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Milagros S, de Erenchun PRR, Guembe M, Carte B, Méndez M, Uribarri A, Aldabe R. The infectivity of AAV9 is influenced by the specific location and extent of chemically modified capsid residues. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:34. [PMID: 38745236 PMCID: PMC11092203 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several treatments for genetic diseases utilizing recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) have recently gained approval. However, the development of a greater number of therapeutic AAVs is constrained by certain limitations. While extensive efforts have concentrated on screening AAV genetic libraries, an alternative strategy involves modifying the AAV capsid by attaching various moieties. The capsid of AAV plays a pivotal role in transducing target cells and evading immune responses, making modifications a key avenue for engineering improved variants. RESULTS In our study, we replaced specific AAV9 capsid residues with an unnatural amino acid bearing a bioorthogonal group, identifying four positions with no adverse impact on production. Utilizing click chemistry, we attached varying proportions of Cy5.5 to these positions, allowing us to assess the impact of these modifications on AAV9 infectivity in cultured cells. Our findings reveal that both the position and degree of capsid modification significantly affect AAV transduction. While higher amounts of attached molecules lead to an increased number of AAV genomes within cells, this does not positively impact transgene expression. Conversely, a negative impact on transgene expression is observed when the AAV capsid is highly modified, with the degree of this effect associated with the modified residue. CONCLUSION Careful control of both the degree and specific position of capsid modifications is crucial for optimizing transduction efficiency and minimizing undesired effects on transgene expression. These results underscore the importance of precision in AAV capsid modification to achieve optimal transduction efficiency while mitigating potential drawbacks on transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Milagros
- DNA and RNA Medicine Division, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Maite Guembe
- DNA and RNA Medicine Division, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Carte
- DNA and RNA Medicine Division, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Méndez
- DNA and RNA Medicine Division, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ander Uribarri
- DNA and RNA Medicine Division, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Aldabe
- DNA and RNA Medicine Division, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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2
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Mietzsch M, Nelson AR, Hsi J, Zachary J, Potts L, Chipman P, Ghanem M, Khandekar N, Alexander IE, Logan GJ, Huiskonen JT, McKenna R. Structural characterization of antibody-responses from Zolgensma treatment provides the blueprint for the engineering of an AAV capsid suitable for redosing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.01.590489. [PMID: 38746165 PMCID: PMC11092599 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.01.590489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are useful tools to dissect the neutralizing antibody response against the adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsids used as gene therapy delivery vectors. This study structurally characterizes the interactions of 21 human-derived antibodies from patients treated with the AAV9 vector, Zolgensma ® , utilizing high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy. The majority of the bound antibodies do not conform to the icosahedral symmetry of the capsid, thus requiring localized reconstructions. These complex structures provide unprecedented details of the mAbs binding interfaces, with some antibodies inducing structural perturbations of the capsid upon binding. Key surface capsid amino acid residues were identified facilitating the design of capsid variants with an antibody escape phenotype, with the potential to expand the patient cohort treatable with AAV9 vectors to include those that were previously excluded due to their pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, and possibly also to those requiring redosing.
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3
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Casy W, Garza IT, Chen X, Dong T, Hu Y, Kanchwala M, Trygg CB, Shyng C, Xing C, Bunnell BA, Braun SE, Gray SJ. SMRT Sequencing Enables High-Throughput Identification of Novel AAVs from Capsid Shuffling and Directed Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1660. [PMID: 37628711 PMCID: PMC10454592 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of AAV capsid libraries coupled with various selection strategies has proven to be a remarkable approach for generating novel AAVs with enhanced and desired features. The inability to reliably sequence the complete capsid gene in a high-throughput manner has been the bottleneck of capsid engineering. As a result, many library strategies are confined to localized and modest alterations in the capsid, such as peptide insertions or single variable region (VR) alterations. The caveat of short reads by means of next-generation sequencing (NGS) hinders the diversity of capsid library construction, shifting the field away from whole-capsid modifications. We generated AAV capsid shuffled libraries of naturally occurring AAVs and applied directed evolution in both mice and non-human primates (NHPs), with the goal of yielding AAVs that are compatible across both species for translational applications. We recovered DNA from the tissues of injected animal and used single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing to identify variants enriched in the central nervous system (CNS). We provide insights and considerations for variant identification by comparing bulk tissue sequencing to that of isolated nuclei. Our work highlights the potential advantages of whole-capsid engineering, as well as indispensable methodological improvements for the analysis of recovered capsids, including the nuclei-enrichment step and SMRT sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Widler Casy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (I.T.G.); (X.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Irvin T. Garza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (I.T.G.); (X.C.); (Y.H.)
