-Primed Children in the Philippines. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:567-571. [PMID: 29325161 PMCID: PMC5853961 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed antibody persistence following booster vaccination with a Japanese encephalitis chimeric virus vaccine (JE-CV; IMOJEV) in JE-CV–primed children. In an open phase 3 trial, 349 children in the Philippines, who received JE-CV 2 years previously, received a booster dose. JE neutralizing antibody titers were assessed (50% plaque reduction neutralization test) annually for up to 5 years after booster vaccination. Seroprotection rates (percentage of children with titers ≥10 [1/dil]) and geometric mean titers (GMTs) were, respectively, 98.2% and 161 after 5 years. JE-CV booster induced long-lasting anamnestic immune response in JE-CV–primed children, with high seroprotection rates and GMTs over the accepted threshold for serological protection (10 [1/dil]).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edison R Alberto
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
| | | | - Thelma M Laot
- Clinical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Taguig City, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Feroldi
- Global Clinical Sciences, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
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