1
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Zhou Y, Zhou S, Wang Q, Zhang B. Mitigating Cross-Species Viral Infections in Xenotransplantation: Progress, Strategies, and Clinical Outlook. Cell Transplant 2024; 33:9636897241226849. [PMID: 38258759 PMCID: PMC10807386 DOI: 10.1177/09636897241226849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation holds great promise as a solution to address the critical shortage of organs, but it raises concerns regarding the potential transmission of porcine viruses to recipients, leading to infections and even zoonotic diseases. Data used in this review were mainly from literature of Pubmed database. Keywords included xenotransplantation, infection, virus, and epidemiology. The original articles and critical reviews selected were relevant to this review's theme. We review the major viral infections of concern in xenotransplantation, their risk of transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and ways to prevent infection. Then, we pivot to a comprehensive overview of the current status of xenotransplantation. In addition, we offer our own insights and recommendations for propelling xenotransplantation forward, transitioning from preclinical experiments to the critical phase of clinical trials. Viral infections pose considerable safety concerns within xenotransplantation, particularly with the possibility of emerging or currently unidentified viruses. Clinical trials serve as a crucial platform to progress the safety standards of xenotransplantation. However, further studies and dedicated efforts are required to effectively translate findings into practical applications that can improve safety measures in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yenong Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuyu Zhou
- Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hohhot, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Nutriology Department, Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of PLA Navy, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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2
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Holdcraft RW, Graham MJ, Bemrose MA, Mutch LA, Martis PC, Janecek JL, Hall RD, Smith BH, Gazda LS. Long-term efficacy and safety of porcine islet macrobeads in nonimmunosuppressed diabetic cynomolgus macaques. Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12747. [PMID: 35384085 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although human islet transplantation has proven to provide clinical benefits, especially the near complete amelioration of hypoglycemia, the supply of human islets is limited and insufficient to meet the needs of all people that could benefit from islet transplantation. Porcine islets, secreting insulin nearly identical to that of human insulin, have been proposed as a viable supply of unlimited islets. Further, encapsulation of the porcine islets has been shown to reduce or eliminate the use of immunosuppressive therapy that would be required to prevent rejection of the foreign islet tissue. The goal of the current study was to determine the long-term safety and efficacy of agarose encapsulated porcine islets (macrobeads) in diabetic cynomolgus macaques, in a study emulating a proposed IND trial in which daily exogenous insulin therapy would be reduced by 50% with no loss of glucose regulation. Four of six animals implanted with macrobeads demonstrated ≥ 30% reduction in insulin requirements in year 1 of follow-up. Animals were followed for 2, 3.5, and 7.4 years with no serious adverse events, mortality or evidence of pathogen transmission. This study supports the continued pursuit of encapsulated porcine islet therapy as a promising treatment option for diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie J Graham
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lucas A Mutch
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jody L Janecek
- Preclinical Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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3
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Lunney JK, Van Goor A, Walker KE, Hailstock T, Franklin J, Dai C. Importance of the pig as a human biomedical model. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabd5758. [PMID: 34818055 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abd5758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Angelica Van Goor
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Kristen E Walker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Taylor Hailstock
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Jasmine Franklin
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Chaohui Dai
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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4
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Söllner JH, Mettenleiter TC, Petersen B. Genome Editing Strategies to Protect Livestock from Viral Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:1996. [PMID: 34696426 PMCID: PMC8539128 DOI: 10.3390/v13101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The livestock industry is constantly threatened by viral disease outbreaks, including infections with zoonotic potential. While preventive vaccination is frequently applied, disease control and eradication also depend on strict biosecurity measures. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and associated proteins (Cas) have been repurposed as genome editors to induce targeted double-strand breaks at almost any location in the genome. Thus, CRISPR/Cas genome editors can also be utilized to generate disease-resistant or resilient livestock, develop vaccines, and further understand virus-host interactions. Genes of interest in animals and viruses can be targeted to understand their functions during infection. Furthermore, transgenic animals expressing CRISPR/Cas can be generated to target the viral genome upon infection. Genetically modified livestock can thereby reduce disease outbreaks and decrease zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny-Helena Söllner
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany;
| | | | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany;
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5
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Zhang J, Khazalwa EM, Abkallo HM, Zhou Y, Nie X, Ruan J, Zhao C, Wang J, Xu J, Li X, Zhao S, Zuo E, Steinaa L, Xie S. The advancements, challenges, and future implications of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in swine research. J Genet Genomics 2021; 48:347-360. [PMID: 34144928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing technology has dramatically influenced swine research by enabling the production of high-quality disease-resistant pig breeds, thus improving yields. In addition, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used extensively in pigs as one of the tools in biomedical research. In this review, we present the advancements of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in swine research, such as animal breeding, vaccine development, xenotransplantation, and disease modeling. We also highlight the current challenges and some potential applications of the CRISPR/Cas9 technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Emmanuel M Khazalwa
- Animal and Human Health Program, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Hussein M Abkallo
- Animal and Human Health Program, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiongwei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jinxue Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Changzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jieru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pig Molecular Quantitative Genetics of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Livestock and Poultry Epidemic Diseases Research Center of Anhui Province, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Jing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xinyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Erwei Zuo
- Lingnan Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, PR China.
