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Co-Infection of the Epstein-Barr Virus and the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122709. [PMID: 36560713 PMCID: PMC9782805 DOI: 10.3390/v14122709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), have been mostly studied in isolation. Recent studies suggest that co-infection with both viruses as observed in one of their associated malignancies, namely primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), might also be required for KSHV persistence. In this review, we discuss how EBV and KSHV might support each other for persistence and lymphomagenesis. Moreover, we summarize what is known about their innate and adaptive immune control which both seem to be required to ensure asymptomatic persistent co-infection with these two human tumor viruses. A better understanding of this immune control might allow us to prepare for vaccination against EBV and KSHV in the future.
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2
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Sánchez‐Ponce Y, Fuentes‐Pananá EM. Molecular and immune interactions between β‐ and γ‐herpesviruses in the immunocompromised host. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:79-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4mr1221-452r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Sánchez‐Ponce
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez Mexico City Mexico
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico City Mexico
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3
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The Role of Coinfections in the EBV-Host Broken Equilibrium. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071399. [PMID: 34372605 PMCID: PMC8310153 DOI: 10.3390/v13071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a well-adapted human virus, and its infection is exclusive to our species, generally beginning in the childhood and then persisting throughout the life of most of the affected adults. Although this infection generally remains asymptomatic, EBV can trigger life-threatening conditions under unclear circumstances. The EBV lifecycle is characterized by interactions with other viruses or bacteria, which increases the probability of awakening its pathobiont capacity. For instance, EBV infects B cells with the potential to alter the germinal center reaction (GCR)—an adaptive immune structure wherein mutagenic-driven processes take place. HIV- and Plasmodium falciparum-induced B cell hyperactivation also feeds the GCR. These agents, along with the B cell tropic KSHV, converge in the ontogeny of germinal center (GC) or post-GC lymphomas. EBV oral transmission facilitates interactions with local bacteria and HPV, thereby increasing the risk of periodontal diseases and head and neck carcinomas. It is less clear as to how EBV is localized in the stomach, but together with Helicobacter pylori, they are known to be responsible for gastric cancer. Perhaps this mechanism is reminiscent of the local inflammation that attracts different herpesviruses and enhances graft damage and chances of rejection in transplanted patients. In this review, we discussed the existing evidence suggestive of EBV possessing the potential to synergize or cooperate with these agents to trigger or worsen the disease.
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Oluoch PO, Oduor CI, Forconi CS, Ong'echa JM, Münz C, Dittmer DP, Bailey JA, Moormann AM. Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection and Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:111-120. [PMID: 32072172 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Plasmodium falciparum malaria coinfections. However, the role of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also endemic in Africa, has not been evaluated as a cofactor in eBL pathogenesis. METHODS Multiplexed seroprofiles for EBV, malaria, and KSHV were generated for 266 eBL patients, 78 non-eBL cancers, and 202 healthy children. KSHV and EBV loads were quantified by PCR. RESULTS KSHV seroprevalence did not differ by study group but was associated with age. Seropositivity, defined by K8.1/LANA or in combination with 5 other KSHV antigens (ORF59, ORF65, ORF61, ORF38, and K5) was associated with antimalarial antibody levels to AMA1 (odds ratio [OR], 2.41, P < .001; OR, 2.07, P < .001) and MSP1 (OR, 2.41, P = .0006; OR, 5.78, P < .001), respectively. KSHV loads did not correlate with antibody levels nor differ across groups but were significantly lower in children with detectable EBV viremia (P = .014). CONCLUSIONS Although KSHV-EBV dual infection does not increase eBL risk, EBV appears to suppress reactivation of KSHV while malaria exposure is associated with KSHV infection and/or reactivation. Both EBV and malaria should, therefore, be considered as potential effect modifiers for KSHV-associated cancers in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter O Oluoch
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Kenya Medical Research Institute/Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Cliff I Oduor
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Catherine S Forconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Ong'echa
- Kenya Medical Research Institute/Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ann M Moormann
