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Okamura T, Shimizu Y, Asaka MN, Kanuma T, Tsujimura Y, Yamamoto T, Matsuo K, Yasutomi Y. Long-term protective immunity induced by an adjuvant-containing live-attenuated AIDS virus. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:124. [PMID: 34686680 PMCID: PMC8536741 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of an adjuvant in vaccination is thought to be effective for enhancing immune responses to various pathogens. We genetically constructed a live attenuated simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) to express the adjuvant molecule Ag85B (SHIV-Ag85B). SHIV-Ag85B could not be detected 4 weeks after injection in cynomolgus macaques, and strong SHIV-specific T cell responses were induced in these macaques. When the macaques in which SHIV-Ag85B had become undetectable were challenged with pathogenic SHIV89.6P at 37 weeks after SHIV-Ag85B had become undetectable, SHIV89.6P was not detected after the challenge. Eradication of SHIV89.6P was confirmed by adoptive transfer experiments and CD8-depletion studies. The SHIV-Ag85B-inoculated macaques showed enhancement of Gag-specific monofunctional and polyfunctional CD8+ T cells in the acute phase of the pathogenic SHIV challenge. The results suggest that SHIV-Ag85B elicited strong sterile immune responses against pathogenic SHIV and that it may lead to the development of a vaccine for AIDS virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotaka Okamura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yuya Shimizu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Masamitsu N Asaka
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kanuma
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tsujimura
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Immunosenescence, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuo
- Research and Development Department, Japan BCG Laboratory, Tokyo, 204-0022, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yasutomi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Vaccine Research, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, 305-0843, Japan. .,Division of Immunoregulation, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.
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Watanabe S, Fujino M, Saito Y, Ahmed N, Sato H, Sugimoto C, Okamura T, Hanaki K, Nakayama EE, Shioda T, Matsushima K, Ansari AA, Villinger F, Mori K. Protective Immune Responses Elicited by Deglycosylated Live-Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Are Associated with IL-15 Effector Functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:1331-1344. [PMID: 32747501 PMCID: PMC7484436 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deglycosylated, live-attenuated SIV vaccines elicited protective immune responses against heterologous SIVsmE543-3, which differs from the vaccine strain SIVmac239 to levels similar to those across HIV-1 clades. Two thirds of the vaccinees contained the chronic SIVsmE543-3 infection (controllers), whereas one third did not (noncontrollers). In this study, we investigated immune correlates of heterologous challenge control in rhesus macaques of Burmese origin. Because depletion of CD8+ cells in the controllers by administration of anti-CD8α Ab abrogated the control of viral replication, CD8+ cells were required for the protective immune response. However, classical SIV-specific CD8+ T cells did not account for the protective immune response in all controllers. Instead, IL-15-responding CD8α+ cells, including CD8+ T and NK cells, were significantly higher in the controllers than those in the noncontrollers, before and after vaccination with deglycosylated SIV. It is well established that IL-15 signal transduction occurs through "trans-presentation" in which IL-15 complexed with IL-15Rα on monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells binds to IL-15 Rβ/γ expressed on CD8+ T and NK cells. Accordingly, levels of IL-15 stimulation were strongly affected by the depletion of monocytes from PBMCs, implying key roles of innate immune cells. These results suggest that intrinsic IL-15 responsiveness may dictate the outcome of protective responses and may lead to optimized formulations of future broadly protective HIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Watanabe
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yohei Saito
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba 305-0843, Japan
| | - Nursarat Ahmed
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | | | - Tomotaka Okamura
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba 305-0843, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hanaki
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Emi E Nakayama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kouji Matsushima
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Japan
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA 70562
| | - Kazuyasu Mori
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
- Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tsukuba 305-0843, Japan
- Division of Molecular Regulation of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Japan