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health Program, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Shengsong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Animal and Human Health Program, Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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6
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Shu S, Ren J, Song J. Cardiac xenotransplantation: a promising way to treat advanced heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 27:71-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09989-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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7
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Zhang N, Jing X, Liu Y, Chen M, Zhu X, Jiang J, Wang H, Li X, Hao P. Interfering with retrotransposition by two types of CRISPR effectors: Cas12a and Cas13a. Cell Discov 2020; 6:30. [PMID: 32435507 PMCID: PMC7235257 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPRs are a promising tool being explored in combating exogenous retroviral pathogens and in disabling endogenous retroviruses for organ transplantation. The Cas12a and Cas13a systems offer novel mechanisms of CRISPR actions that have not been evaluated for retrovirus interference. Particularly, a latest study revealed that the activated Cas13a provided bacterial hosts with a "passive protection" mechanism to defend against DNA phage infection by inducing cell growth arrest in infected cells, which is especially significant as it endows Cas13a, a RNA-targeting CRISPR effector, with mount defense against both RNA and DNA invaders. Here, by refitting long terminal repeat retrotransposon Tf1 as a model system, which shares common features with retrovirus regarding their replication mechanism and life cycle, we repurposed CRISPR-Cas12a and -Cas13a to interfere with Tf1 retrotransposition, and evaluated their different mechanisms of action. Cas12a exhibited strong inhibition on retrotransposition, allowing marginal Tf1 transposition that was likely the result of a lasting pool of Tf1 RNA/cDNA intermediates protected within virus-like particles. The residual activities, however, were completely eliminated with new constructs for persistent crRNA targeting. On the other hand, targeting Cas13a to Tf1 RNA intermediates significantly inhibited Tf1 retrotransposition. However, unlike in bacterial hosts, the sustained activation of Cas13a by Tf1 transcripts did not cause cell growth arrest in S. pombe, indicating that virus-activated Cas13a likely acted differently in eukaryotic cells. The study gained insight into the actions of novel CRISPR mechanisms in combating retroviral pathogens, and established system parameters for developing new strategies in treatment of retrovirus-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niubing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Xinyun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Minjie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Xianfeng Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
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8
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Wojdas E, Łopata K, Nowak R, Kimsa‐Dudek M, Łopata P, Mazurek U. Expression profile of human porcine endogenous retrovirus A receptors (HuPAR‐1, HuPAR‐2) and transcription factor activator protein‐2γ (TFAP‐2C) genes in infected human fibroblasts—Model in vitro. Xenotransplantation 2019; 26:e12541. [DOI: 10.1111/xen.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wojdas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
- Department of Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Krzysztof Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Roman Nowak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Magdalena Kimsa‐Dudek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
| | - Paweł Łopata
- AGH University of Science and Technology in Krakow Krakow Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec Medical University of Silesia in Katowice Sosnowiec Poland
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9
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Gallay K, Blot G, Chahpazoff M, Yajjou-Hamalian H, Confort MP, De Boisséson C, Leroux A, Luengo C, Fiorini F, Lavigne M, Chebloune Y, Gouet P, Moreau K, Blanchard Y, Ronfort C. In vitro, in cellulo and structural characterizations of the interaction between the integrase of Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus A/C and proteins of the BET family. Virology 2019; 532:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Ma Y, Zhao X, Jia J, Yang Y, Fan R, Lv M, Ding F, Wu J, Zhang J. Analysis of Protein Expression in Human Cells Cocultured with Porcine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Intervirology 2019; 61:237-246. [PMID: 30889573 DOI: 10.1159/000495179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) involved in pig to human xenotransplantation have raised great concerns because of their ubiquitous nature in pigs and their ability of infecting human cells in vitro. Although no significant cytopathic effect attributed to PERV was evident on PERV-infected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, we did proteomic analysis to investigate the differences of protein profile in order to further characterize the effect of PERV infection. METHODS HEK293 cells were cocultured with porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Protein profiles of PERV-infected and -noninfected HEK293 cells were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Protein spots with at least 1.5-fold alteration were identified by high-definition mass spectrometry (HDMS) analysis. Then real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to validate the proteomic results. RESULTS Differential analysis of PERV-infected and -noninfected HEK293 cells by 2-DE revealed ten differentially regulated proteins. The proteins identified by HDMS were involved in various cellular pathways including signal transduction, cell apoptosis, and protein synthesis. CONCLUSION The results of this study revealed differentially expressed proteins in HEK293 cells cocultured with porcine PBMCs and implied that these changes were probably induced by PERV infection. These results provide clues and potential links to understanding the molecular effect of the infection by human-tropic PERV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,
| | - Xiong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junting Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxian Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maomin Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Jingang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Blood Safety and Supply Technologies, Institute of Health Service and Transfusion Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Tait-Burkard C, Doeschl-Wilson A, McGrew MJ, Archibald AL, Sang HM, Houston RD, Whitelaw CB, Watson M. Livestock 2.0 - genome editing for fitter, healthier, and more productive farmed animals. Genome Biol 2018; 19:204. [PMID: 30477539 PMCID: PMC6258497 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-018-1583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human population is growing, and as a result we need to produce more food whilst reducing the impact of farming on the environment. Selective breeding and genomic selection have had a transformational impact on livestock productivity, and now transgenic and genome-editing technologies offer exciting opportunities for the production of fitter, healthier and more-productive livestock. Here, we review recent progress in the application of genome editing to farmed animal species and discuss the potential impact on our ability to produce food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tait-Burkard
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andrea Doeschl-Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Helen M Sang