- Graduate School of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (I.T.G.); (X.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Thomas Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (I.T.G.); (X.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (I.T.G.); (X.C.); (Y.H.)
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.K.)
| | - Cynthia B. Trygg
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA (B.A.B.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Charles Shyng
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (M.K.)
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bruce A. Bunnell
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA (B.A.B.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Stephen E. Braun
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA 70433, USA (B.A.B.); (S.E.B.)
| | - Steven J. Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA (I.T.G.); (X.C.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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4
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Piletska E, Veron P, Bertin B, Mingozzi F, Jones D, Norman RL, Earley J, Karim K, Garcia-Cruz A, Piletsky S. Analysis of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 8 (AAV8)-antibody complexes using epitope mapping by molecular imprinting leads to the identification of Fab peptides that potentially evade AAV8 neutralisation. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2023; 52:102691. [PMID: 37329939 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2023.102691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising approach for treating genetic disorders by delivering therapeutic genes to replace or correct malfunctioning genes. However, the introduced gene therapy vector can trigger an immune response, leading to reduced efficacy and potential harm to the patient. To improve the efficiency and safety of gene therapy, preventing the immune response to the vector is crucial. This can be achieved through the use of immunosuppressive drugs, vector engineering to evade the immune system, or delivery methods that bypass the immune system altogether. By reducing the immune response, gene therapy can deliver therapeutic genes more effectively and potentially cure genetic diseases. In this study, a novel molecular imprinting technique, combined with mass-spectrometry and bioinformatics, was used to identify four antigen-binding fragments (Fab) sequences of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) - neutralising antibodies capable of binding to AAV. The identified Fab peptides were shown to prevent AAV8's binding to antibodies, demonstrating their potential to improve gene therapy efficiency by preventing the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piletska
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Philippe Veron
- Laboratory of Immunology, Genethon, 91002 Evry Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Donald Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK; Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Rachel L Norman
- Cancer Research Centre, RKCSB, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; Van Geest MS Omics Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Joseph Earley
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Kal Karim
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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5
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Logan GJ, Mietzsch M, Khandekar N, D'Silva A, Anderson D, Mandwie M, Hsi J, Nelson AR, Chipman P, Jackson J, Schofield P, Christ D, Goodnow CC, Reed JH, Farrar MA, McKenna R, Alexander IE. Structural and functional characterization of capsid binding by anti-AAV9 monoclonal antibodies from infants after SMA gene therapy. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1979-1993. [PMID: 37012705 PMCID: PMC10362397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Success in the treatment of infants with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) underscores the potential of vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV). However, a major obstacle to the full realization of this potential is pre-existing natural and therapy-induced anti-capsid humoral immunity. Structure-guided capsid engineering is one possible approach to surmounting this challenge but necessitates an understanding of capsid-antibody interactions at high molecular resolution. Currently, only mouse-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are available to structurally map these interactions, which presupposes that mouse and human-derived antibodies are functionally equivalent. In this study, we have characterized the polyclonal antibody responses of infants following AAV9-mediated gene therapy for SMA and recovered 35 anti-capsid mAbs from the abundance of switched-memory B (smB) cells present in these infants. For 21 of these mAbs, seven from each of three infants, we have undertaken functional and structural analysis measuring neutralization, affinities, and binding patterns by cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). Four distinct patterns were observed akin to those reported for mouse-derived mAbs, but with early evidence of differing binding pattern preference and underlying molecular interactions. This is the first human and largest series of anti-capsid mAbs to have been comprehensively characterized and will prove to be powerful tools for basic discovery and applied purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant J Logan
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Neeta Khandekar
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Arlene D'Silva
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Anderson
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mawj Mandwie
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane Hsi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Austin R Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul Chipman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer Jackson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, UNSW Sydney, Faculty of Medicine, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne H Reed
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle A Farrar