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Sallah N, Miley W, Labo N, Carstensen T, Fatumo S, Gurdasani D, Pollard MO, Dilthey AT, Mentzer AJ, Marshall V, Cornejo Castro EM, Pomilla C, Young EH, Asiki G, Hibberd ML, Sandhu M, Kellam P, Newton R, Whitby D, Barroso I. Distinct genetic architectures and environmental factors associate with host response to the γ2-herpesvirus infections. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3849. [PMID: 32737300 PMCID: PMC7395761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establish life-long infections and are associated with malignancies. Striking geographic variation in incidence and the fact that virus alone is insufficient to cause disease, suggests other co-factors are involved. Here we present epidemiological analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 4365 individuals from an African population cohort, to assess the influence of host genetic and non-genetic factors on virus antibody responses. EBV/KSHV co-infection (OR = 5.71(1.58-7.12)), HIV positivity (OR = 2.22(1.32-3.73)) and living in a more rural area (OR = 1.38(1.01-1.89)) are strongly associated with immunogenicity. GWAS reveals associations with KSHV antibody response in the HLA-B/C region (p = 6.64 × 10-09). For EBV, associations are identified for VCA (rs71542439, p = 1.15 × 10-12). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and trans-ancestry fine-mapping substantiate that distinct variants in HLA-DQA1 (p = 5.24 × 10-44) are driving associations for EBNA-1 in Africa. This study highlights complex interactions between KSHV and EBV, in addition to distinct genetic architectures resulting in important differences in pathogenesis and transmission.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Coinfection
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- HIV/genetics
- HIV/immunology
- HIV/pathogenicity
- HLA-DQ alpha-Chains/genetics
- HLA-DQ alpha-Chains/immunology
- Henipavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Henipavirus Infections/genetics
- Henipavirus Infections/immunology
- Henipavirus Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Rural Population
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/epidemiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Uganda/epidemiology
- Urban Population
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Affiliation(s)
- Neneh Sallah
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tommy Carstensen
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Segun Fatumo
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- MRC/UVRI at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Martin O Pollard
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander T Dilthey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena M Cornejo Castro
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Cristina Pomilla
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth H Young
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gershim Asiki
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Complex, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Newton
- MRC/UVRI at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Exeter Centre of ExcEllence in Diabetes (ExCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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Gonzalez-Lopez O, DeCotiis J, Goyeneche C, Mello H, Vicente-Ortiz BA, Shin HJ, Driscoll KE, Du P, Palmeri D, Lukac DM. A herpesvirus transactivator and cellular POU proteins extensively regulate DNA binding of the host Notch signaling protein RBP-Jκ to the virus genome. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13073-13092. [PMID: 31308175 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) from latency requires the viral transactivator Rta to contact the host protein Jκ recombination signal-binding protein (RBP-Jκ or CSL). RBP-Jκ normally binds DNA sequence-specifically to determine the transcriptional targets of the Notch-signaling pathway, yet Notch alone cannot reactivate KSHV. We previously showed that Rta stimulates RBP-Jκ DNA binding to the viral genome. On a model viral promoter, this function requires Rta to bind to multiple copies of an Rta DNA motif (called "CANT" or Rta-c) proximal to an RBP-Jκ motif. Here, high-resolution ChIP/deep sequencing from infected primary effusion lymphoma cells revealed that RBP-Jκ binds nearly exclusively to different sets of viral genome sites during latency and reactivation. RBP-Jκ bound DNA frequently, but not exclusively, proximal to Rta bound to single, but not multiple, Rta-c motifs. To discover additional regulators of RBP-Jκ DNA binding, we used bioinformatics to identify cellular DNA-binding protein motifs adjacent to either latent or reactivation-specific RBP-Jκ-binding sites. Many of these cellular factors, including POU class homeobox (POU) proteins, have known Notch or herpesvirus phenotypes. Among a set of Rta- and RBP-Jκ-bound promoters, Rta transactivated only those that also contained POU motifs in conserved positions. On some promoters, POU factors appeared to inhibit RBP-Jκ DNA binding unless Rta bound to a proximal Rta-c motif. Moreover, POU2F1/Oct-1 expression was induced during KSHV reactivation, and POU2F1 knockdown diminished infectious virus production. Our results suggest that Rta and POU proteins broadly regulate DNA binding of RBP-Jκ during KSHV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gonzalez-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Jennifer DeCotiis
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Corey Goyeneche
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Helena Mello
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Bryan Alexis Vicente-Ortiz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Hye Jin Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Kyla E Driscoll
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Peicheng Du
- High Performance and Research Computing, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - Diana Palmeri
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103
| | - David M Lukac
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07103.