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ross D Houston
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C Bruce Whitelaw
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mick Watson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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12
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Łopata K, Wojdas E, Nowak R, Łopata P, Mazurek U. Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus (PERV) - Molecular Structure and Replication Strategy in the Context of Retroviral Infection Risk of Human Cells. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 29755422 PMCID: PMC5932395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The xenotransplantation of porcine tissues may help overcome the shortage of human organs for transplantation. However, there are some concerns about recipient safety because the risk of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) transmission to human cells remains unknown. Although, to date, no PERV infections have been noted in vivo, the possibility of such infections has been confirmed in vitro. Better understanding of the structure and replication cycle of PERVs is a prerequisite for determining the risk of infection and planning PERV-detection strategies. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the structure and replication cycle of PERVs in the context of retroviral infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Emilia Wojdas
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.,Department of Instrumental Analysis, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roman Nowak
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Paweł Łopata
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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13
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Greenwood AD, Ishida Y, O'Brien SP, Roca AL, Eiden MV. Transmission, Evolution, and Endogenization: Lessons Learned from Recent Retroviral Invasions. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00044-17. [PMID: 29237726 PMCID: PMC5813887 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00044-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the subfamily Orthoretrovirinae are defined by the ability to reverse transcribe an RNA genome into DNA that integrates into the host cell genome during the intracellular virus life cycle. Exogenous retroviruses (XRVs) are horizontally transmitted between host individuals, with disease outcome depending on interactions between the retrovirus and the host organism. When retroviruses infect germ line cells of the host, they may become endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which are permanent elements in the host germ line that are subject to vertical transmission. These ERVs sometimes remain infectious and can themselves give rise to XRVs. This review integrates recent developments in the phylogenetic classification of retroviruses and the identification of retroviral receptors to elucidate the origins and evolution of XRVs and ERVs. We consider whether ERVs may recurrently pressure XRVs to shift receptor usage to sidestep ERV interference. We discuss how related retroviruses undergo alternative fates in different host lineages after endogenization, with koala retrovirus (KoRV) receiving notable interest as a recent invader of its host germ line. KoRV is heritable but also infectious, which provides insights into the early stages of germ line invasions as well as XRV generation from ERVs. The relationship of KoRV to primate and other retroviruses is placed in the context of host biogeography and the potential role of bats and rodents as vectors for interspecies viral transmission. Combining studies of extant XRVs and "fossil" endogenous retroviruses in koalas and other Australasian species has broadened our understanding of the evolution of retroviruses and host-retrovirus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) in the Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasuko Ishida
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sean P O'Brien
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfred L Roca
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Maribeth V Eiden
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) in the Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Berlin, Germany
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14
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Niu D, Wei HJ, Lin L, George H, Wang T, Lee IH, Zhao HY, Wang Y, Kan Y, Shrock E, Lesha E, Wang G, Luo Y, Qing Y, Jiao D, Zhao H, Zhou X, Wang S, Wei H, Güell M, Church GM, Yang L. Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9. Science 2017; 357:1303-1307. [PMID: 28798043 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan4187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation is a promising strategy to alleviate the shortage of organs for human transplantation. In addition to the concerns about pig-to-human immunological compatibility, the risk of cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) has impeded the clinical application of this approach. We previously demonstrated the feasibility of inactivating PERV activity in an immortalized pig cell line. We now confirm that PERVs infect human cells, and we observe the horizontal transfer of PERVs among human cells. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we inactivated all of the PERVs in a porcine primary cell line and generated PERV-inactivated pigs via somatic cell nuclear transfer. Our study highlights the value of PERV inactivation to prevent cross-species viral transmission and demonstrates the successful production of PERV-inactivated animals to address the safety concern in clinical xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Niu
- eGenesis, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Tao Wang
- eGenesis, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Hong-Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | | | - Ellen Shrock
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yubo Qing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Deling Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shouqi Wang
- Research Institute of Shenzhen Jinxinnong Technology, Shenzhen 518106, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | | | - George M Church
- eGenesis, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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15
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Loewen RT, Roy P, Park DB, Jensen A, Scott G, Cohen-Karni D, Fautsch MP, Schuman JS, Loewen NA. A Porcine Anterior Segment Perfusion and Transduction Model With Direct Visualization of the Trabecular Meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:1338-44. [PMID: 27002293 PMCID: PMC4811178 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish a consistent and affordable, high quality porcine anterior segment perfusion and transduction model that allows direct visualization of the trabecular meshwork. Methods Porcine anterior segments were cultured within 2 hours of death by removing lens and uvea and securing in a specially designed petri dish with a thin bottom to allow direct visualization of the trabecular meshwork with minimal distortion. Twenty-two control eyes (CO) with a constant flow rate were compared to eight gravity perfused eyes (COgr, 15 mm Hg). We established gene delivery to the TM using eGFP expressing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vector GINSIN at 108 transducing units (TU) per eye (GINSIN_8, n = 8) and 107 TU (GINSIN_7, n = 8). Expression was assessed for 14 days before histology was obtained. Results Pig eyes were a reliable source for consistent and high quality anterior segment cultures with a low failure rate of 12%. Control eyes had an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 15.8 ± 1.9 mm Hg at fixed pump perfusion with 3 μL/min compared to gravity perfused COgr with imputed 3.7 ± 1.6 μL/min. Vector GINSIN_8 eyes experienced a transient posttransduction IOP increase of 44% that resolved at 48 hours; this was not observed in GINSIN_7 eyes. Expression was higher in GINSIN_8 than in GINSIN_7 eyes. Trabecular meshwork architecture was well preserved. Conclusions Compared with previously used human donor eyes, this inexpensive porcine anterior segment perfusion model is of sufficient, repeatable high quality to develop strategies of TM bioengineering. Trabecular meshwork could be observed directly. Despite significant anatomic differences, effects of transduction replicate the main aspects of previously explored human, feline and rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralitsa T Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Pritha Roy