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Neurology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, McKnight Brain Institute, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney and Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Sahel DK, Vora LK, Saraswat A, Sharma S, Monpara J, D'Souza AA, Mishra D, Tryphena KP, Kawakita S, Khan S, Azhar M, Khatri DK, Patel K, Singh Thakur RR. CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing for Tissue-Specific In Vivo Targeting: Nanomaterials and Translational Perspective. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207512. [PMID: 37166046 PMCID: PMC10323670 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Clustered randomly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and its associated endonuclease protein, i.e., Cas9, have been discovered as an immune system in bacteria and archaea; nevertheless, they are now being adopted as mainstream biotechnological/molecular scissors that can modulate ample genetic and nongenetic diseases via insertion/deletion, epigenome editing, messenger RNA editing, CRISPR interference, etc. Many Food and Drug Administration-approved and ongoing clinical trials on CRISPR adopt ex vivo strategies, wherein the gene editing is performed ex vivo, followed by reimplantation to the patients. However, the in vivo delivery of the CRISPR components is still under preclinical surveillance. This review has summarized the nonviral nanodelivery strategies for gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and its recent advancements, strategic points of view, challenges, and future aspects for tissue-specific in vivo delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components using nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Sahel
- Department of PharmacyBirla Institute of Technology and Science‐PilaniBITS‐Pilani, Vidya ViharPilaniRajasthan333031India
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of PharmacyQueen's University Belfast97 Lisburn RoadBelfastBT9 7BLUK
| | - Aishwarya Saraswat
- College of Pharmacy & Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNY11439USA
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical InnovationLos AngelesCA90064USA
| | - Jasmin Monpara
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of SciencesPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Anisha A. D'Souza
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and School of PharmacyDuquesne UniversityPittsburghPA15282USA
| | - Deepakkumar Mishra
- School of PharmacyQueen's University Belfast97 Lisburn RoadBelfastBT9 7BLUK
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience LabDepartment of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)‐HyderabadTelangana500037India
| | - Satoru Kawakita
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCA95616USA
| | - Shahid Khan
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical InnovationLos AngelesCA90064USA
| | - Mohd Azhar
- Research and Development Tata Medical and Diagnostics LimitedMumbaiMaharashtra400001India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience LabDepartment of Pharmacology and ToxicologyNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)‐HyderabadTelangana500037India
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy & Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNY11439USA
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7
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Golm SK, Hübner W, Müller KM. Fluorescence Microscopy in Adeno-Associated Virus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051174. [PMID: 37243260 DOI: 10.3390/v15051174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on adeno-associated virus (AAV) and its recombinant vectors as well as on fluorescence microscopy imaging is rapidly progressing driven by clinical applications and new technologies, respectively. The topics converge, since high and super-resolution microscopes facilitate the study of spatial and temporal aspects of cellular virus biology. Labeling methods also evolve and diversify. We review these interdisciplinary developments and provide information on the technologies used and the biological knowledge gained. The emphasis lies on the visualization of AAV proteins by chemical fluorophores, protein fusions and antibodies as well as on methods for the detection of adeno-associated viral DNA. We add a short overview of fluorescent microscope techniques and their advantages and challenges in detecting AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne K Golm
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Biomolecular Photonics, Faculty of Physics, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kristian M Müller
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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8
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Ertl HCJ. Mitigating Serious Adverse Events in Gene Therapy with AAV Vectors: Vector Dose and Immunosuppression. Drugs 2023; 83:287-298. [PMID: 36715794 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer with high doses of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has resulted in serious adverse events and even death of the recipients. Toxicity could most likely be circumvented by repeated injections of lower and less toxic doses of vectors. This has not been pursued as AAV vectors induce potent neutralizing antibodies, which prevent cell transduction upon reinjection of the same vector. This review discusses different types of immune responses against AAV vectors and how they offer targets for the elimination or inhibition of vector-specific neutralizing antibodies. Such antibodies can be circumvented by using different virus serotypes for sequential injections, they can be removed by plasmapheresis, or they can be destroyed by enzymatic degradation. Antibody producing cells can be eliminated by proteasome inhibitors. Drugs that inhibit T-cell responses, B-cell signaling, or presentation of the vector's antigens to B cells can prevent or reduce induction of AAV-specific antibodies. Combinations of different approaches and drugs are likely needed to suppress or eliminate neutralizing antibodies, which would then allow for repeated dosing. Alternatively, novel AAV vectors with higher transduction efficacy are being developed and may allow for a dose reduction, although it remains unknown if this will completely address the problem of high-dose adverse events.