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7
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He M, Cheng F, da Silva SR, Tan B, Sorel O, Gruffaz M, Li T, Gao SJ. Molecular Biology of KSHV in Relation to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:23-62. [PMID: 30523620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Discovered in 1994, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been associated with four human malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease, and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. These malignancies mostly occur in immunocompromised patients including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and often cause significant mortality because of the lack of effective therapies. Significant progresses have been made to understand the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis in the last two decades. This chapter provides an update on the recent advancements focusing on the molecular events of KSHV primary infection, the mechanisms regulating KSHV life cycle, innate and adaptive immunity, mechanism of KSHV-induced tumorigenesis and inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming in KSHV infection and KSHV-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Océane Sorel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marion Gruffaz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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8
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Bruce AG, Barcy S, Staheli J, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Ikoma M, Howard K, Rose TM. Experimental co-transmission of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) and the macaque homologs of the Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205632. [PMID: 30444879 PMCID: PMC6239284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macaque RFHV and LCV are close homologs of human KSHV and EBV, respectively. No experimental model of RFHV has been developed due to the lack of a source of culturable infectious virus. Screening of macaques at the Washington National Primate Research Center detected RFHV in saliva of SIV-infected macaques from previous vaccine studies. A pilot experimental infection of two naïve juvenile pig-tailed macaques was initiated by inoculation of saliva from SIV-infected pig-tailed and cynomolgus macaque donors, which contained high levels of DNA (> 10(6) genomes/ml) of the respective species-specific RFHV strain. Both juvenile recipients developed SIV and RFHV infections with RFHV DNA detected transiently in saliva and/or PBMC around week 16 post-infection. One juvenile macaque was infected with the homologous RFHVMn from whole saliva of a pig-tailed donor, which had been inoculated into the cheek pouch. This animal became immunosuppressed, developing simian AIDS and was euthanized 23 weeks after inoculation. The levels of RFHV DNA in saliva and PBMC remained below the level of detection after week 17, showing no reactivation of the RFHVMn infection during the rapid development of AIDS. The other juvenile macaque was infected with the heterologous RFHVMf from i.v. inoculation of purified virions from saliva of a cynomolgus donor. The juvenile recipient remained immunocompetent, developing high levels of persistent anti-RFHV and -SIV antibodies. After the initial presence of RFHVMf DNA in saliva and PBMC decreased to undetectable levels by week 19, all attempts to reactivate the infection through additional inoculations, experimental infection with purified SRV-2 or SIV, or immunosuppressive treatments with cyclosporine or dexamethasone were unsuccessful. An heterologous LCV transmission was also detected in this recipient, characterized by continual high levels of LCVMf DNA from the cynomolgus donor in both saliva (> 10(6) genomes/ml) and PBMC (> 10(4) genomes/million cells), coupled with high levels of anti-LCV antibodies. The macaque was sacrificed 209 weeks after the initial inoculation. Low levels of LCVMf DNA were detected in salivary glands, tonsils and other lymphoid organs, while RFHVMf DNA was below the level of detection. These results show successful co-transmission of RFHV and LCV from saliva and demonstrate differential lytic activation of the different gammaherpesvirus lineages due to presumed differences in biology and tropism and control by the host immune system. Although this initial pilot transmission study utilized only two macaques, it provides the first evidence for experimental transmission of the macaque homolog of KSHV, setting the stage for larger transmission studies to examine the differential activation of rhadinovirus and lymphocryptovirus infections and the pathological effects of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gregory Bruce
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Serge Barcy
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeannette Staheli
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Minako Ikoma