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Daniel B Park
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Adrianna Jensen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Gordon Scott
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Devora Cohen-Karni
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Michael P Fautsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Joel S Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nils A Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
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16
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Cui P, Löber U, Alquezar-Planas DE, Ishida Y, Courtiol A, Timms P, Johnson RN, Lenz D, Helgen KM, Roca AL, Hartman S, Greenwood AD. Comprehensive profiling of retroviral integration sites using target enrichment methods from historical koala samples without an assembled reference genome. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1847. [PMID: 27069793 PMCID: PMC4824918 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Retroviral integration into the host germline results in permanent viral colonization of vertebrate genomes. The koala retrovirus (KoRV) is currently invading the germline of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and provides a unique opportunity for studying retroviral endogenization. Previous analysis of KoRV integration patterns in modern koalas demonstrate that they share integration sites primarily if they are related, indicating that the process is currently driven by vertical transmission rather than infection. However, due to methodological challenges, KoRV integrations have not been comprehensively characterized. Results. To overcome these challenges, we applied and compared three target enrichment techniques coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) and a newly customized sequence-clustering based computational pipeline to determine the integration sites for 10 museum Queensland and New South Wales (NSW) koala samples collected between the 1870s and late 1980s. A secondary aim of this study sought to identify common integration sites across modern and historical specimens by comparing our dataset to previously published studies. Several million sequences were processed, and the KoRV integration sites in each koala were characterized. Conclusions. Although the three enrichment methods each exhibited bias in integration site retrieval, a combination of two methods, Primer Extension Capture and hybridization capture is recommended for future studies on historical samples. Moreover, identification of integration sites shows that the proportion of integration sites shared between any two koalas is quite small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Cui
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Löber
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry & Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - David E Alquezar-Planas
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yasuko Ishida
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Timms
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca N Johnson
- Australian Centre for Wildlife Genomics, Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dorina Lenz
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alfred L Roca
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Stefanie Hartman
- Institute of Biochemistry & Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
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17
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Tang HB, Ouyang K, Rao GB, Ma L, Zhong H, Bai A, Qin S, Chen F, Lin J, Cao Y, Liao YJ, Zhang J, Wu J. Characterization of Complete Genome Sequences of a Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Isolated From China Bama Minipig Reveals an Evolutionary Time Earlier Than That of Isolates From European Minipigs. Transplant Proc 2016; 48:222-8. [PMID: 26915872 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) isolate, PERV-A-BM, was isolated from a Guangxi Bama minipig in China. METHODS To understand its genetic variation and evolution, the complete PERV-A-BM genome sequences were determined and compared with isolates from different Sus scrofa breeds and porcine cell lines. A total of 69 nucleotide substitutions were found in the full-length genome, including 26 non-synonymous mutations. RESULTS Phylogenetic trees based on the complete genome sequence as well as the gag, pol, and env gene sequences from 21 PERV isolates demonstrated that the PERV-A-BM was closely related to the EF133960 isolate from Chinese Wuzhishan miniature pigs inbred in Hainan, China, and distantly related to strains isolated from European-born pigs. CONCLUSIONS The estimation of age in the proviral PERV-A-BM integrating into the host genome reveals that the age of PERV-A-BM is at least 8.3 × 10(6) years, an evolutionary time earlier than that of isolates from European-born pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-B Tang
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - K Ouyang
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - G-B Rao
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - L Ma
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - H Zhong
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - A Bai
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - S Qin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - F Chen
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - J Lin
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y Cao
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Y-J Liao
- School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - J Zhang
- Laboratory for Viral Safety of National Centre of Biomedical Analysis, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, The Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - J Wu
- Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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18
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Serrao E, Engelman AN. Sites of retroviral DNA integration: From basic research to clinical applications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 51:26-42. [PMID: 26508664 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most crucial steps in the life cycle of a retrovirus is the integration of the viral DNA (vDNA) copy of the RNA genome into the genome of an infected host cell. Integration provides for efficient viral gene expression as well as for the segregation of viral genomes to daughter cells upon cell division. Some integrated viruses are not well expressed, and cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can resist the action of potent antiretroviral drugs and remain dormant for decades. Intensive research has been dedicated to understanding the catalytic mechanism of integration, as well as the viral and cellular determinants that influence integration site distribution throughout the host genome. In this review, we summarize the evolution of techniques that have been used to recover and map retroviral integration sites, from the early days that first indicated that integration could occur in multiple cellular DNA locations, to current technologies that map upwards of millions of unique integration sites from single in vitro integration reactions or cell culture infections. We further review important insights gained from the use of such mapping techniques, including the monitoring of cell clonal expansion in patients treated with retrovirus-based gene therapy vectors, or patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). These insights span from integrase (IN) enzyme sequence preferences within target DNA (tDNA) at the sites of integration, to the roles of host cellular proteins in mediating global integration distribution, to the potential relationship between genomic location of vDNA integration site and retroviral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Serrao