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Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Targeting of CXCR3 + CD4 + T Cells in Secondary Lymphoid Organs Is Associated with Robust CXCL10 Expression in Monocyte/Macrophage Subsets. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00439-17. [PMID: 28424283 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00439-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of Env defines pathogenic properties of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We previously demonstrated that pathogenic SIVmac239 and a live-attenuated, quintuple deglycosylated Env mutant (Δ5G) virus target CD4+ T cells residing in different tissues during acute infection. SIVmac239 and Δ5G preferentially infected distinct CD4+ T cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and within the lamina propria of the small intestine, respectively (C. Sugimoto et al., J Virol 86:9323-9336, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00948-12). Here, we studied the host responses relevant to SIV targeting of CXCR3+ CCR5+ CD4+ T cells in SLOs. Genome-wide transcriptome analyses revealed that Th1-polarized inflammatory responses, defined by expression of CXCR3 chemokines, were distinctly induced in the SIVmac239-infected animals. Consistent with robust expression of CXCL10, CXCR3+ T cells were depleted from blood in the SIVmac239-infected animals. We also discovered that elevation of CXCL10 expression in blood and SLOs was secondary to the induction of CD14+ CD16+ monocytes and MAC387+ macrophages, respectively. Since the significantly higher levels of SIV infection in SLOs occurred with a massive accumulation of infiltrated MAC387+ macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), and residential macrophages near high endothelial venules, the results highlight critical roles of innate/inflammatory responses in SIVmac239 infection. Restricted infection in SLOs by Δ5G also suggests that glycosylation of Env modulates innate/inflammatory responses elicited by cells of monocyte/macrophage/DC lineages.IMPORTANCE We previously demonstrated that a pathogenic SIVmac239 virus and a live-attenuated, deglycosylated mutant Δ5G virus infected distinct CD4+ T cell subsets in SLOs and the small intestine, respectively (C. Sugimoto et al., J Virol 86:9323-9336, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00948-12). Accordingly, infections with SIVmac239, but not with Δ5G, deplete CXCR3+ CCR5+ CD4+ T (Th1) cells during the primary infection, thereby compromising the cellular immune response. Thus, we hypothesized that distinct host responses are elicited by the infections with two different viruses. We found that SIVmac239 induced distinctly higher levels of inflammatory Th1 responses than Δ5G. In particular, SIVmac239 infection elicited robust expression of CXCL10, a chemokine for CXCR3+ cells, in CD14+ CD16+ monocytes and MAC387+ macrophages recently infiltrated in SLOs. In contrast, Δ5G infection elicited only modest inflammatory responses. These results suggest that the glycosylation of Env modulates the inflammatory/Th1 responses through the monocyte/macrophage subsets and elicits marked differences in SIV infection and clinical outcomes.
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Byrareddy SN, Little D, Mayne AE, Villinger F, Ansari AA. Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies with Specificity for Rhesus Macaque CD200, CD200R and Mincle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140689. [PMID: 26468886 PMCID: PMC4607400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lectin-like molecules and their receptors are cell surface molecules that have been shown to play a role in either facilitating infection or serving as transporters of HIV/SIV in vivo. The role of these lectin-like molecules in the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV infection continues to be defined. In efforts to gain further insight on the potential role of these lectin-like molecules, our laboratory generated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the human analogs of rhesus macaque CD200, CD200R and Mincle, since the rhesus macaques are accepted as the most reliable animal model to study human HIV infection. The characterization of the cell lineages from the blood and various tissues of rhesus macaques that express these lectin-like molecules are described herein. Among the mononuclear cells, the cells of the myeloid lineage of rhesus macaques are the predominant cell lineages that express readily detectable levels of CD200, CD200R and Mincle that is similar to the expression of Siglec-1 and Siglec-3 reported by our laboratory earlier. Subset analysis revealed that a higher frequency of the CD14+/CD16- subset from normal rhesus macaques express CD200, CD200R and Mincle. Differences in the frequencies and density of expression of these molecules by the gated population of CD14+ cells from various tissues are noted with PBMC and bone marrow expressing the highest and the mononuclear cells isolated from the colon and ileum expressing the lowest levels. While a significant frequency of pDCs and mDCs express Siglec-1/Siglec-3, a much lower frequency expresses CD200, CD200R and Mincle in PBMCs from rhesus macaques. The mAb against CD200 and CD200R but not Mincle appear to inhibit the infection of macrophage tropic SIV/SHIV in vitro. We conclude that these mAbs may have potential to be used as adjunctive therapeutic agents to control/inhibit SIV/HIV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Macaca mulatta/immunology
- Macaca mulatta/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/virology
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Dawn Little
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ann E. Mayne
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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