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kellie Howard
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Rose
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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9
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Vyshenska D, Lam KC, Shulzhenko N, Morgun A. Interplay between viruses and bacterial microbiota in cancer development. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:14-24. [PMID: 28602713 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the last few decades we have become accustomed to the idea that viruses can cause tumors. It is much less considered and discussed, however, that most people infected with oncoviruses will never develop cancer. Therefore, the genetic and environmental factors that tip the scales from clearance of viral infection to development of cancer are currently an area of active investigation. Microbiota has recently emerged as a potentially critical factor that would affect this balance by increasing or decreasing the ability of viral infection to promote carcinogenesis. In this review, we provide a model of microbiome contribution to the development of oncogenic viral infections and viral associated cancers, give examples of this process in human tumors, and describe the challenges that prevent progress in the field as well as their potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariia Vyshenska
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Khiem C Lam
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 208 Dryden Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Gloghini A, Volpi CC, Gualeni AV, Dolcetti R, Bongarzone I, De Paoli P, Carbone A. Multiple viral infections in primary effusion lymphoma: a model of viral cooperation in lymphomagenesis. Expert Rev Hematol 2017; 10:505-514. [PMID: 28468596 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2017.1326815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare B-cell lymphoid neoplasm mainly associated with HIV infection, presenting as pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial effusions. A defining property of PEL is its consistent association with Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection, and, in most cases, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) co-infection. On these grounds, a review of the literature related to viral cooperation and lymphomagenesis can help to understand the complex interplay between KSHV and EBV in PEL pathogenesis. Areas covered: In this review, the authors highlight clinical, pathologic, genetic and proteomic features of PEL, in the context of viral cooperation in PEL lymphomagenesis. Expert commentary: Tumour cells are characterized by the overexpression of genes that are involved in inflammation and invasion. Coherently, PEL secretomes are enriched in proteins probably responsible for the particular tropism (cell adhesion and migration) of PEL cells. The development of PEL in HIV+ patients is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay among co-infection with oncogenic viruses (EBV and KSHV), inflammatory factors, and environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata Gloghini
- a Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milano , Italy
| | - Chiara C Volpi
- a Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milano , Italy
| | - Ambra V Gualeni
- a Molecular Pathology, Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milano , Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- b University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Italia Bongarzone
- c Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine , Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milano , Italy
| | - Paolo De Paoli
- d Molecular Virology , Centro di Riferimento Oncologico - IRCCS, National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Antonino Carbone
- e Department of Pathology , Centro di Riferimento Oncologico - IRCCS, National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
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Thakker S, Verma SC. Co-infections and Pathogenesis of KSHV-Associated Malignancies. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:151. [PMID: 26913028 PMCID: PMC4753363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is one of the several carcinogenic viruses that infect humans. KSHV infection has been implicated in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s Disease. While KSHV infection is necessary for the development of KSHV associated malignancies, it is not sufficient to induce tumorigenesis. Evidently, other co-factors are essential for the progression of KSHV induced malignancies. One of the most important co-factors, necessary for the progression of KSHV induced tumors, is immune suppression that frequently arises during co-infection with HIV and also by other immune suppressants. In this mini-review, we discuss the roles of co-infection with HIV and other pathogens on KSHV infection and pathogenesis.