- a Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- a Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
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19
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Demange A, Yajjou-Hamalian H, Gallay K, Luengo C, Beven V, Leroux A, Confort MP, Al Andary E, Gouet P, Moreau K, Ronfort C, Blanchard Y. Porcine endogenous retrovirus-A/C: biochemical properties of its integrase and susceptibility to raltegravir. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3124-3130. [PMID: 26296914 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) are present in the genomes of pig cells. The PERV-A/C recombinant virus can infect human cells and is a major risk of zoonotic disease in the case of xenotransplantation of pig organs to humans. Raltegravir (RAL) is a viral integrase (IN) inhibitor used in highly active antiretroviral treatment. In the present study, we explored the potential use of RAL against PERV-A/C. We report (i) a three-dimensional model of the PERV-A/C intasome complexed with RAL, (ii) the sensitivity of PERV-A/C IN to RAL in vitro and (iii) the sensitivity of a PERV-A/C-IRES-GFP recombinant virus to RAL in cellulo. We demonstrated that RAL is a potent inhibitor against PERV-A/C IN and PERV-A/C replication with IC50s in the nanomolar range. To date, the use of retroviral inhibitors remains the only way to control the risk of zoonotic PERV infection during pig-to-human xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Demange
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | - Halima Yajjou-Hamalian
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, BMSSI-IBCP, UMR 5086 CNRS Université Lyon 1, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kathy Gallay
- INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Luengo
- INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Véronique Beven
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | - Aurélie Leroux
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Confort
- INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Elsy Al Andary
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France.,INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Patrice Gouet
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France.,Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, BMSSI-IBCP, UMR 5086 CNRS Université Lyon 1, 7, passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Karen Moreau
- Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France.,INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Corinne Ronfort
- UMS3444 BioSciences Gerland Lyon Sud, 69007 Lyon, France.,INRA, Université Lyon 1, UMR754, Rétrovirus et Pathologie Comparée, 69007 Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- ANSES, Ploufragan/Plouzané Laboratory, Viral Genetics and Bio-Security Unit, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
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20
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Complete Genome Sequence of a Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus Isolated from a Bama Minipig in Guangxi, Southern China. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/3/e00620-15. [PMID: 26067965 PMCID: PMC4463529 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00620-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) strain, PERV-A-BM, was isolated from a Bama minipig in Guangxi, China. This is the first entire genome sequence of PERV isolated from Guangxi Bama minipigs. The isolate is closely related to isolates from Wuzhishan miniature pigs and distantly related to isolates from large white pigs.
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21
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Castilho-Fernandes A, Fontes AM, Abraham KJ, de Freitas MCC, da Rosa NG, Picanço-Castro V, de Sousa Russo-Carbolante EM, Covas DT. Significant differences in integration sites of Moloney murine leukemia virus/Moloney murine sarcoma virus retroviral vector carrying recombinant coagulation factor IX in two human cell lines. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 37:991-1001. [PMID: 25650340 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ligation-mediated-PCR was performed followed by the mapping of 177 and 150 integration sites from HepG2 and Hek293 transduced with chimera vector carrying recombinant human Factor IX (rhFIX) cDNA, respectively. The sequences were analyzed for chromosome preference, CpG, transcription start site (TSS), repetitive elements, fragile sites and target genes. In HepG2, rhFIX was had an increased preference for chromosomes 6 and 17; the median distance to the nearest CpG islands was 15,240 base pairs and 37 % of the integrations occurred in RefSeq genes. In Hek293, rhFIX had an increased preference for chromosome 5; the median distance to the nearest CpG islands was 209,100 base pairs and 74 % of the integrations occurred in RefSeq genes. The integrations in both cell lines were distant from the TSS. The integration patterns associated with this vector are different in each cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrielle Castilho-Fernandes
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Center for Cell Therapy and Regional Blood Center, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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22
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Porcine endogenous retroviruses in xenotransplantation--molecular aspects. Viruses 2014; 6:2062-83. [PMID: 24828841 PMCID: PMC4036542 DOI: 10.3390/v6052062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the context of the shortage of organs and other tissues for use in human transplantation, xenotransplantation procedures with material taken from pigs have come under increased consideration. However, there are unclear consequences of the potential transmission of porcine pathogens to humans. Of particular concern are porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). Three subtypes of PERV have been identified, of which PERV-A and PERV-B have the ability to infect human cells in vitro. The PERV-C subtype does not show this ability but recombinant PERV-A/C forms have demonstrated infectivity in human cells. In view of the risk presented by these observations, the International Xenotransplantation Association recently indicated the existence of four strategies to prevent transmission of PERVs. This article focuses on the molecular aspects of PERV infection in xenotransplantation and reviews the techniques available for the detection of PERV DNA, RNA, reverse transcriptase activity and proteins, and anti-PERV antibodies to enable carrying out these recommendations. These methods could be used to evaluate the risk of PERV transmission in human recipients, enhance the effectiveness and reliability of monitoring procedures, and stimulate discussion on the development of improved, more sensitive methods for the detection of PERVs in the future.
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23
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Gola J, Mazurek U. Detection of porcine endogenous retrovirus in xenotransplantation. Reprod Biol 2014; 14:68-73. [PMID: 24607257 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Xenotransplantation can provide a virtually limitless supply of cells, tissues and organs for a variety of therapeutic procedures. Cells and tissues for use in human transplantation procedures could be supplied using material taken from pigs. However, there is a potential risk of transmission of porcine infectious agents, including porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), to a novel human host, with as yet unknown consequences. Three subtypes of PERV have been identified, of which both PERV-A and PERV-B have the ability to infect human cells in vitro. The third subtype, PERV-C, does not show this ability. Recombinant PERV-A/C forms have demonstrated infectivity in human cell culture. Monitoring in xenotransplantation should comprise screening of the source pig herd (PERV-A and PERV-B level expression assessment, PERV-C detection) and screening of recipients (differentiation between PERV transmission and chimerism). The detection of PERVs includes analyses of both DNA and RNA (PCR and RT-PCR), quantitative determination of the level of PERV nucleic acids (real-time PCR and real-time RT-PCR), assessment of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity (RT assays) and viral and recipient protein detection (immunological methods). In summary, all available methods should be used in monitoring of PERVs in xenotransplantation, and caution should be exercised at all stages of monitoring. Such monitoring has enormous significance for eliminating the possibility of transmission of PERV infection, thus contributing to higher levels of safety in xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gola
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Urszula Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Silesia, Jednosci 8, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
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24
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Degradation Effect of Diepoxide Fixation on Porcine Endogenous Retrovirus DNA in Heart Valves: Molecular Aspects. Int J Artif Organs 2012; 35:25-33. [DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Xenotransplantations of porcine cells, tissues, and organs involve a risk of zoonotic viral infections in recipients, including by porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), which are embedded the genome of all pigs. An appropriate preparation of porcine heart valves for transplantation can prevent retroviral infection. Therefore, the present study focuses on the effect of epoxy compounds and glutaraldehyde on the PERV presence in porcine heart valves prepared for clinical use. Methods Porcine aortic heart valves were fixed with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EDGE) at 5°C and 25°C as well as with glutaraldehyde (GA) for 4 weeks. Salting out was used to isolate genomic DNA from native as well as EDGE- and GA-fixed fragments of valves every week. Quantification of PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C DNA was performed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR). Results All subtypes of PERVs were detected in native porcine aortic heart valves. The reduction of the PERV-A, PERV-B, and PERV-C DNA copy numbers was observed in the heart valves which were EDGE-fixed at both temperatures, and in GA-fixed ones in the following weeks. After 7 and 14 days of EDGE cross-linking, significant differences between the investigated temperatures were found for the number of PERV-A and PERV-B copies. PERV DNA was completely degraded within the first week of EDGE fixation at 25°C. Conclusions EDGE fixation induces complete PERV genetic material degradation in porcine aortic heart valves. This suggests that epoxy compounds may be alternatively used in the preparation of bioprosthetic heart valves in future.
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25
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Linheiro RS, Bergman CM. Whole genome resequencing reveals natural target site preferences of transposable elements in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30008. [PMID: 22347367 PMCID: PMC3276498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements are mobile DNA sequences that integrate into host genomes using diverse mechanisms with varying degrees of target site specificity. While the target site preferences of some engineered transposable elements are well studied, the natural target preferences of most transposable elements are poorly characterized. Using population genomic resequencing data from 166 strains of Drosophila melanogaster, we identified over 8,000 new insertion sites not present in the reference genome sequence that we used to decode the natural target preferences of 22 families of transposable element in this species. We found that terminal inverted repeat transposon and long terminal repeat retrotransposon families present clade-specific target site duplications and target site sequence motifs. Additionally, we found that the sequence motifs at transposable element target sites are always palindromes that extend beyond the target site duplication. Our results demonstrate the utility of population genomics data for high-throughput inference of transposable element targeting preferences in the wild and establish general rules for terminal inverted repeat transposon and long terminal repeat retrotransposon target site selection in eukaryotic genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S. Linheiro
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Casey M. Bergman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Rusmevichientong A, Chow SA. Biology and pathophysiology of the new human retrovirus XMRV and its association with human disease. Immunol Res 2011; 48:27-39. [PMID: 20717743 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-010-8165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a new human retrovirus originally identified in prostate cancer patients with a deficiency in the antiviral enzyme RNase L. XMRV has been detected with varying frequencies in cases of prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), as well as in a small proportion of healthy individuals. An etiologic link between XMRV infection and human disease, however, has yet to be established. Here, we summarize existing knowledge regarding the characteristics of XMRV replication, association of XMRV with prostate cancer and CFS, and potential mechanisms of XMRV pathophysiology. We also highlight several areas, such as the establishment of standardized assays and the development of animal models, as future directions to advance our current understanding of XMRV and its relevance to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rusmevichientong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology Institute, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Lim KI, Klimczak R, Yu JH, Schaffer DV. Specific insertions of zinc finger domains into Gag-Pol yield engineered retroviral vectors with selective integration properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12475-80. [PMID: 20616052 PMCID: PMC2906550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001402107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral vectors offer benefits of efficient delivery and stable gene expression; however, their clinical use raises the concerns of insertional mutagenesis and potential oncogenesis due to genomic integration preferences in transcriptional start sites (TSS). We have shifted the integration preferences of retroviral vectors by generating a library of viral variants with a DNA-binding domain inserted at random positions throughout murine leukemia virus Gag-Pol, then selecting for variants that are viable and exhibit altered integration properties. We found seven permissive zinc finger domain (ZFD) insertion sites throughout Gag-Pol, including within p12, reverse transcriptase, and integrase. Comprehensive genome integration analysis showed that several ZFD insertions yielded retroviral vector variants with shifted integration patterns that did not favor TSS. Furthermore, integration site analysis revealed selective integration for numerous mutants. For example, two retroviral variants with a given ZFD at appropriate positions in Gag-Pol strikingly integrated primarily into four common sites out of 3.1 x 10(9) possible human genome locations (P = 4.6 x 10(-29)). Our findings demonstrate that insertion of DNA-binding motifs into multiple locations in Gag-Pol can make considerable progress toward engineering safer retroviral vectors that integrate into a significantly narrowed pool of sites on human genome and overcome the preference for TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-il Lim