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12
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SINKOVICS JOSEPHG. The cnidarian origin of the proto-oncogenes NF-κB/STAT and WNT-like oncogenic pathway drives the ctenophores (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1211-29. [PMID: 26239915 PMCID: PMC4583530 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell survival pathways of the diploblastic early multicellular eukaryotic hosts contain and operate the molecular machinery resembling those of malignantly transformed individual cells of highly advanced multicellular hosts (including Homo). In the present review, the STAT/NF-κB pathway of the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis is compared with that of human tumors (malignant lymphomas, including Reed-Sternberg cells) pointing out similarities, including possible viral initiation in both cases. In the ctenophore genome and proteome, β-catenin gains intranuclear advantages due to a physiologically weak destructive complex in the cytoplasm, and lack of natural inhibitors (the dickkopfs). Thus, a scenario similar to what tumor cells initiate and achieve is presented through several constitutive loss-of-function type mutations in the destructive complex and in the elimination of inhibitors. Vice versa, malignantly transformed individual cells of advanced multicellular hosts assume pheno-genotypic resemblance to cells of unicellular or early multicellular hosts, and presumably to their ancient predecessors, by returning to the semblance of immortality and to the resumption of the state of high degree of resistance to physicochemical insults. Human leukemogenic and oncogenic pathways are presented for comparisons. The supreme bioengineers RNA/DNA complex encoded both the malignantly transformed immortal cell and the human cerebral cortex. The former generates molecules for the immortality of cellular life in the Universe. The latter invents the inhibitors of the process in order to gain control over it.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOSEPH G. SINKOVICS
- St. Joseph Hospital's Cancer Institute Affiliated with the H.L. Moffitt Comprehensive Cancer Center; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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13
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De Paoli P, Carbone A. Microenvironmental abnormalities induced by viral cooperation: Impact on lymphomagenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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SUN LU, ZHAO YU, SHI HUAIYIN, MA CHAO, WEI LIXIN. LMP-1 induces survivin expression to inhibit cell apoptosis through the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 33:2253-60. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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Cordiali-Fei P, Trento E, Giovanetti M, Lo Presti A, Latini A, Giuliani M, D'Agosto G, Bordignon V, Cella E, Farchi F, Ferraro C, Lesnoni La Parola I, Cota C, Sperduti I, Vento A, Cristaudo A, Ciccozzi M, Ensoli F. Analysis of the ORFK1 hypervariable regions reveal distinct HHV-8 clustering in Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Kaposi's cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:1. [PMID: 25592960 PMCID: PMC4311464 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical Kaposi’s Sarcoma (cKS) is a rare vascular tumor, which develops in subjects infected with Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). Beside the host predisposing factors, viral genetic variants might possibly be related to disease development. The aim of this study was to identify HHV-8 variants in patients with cKS or in HHV-8 infected subjects either asymptomatic or with cKS-unrelated cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods The VR1 and VR2 regions of the ORF K1 sequence were analyzed in samples (peripheral blood and/or lesional tissue) collected between 2000 and 2010 from 27 subjects with HHV-8 infection, established by the presence of anti-HHV-8 antibodies. On the basis of viral genotyping, a phylogenetic analysis and a time-scaled evaluation were performed. Results Two main clades of HHV-8, corresponding to A and C subtypes, were identified. Moreover, for each subtype, two main clusters were found distinctively associated to cKS or non-cKS subjects. Selective pressure analysis showed twelve sites of the K1 coding gene (VR1 and VR2 regions) under positive selective pressure and one site under negative pressure. Conclusion Thus, present data suggest that HHV-8 genetic variants may influence the susceptibility to cKS in individuals with HHV-8 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cordiali-Fei
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy.
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KSHV reactivation and novel implications of protein isomerization on lytic switch control. Viruses 2015; 7:72-109. [PMID: 25588053 PMCID: PMC4306829 DOI: 10.3390/v7010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) oncogenesis, both latency and reactivation are hypothesized to potentiate tumor growth. The KSHV Rta protein is the lytic switch for reactivation. Rta transactivates essential genes via interactions with cofactors such as the cellular RBP-Jk and Oct-1 proteins, and the viral Mta protein. Given that robust viral reactivation would facilitate antiviral responses and culminate in host cell lysis, regulation of Rta’s expression and function is a major determinant of the latent-lytic balance and the fate of infected cells. Our lab recently showed that Rta transactivation requires the cellular peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase Pin1. Our data suggest that proline‑directed phosphorylation regulates Rta by licensing binding to Pin1. Despite Pin1’s ability to stimulate Rta transactivation, unchecked Pin1 activity inhibited virus production. Dysregulation of Pin1 is implicated in human cancers, and KSHV is the latest virus known to co-opt Pin1 function. We propose that Pin1 is a molecular timer that can regulate the balance between viral lytic gene expression and host cell lysis. Intriguing scenarios for Pin1’s underlying activities, and the potential broader significance for isomerization of Rta and reactivation, are highlighted.