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 278 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
| | - Ryan Klimczak
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 278 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
| | - Julie H. Yu
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 278 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
| | - David V. Schaffer
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, 278 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3220
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28
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Kim S, Rusmevichientong A, Dong B, Remenyi R, Silverman RH, Chow SA. Fidelity of target site duplication and sequence preference during integration of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10255. [PMID: 20421928 PMCID: PMC2857682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus (XMRV) is a new human retrovirus associated with prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. The causal relationship of XMRV infection to human disease and the mechanism of pathogenicity have not been established. During retrovirus replication, integration of the cDNA copy of the viral RNA genome into the host cell chromosome is an essential step and involves coordinated joining of the two ends of the linear viral DNA into staggered sites on target DNA. Correct integration produces proviruses that are flanked by a short direct repeat, which varies from 4 to 6 bp among the retroviruses but is invariant for each particular retrovirus. Uncoordinated joining of the two viral DNA ends into target DNA can cause insertions, deletions, or other genomic alterations at the integration site. To determine the fidelity of XMRV integration, cells infected with XMRV were clonally expanded and DNA sequences at the viral-host DNA junctions were determined and analyzed. We found that a majority of the provirus ends were correctly processed and flanked by a 4-bp direct repeat of host DNA. A weak consensus sequence was also detected at the XMRV integration sites. We conclude that integration of XMRV DNA involves a coordinated joining of two viral DNA ends that are spaced 4 bp apart on the target DNA and proceeds with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanggu Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alice Rusmevichientong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology Institute, and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Beihua Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Roland Remenyi
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology Institute, and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samson A. Chow
- Biomedical Engineering Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Molecular Biology Institute, and University of California Los Angeles AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wayengera M. On the general theory of the origins of retroviruses. Theor Biol Med Model 2010; 7:5. [PMID: 20158888 PMCID: PMC2830970 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The order retroviridae comprises viruses based on ribonucleic acids (RNA). Some, such as HIV and HTLV, are human pathogens. Newly emerged human retroviruses have zoonotic origins. As far as has been established, both repeated infections (themselves possibly responsible for the evolution of viral mutations (Vm) and host adaptability (Ha)); along with interplay between inhibitors and promoters of cell tropism, are needed to effect retroviral cross-species transmissions. However, the exact modus operadi of intertwine between these factors at molecular level remains to be established. Knowledge of such intertwine could lead to a better understanding of retrovirology and possibly other infectious processes. This study was conducted to derive the mathematical equation of a general theory of the origins of retroviruses. Methods and results On the basis of an arbitrarily non-Euclidian geometrical "thought experiment" involving the cross-species transmission of simian foamy virus (sfv) from a non-primate species Xy to Homo sapiens (Hs), initially excluding all social factors, the following was derived. At the port of exit from Xy (where the species barrier, SB, is defined by the Index of Origin, IO), sfv shedding is (1) enhanced by two transmitting tensors (Tt), (i) virus-specific immunity (VSI) and (ii) evolutionary defenses such as APOBEC, RNA interference pathways, and (when present) expedited therapeutics (denoted e2D); and (2) opposed by the five accepting scalars (At): (a) genomic integration hot spots, gIHS, (b) nuclear envelope transit (NMt) vectors, (c) virus-specific cellular biochemistry, VSCB, (d) virus-specific cellular receptor repertoire, VSCR, and (e) pH-mediated cell membrane transit, (↓pH CMat). Assuming As and Tt to be independent variables, IO = Tt/As. The same forces acting in an opposing manner determine SB at the port of sfv entry (defined here by the Index of Entry, IE = As/Tt). Overall, If sfv encounters no unforeseen effects on transit between Xy and Hs, then the square root of the combined index of sfv transmissibility (√|RTI|) is proportional to the product IO* IE (or ~Vm* Ha* ∑Tt*∑As*Ω), where Ω is the retrovirological constant and ∑ is a function of the ratio Tt/As or As/Tt for sfv transmission from Xy to Hs. Conclusions I present a mathematical formalism encapsulating the general theory of the origins of retroviruses. It summarizes the choreography for the intertwined interplay of factors influencing the probability of retroviral cross-species transmission: Vm, Ha, Tt, As, and Ω.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Wayengera
- Unit of Theoretical Biology, Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, PO Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda.
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30
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Retroviral integration site selection. Viruses 2010; 2:111-130. [PMID: 21994603 PMCID: PMC3185549 DOI: 10.3390/v2010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The stable insertion of a copy of their genome into the host cell genome is an essential step of the life cycle of retroviruses. The site of viral DNA integration, mediated by the viral-encoded integrase enzyme, has important consequences for both the virus and the host cell. The analysis of retroviral integration site distribution was facilitated by the availability of the human genome sequence, revealing the non-random feature of integration site selection and identifying different favored and disfavored genomic locations for individual retroviruses. This review will summarize the current knowledge about retroviral differences in their integration site preferences as well as the mechanisms involved in this process.
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31
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Huh JW, Kim DS, Ha HS, Ahn K, Chang KT, Cho BW, Kim HS. Identification and molecular characterization of PERV gamma1 long terminal repeats. Mol Cells 2009; 27:119-23. [PMID: 19214442 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) gamma1 in the pig genome have the potential to act as harmful factors in xenotransplantation (pig-to-human). Long terminal repeats (LTRs) are known to be strong promoter elements that could control the transcription activity of PERV elements and the adjacent functional genes. To investigate the transcribed PERV gamma1 LTR elements in pig tissues, bioin-formatic and experimental approaches were conducted. Using RT-PCR amplification and sequencing approaches, 69 different transcribed LTR elements were identified. And 69 LTR elements could be divided into six groups (15 subgroups) by internal variation including tandem repeated sequences, insertion and deletion (INDEL). Remarkably, all internal variations were indentified in U3 region of LTR elements. Taken together, the identification and characterization of various PERV LTR transcripts allow us to extend our knowledge of PERV and its transcriptional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Huh
- Division of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, Korea
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Genome areas with high gene density and CpG island neighborhood strongly attract porcine endogenous retrovirus for integration and favor the formation of hot spots. J Virol 2008; 83:1920-9. [PMID: 19036816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00856-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) are members of the gammaretrovirus genus and display integration preferences around transcription start sites, a finding which is similar to the preferences of the murine leukemia virus (MLV). Our new genome-wide analysis of the integration profile of a recombinant PERV (PERV A/C), enabled us to examine more than 1,900 integration sites and identify 224 integration hot spots. Investigation of the possible genome features involved in hot-spot formation revealed that the expression level of the genes did not influence distribution of the integration sites of gammaretroviruses (PERV and MLV) or the formation of integration hot spots. However, PERV integration and the presence of hot spots was found to be greater in areas of the genome with high densities of genes with CpG islands. Surprisingly, this was not true for MLV. Simulation of integration profiles revealed that retrovirus integration studies involving the use of the restriction enzyme MseI (widely used in genome integration studies of MLV and gammaretroviral vector) underestimated integration near CpG islands and in gene-dense areas. These results suggest that the integration of gammaretrovirus or gammaretroviral vectors might occur preferentially in genome areas that are highly enriched in genes under CpG island promoter regulation.
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Integration site preference of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus, a new human retrovirus associated with prostate cancer. J Virol 2008; 82:9964-77. [PMID: 18684813 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01299-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a new human gammaretrovirus identified in prostate cancer tissue from patients homozygous for a reduced-activity variant of the antiviral enzyme RNase L. Neither a casual relationship between XMRV infection and prostate cancer nor a mechanism of tumorigenesis has been established. To determine the integration site preferences of XMRV and the potential risk of proviral insertional mutagenesis, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of viral integration sites in the prostate cell line DU145 after an acute XMRV infection and compared the integration site pattern of XMRV with those found for murine leukemia virus and two human retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Among all retroviruses analyzed, XMRV has the strongest preference for transcription start sites, CpG islands, DNase-hypersensitive sites, and gene-dense regions; all are features frequently associated with structurally open transcription regulatory regions of a chromosome. Analyses of XMRV integration sites in tissues from prostate cancer patients found a similar preference for the aforementioned chromosomal features. Additionally, XMRV integration sites in cancer tissues were associated with cancer breakpoints, common fragile sites, microRNA, and cancer-related genes, suggesting a selection process that favors certain chromosomal integration sites. In both acutely infected cells and cancer tissues, no common integration site was detected within or near proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. These results are consistent with a model in which XMRV may contribute to tumorigenicity via a paracrine mechanism.
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34
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Torne-Celer C, Moreau K, Faure C, Chebloune Y, Verdier G, Ronfort C. A novel self-deleting retroviral vector carrying an additional sequence recognized by the viral integrase (IN). Virus Res 2008; 135:72-82. [PMID: 18420298 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During retroviral integration, the viral integrase recognizes the attachment (att) sequence (formed by juxtaposition of two LTRs ends) as the substrate of integration. We have developed a self-deleting Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma Viruses (ALSVs)-based retroviral vector carrying an additional copy of the att sequence, between neo and puro genes. We observed that: (i) the resulting NP3Catt vector was produced at neo and puro titers respectively smaller and higher than that of the parental vector devoid of the att sequence; (ii) 61% of NP3Catt proviruses were flanked by LTRs; most of them were deleted of internal sequences, probably during the reverse transcription step; (iii) 31% of clones were deleted of the whole 5' part of their genome and were flanked, in 5', by the additional att sequence and, in 3', by an LTR. Integration of these last proviruses was often imprecise with respect to the viral ends. At total, 77% of proviruses had lost the packaging signal and were not mobilizable by a replication-competent virus and 92% had lost the selectable gene in a single round of replication. Although still to improve, the att vector could be considered as an interesting new safe retroviral vector for gene transfer experiments.
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35
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Kfoury C. Therapeutic cloning: promises and issues. Mcgill J Med 2007; 10:112-20. [PMID: 18523539 PMCID: PMC2323472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in biotechnology necessitate both an understanding of scientific principles and ethical implications to be clinically applicable in medicine. In this regard, therapeutic cloning offers significant potential in regenerative medicine by circumventing immunorejection, and in the cure of genetic disorders when used in conjunction with gene therapy. Therapeutic cloning in the context of cell replacement therapy holds a huge potential for de novo organogenesis and the permanent treatment of Parkinson's disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and diabetes mellitus as shown by in vivo studies. Scientific roadblocks impeding advancement in therapeutic cloning are tumorigenicity, epigenetic reprogramming, mitochondrial heteroplasmy, interspecies pathogen transfer, low oocyte availability. Therapeutic cloning is also often tied to ethical considerations concerning the source, destruction and moral status of IVF embryos based on the argument of potential. Legislative and funding issues are also addressed. Future considerations would include a distinction between therapeutic and reproductive cloning in legislative formulations.
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Baertschiger RM, Buhler LH. Xenotransplantation literature update November-December 2006. Xenotransplantation 2007; 14:166-70. [PMID: 17381692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3089.2007.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reto M Baertschiger
- Surgical Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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