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Primary effusion lymphoma in an elderly patient effectively treated by lenalidomide: case report and review of literature. Blood Cancer J 2014; 4:e190. [PMID: 24608734 PMCID: PMC3972705 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare aggressive subset of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. It is caused by Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus type 8 (KSHV/HHV8). It occurs mainly, but not exclusively, in HIV-positive patients. PEL predominantly develops in serous cavities and occasionally in extracavitary regions. PEL carries a very poor prognosis with a median survival time of <6 months. Indeed, currently used treatment modalities such as CHOP chemotherapy are far from achieving complete and sustainable remission. Therefore, there is no clear standard of care established in the treatment of PEL patients, stressing the need for novel-targeted approaches. Here, we have attempted a comprehensive assessment of the treatment of PEL, discussed avant-garde therapies and updated the state of preclinical research with promising clinical applications in the field. These include inhibitors of viral replication, modulators of cell signaling and inflammation, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and histone deacetylase inhibitors, and recently the combination of arsenic trioxide and interferon-alpha. Some of these targeted therapies have not yet reached clinical studies, although others were used in a few individual case reports with low numbers of patients. We also describe the first case of a 77-year-old, HIV-negative, HHV8-positive patient diagnosed with PEL limited to the pleural and peritoneal cavities. He received lenalidomide 25 mg/day for 21 days every 28 days. Treatment was well tolerated with no side effects. He rapidly improved after 1 month of treatment and progressively achieved complete remission persistent after 18 months of therapy. We believe that this review will bridge an important gap between classical chemotherapy and modern approaches of targeted therapy. Finally, our findings warrant further evaluation of lenalidomide in future prospective clinical studies.
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Cheng F, Pekkonen P, Ojala PM. Instigation of Notch signaling in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and other human tumor viruses. Future Microbiol 2013; 7:1191-205. [PMID: 23030424 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch pathway is a highly conserved signaling circuit with a critical role in cell-fate determination and tumor initiation. Notch is reported to regulate various key events in tumor progression, such as angiogenesis, maintenance of cancer stem cells, resistance to therapeutic agents and metastasis. This review describes the intimate interplay of human tumor viruses with the Notch signaling pathway. Special attention is paid to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and rare lymphoproliferative disorders. The past decade of active research has led to significant advances in understanding how Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus exploits the Notch pathway to regulate its replication phase and to modulate the host cellular microenvironment to make it more favorable for viral persistence and spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology & Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56 (Viikinkaari 9), 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Guito J, Lukac DM. KSHV Rta Promoter Specification and Viral Reactivation. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:30. [PMID: 22347875 PMCID: PMC3278982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens whose biological success depends upon replication and packaging of viral genomes, and transmission of progeny viruses to new hosts. The biological success of herpesviruses is enhanced by their ability to reproduce their genomes without producing progeny viruses or killing the host cells, a process called latency. Latency permits a herpesvirus to remain undetected in its animal host for decades while maintaining the potential to reactivate, or switch, to a productive life cycle when host conditions are conducive to generating viral progeny. Direct interactions between many host and viral molecules are implicated in controlling herpesviral reactivation, suggesting complex biological networks that control the decision. One viral protein that is necessary and sufficient to switch latent Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) into the lytic infection cycle is called K-Rta. K-Rta is a transcriptional activator that specifies promoters by binding DNA directly and interacting with cellular proteins. Among these cellular proteins, binding of K-Rta to RBP-Jk is essential for viral reactivation. In contrast to the canonical model for Notch signaling, RBP-Jk is not uniformly and constitutively bound to the latent KSHV genome, but rather is recruited to DNA by interactions with K-Rta. Stimulation of RBP-Jk DNA binding requires high affinity binding of Rta to repetitive and palindromic “CANT DNA repeats” in promoters, and formation of ternary complexes with RBP-Jk. However, while K-Rta expression is necessary for initiating KSHV reactivation, K-Rta’s role as the switch is inefficient. Many factors modulate K-Rta’s function, suggesting that KSHV reactivation can be significantly regulated post-Rta expression and challenging the notion that herpesviral reactivation is bistable. This review analyzes rapidly evolving research on KSHV K-Rta to consider the role of K-Rta promoter specification in regulating the progression of KSHV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Guito
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Newark, NJ, USA
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Dresang LR, Teuton JR, Feng H, Jacobs JM, Camp DG, Purvine SO, Gritsenko MA, Li Z, Smith RD, Sugden B, Moore PS, Chang Y. Coupled transcriptome and proteome analysis of human lymphotropic tumor viruses: insights on the detection and discovery of viral genes. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:625. [PMID: 22185355 PMCID: PMC3282826 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are related human tumor viruses that cause primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) and Burkitt's lymphomas (BL), respectively. Viral genes expressed in naturally-infected cancer cells contribute to disease pathogenesis; knowing which viral genes are expressed is critical in understanding how these viruses cause cancer. To evaluate the expression of viral genes, we used high-resolution separation and mass spectrometry coupled with custom tiling arrays to align the viral proteomes and transcriptomes of three PEL and two BL cell lines under latent and lytic culture conditions. Results The majority of viral genes were efficiently detected at the transcript and/or protein level on manipulating the viral life cycle. Overall the correlation of expressed viral proteins and transcripts was highly complementary in both validating and providing orthogonal data with latent/lytic viral gene expression. Our approach also identified novel viral genes in both KSHV and EBV, and extends viral genome annotation. Several previously uncharacterized genes were validated at both transcript and protein levels. Conclusions This systems biology approach coupling proteome and transcriptome measurements provides a comprehensive view of viral gene expression that could not have been attained using each methodology independently. Detection of viral proteins in combination with viral transcripts is a potentially powerful method for establishing virus-disease relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay R Dresang
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute Hillman Cancer Research Pavilion 5117 Centre Ave,, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Multiple defects, including premature apoptosis, prevent Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication in murine cells. J Virol 2011; 86:1877-82. [PMID: 22130538 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06600-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a mouse model for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection has been impeded by the limited host range of the virus. Here, we have examined the molecular basis of this host range restriction. KSHV efficiently enters murine cells and establishes latency. However, ectopic expression of the lytic switch protein RTA (replication and transcription activator) in these cells induces little viral gene expression and no virus production. Upon treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors, KSHV-infected murine cells display more extensive but aberrant viral transcription and do not support either viral DNA synthesis or the production of infectious virions. These aberrantly infected cells also display markedly enhanced apoptosis. Genetic ablation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in these cells prolongs their survival and permits viral DNA replication but does not rescue the generation of virions. We conclude that multiple defects, both prior to and following DNA synthesis, restrict lytic KSHV infection in murine cells.
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Lu J, Verma SC, Cai Q, Robertson ES. The single RBP-Jkappa site within the LANA promoter is crucial for establishing Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency during primary infection. J Virol 2011; 85:6148-61. [PMID: 21507979 PMCID: PMC3126528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02608-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; or human herpesvirus 8 [HHV8]) is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). KSHV infection displays two alternative life cycles, referred to as the latent and lytic or productive cycle. Previously, we have reported that the replication and transcription activator (RTA), a major lytic cycle transactivator, contributes to the development of KSHV latency by inducing latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) expression during early stages of infection by targeting RBP-Jκ, the master regulator of the Notch signaling pathway. Here, we generated a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) KSHV recombinant virus with a deletion of the RBP-Jκ site within the LANA promoter to evaluate the function of the RBP-Jκ cognate site in establishing primary latent infection. The results showed that genetic disruption of the RBP-Jκ binding site within the KSHV LANA promoter led to enhanced expression of the KSHV-encoded immediate early RTA, resulting in an increase in lytic replication during primary infection of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). This system provides a powerful tool for use in indentifying additional cellular and viral molecules involved in LANA-mediated latency maintenance during the early stages of KSHV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Immediate-Early Proteins
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/genetics
- Immunoglobulin J Recombination Signal Sequence-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Nuclear Proteins/chemistry
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Trans-Activators
- Virus Activation
- Virus Latency/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program of the Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Qiliang Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program of the Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Erle S. Robertson
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program of the Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Ramos da Silva S, Elgui de Oliveira D. HIV, EBV and KSHV: Viral cooperation in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. Cancer Lett 2011; 305:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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