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9
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Large EE, Chapman MS. Adeno-associated virus receptor complexes and implications for adeno-associated virus immune neutralization. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1116896. [PMID: 36846761 PMCID: PMC9950413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1116896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are among the foremost vectors for in vivo gene therapy. A number of monoclonal antibodies against several serotypes of AAV have previously been prepared. Many are neutralizing, and the predominant mechanisms have been reported as the inhibition of binding to extracellular glycan receptors or interference with some post-entry step. The identification of a protein receptor and recent structural characterization of its interactions with AAV compel reconsideration of this tenet. AAVs can be divided into two families based on which domain of the receptor is strongly bound. Neighboring domains, unseen in the high-resolution electron microscopy structures have now been located by electron tomography, pointing away from the virus. The epitopes of neutralizing antibodies, previously characterized, are now compared to the distinct protein receptor footprints of the two families of AAV. Comparative structural analysis suggests that antibody interference with protein receptor binding might be the more prevalent mechanism than interference with glycan attachment. Limited competitive binding assays give some support to the hypothesis that inhibition of binding to the protein receptor has been an overlooked mechanism of neutralization. More extensive testing is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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10
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Iglesias CF, Ristovski M, Bolic M, Cuperlovic-Culf M. rAAV Manufacturing: The Challenges of Soft Sensing during Upstream Processing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020229. [PMID: 36829723 PMCID: PMC9951952 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is the most effective viral vector technology for directly translating the genomic revolution into medicinal therapies. However, the manufacturing of rAAV viral vectors remains challenging in the upstream processing with low rAAV yield in large-scale production and high cost, limiting the generalization of rAAV-based treatments. This situation can be improved by real-time monitoring of critical process parameters (CPP) that affect critical quality attributes (CQA). To achieve this aim, soft sensing combined with predictive modeling is an important strategy that can be used for optimizing the upstream process of rAAV production by monitoring critical process variables in real time. However, the development of soft sensors for rAAV production as a fast and low-cost monitoring approach is not an easy task. This review article describes four challenges and critically discusses the possible solutions that can enable the application of soft sensors for rAAV production monitoring. The challenges from a data scientist's perspective are (i) a predictor variable (soft-sensor inputs) set without AAV viral titer, (ii) multi-step forecasting, (iii) multiple process phases, and (iv) soft-sensor development composed of the mechanistic model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milica Ristovski
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Miodrag Bolic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf
- Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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11
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Nambiar K, Wang Q, Yan H, Wilson JM. Characterizing Complex Populations of Endogenous Adeno-Associated Viruses by Single-Genome Amplification. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:1164-1173. [PMID: 35906801 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The isolation of adeno-associated virus (AAV) genomes from biomaterials at the molecular level has traditionally relied on polymerase chain reaction-based and cloning-based techniques. However, when applied to samples containing multiple species, traditional techniques for isolating viral genomes can amplify artificial recombinants and introduce polymerase misincorporation errors. In this study, we describe AAV single-genome amplification (AAV-SGA): a powerful technique to isolate, amplify, and sequence single AAV genomes from mammalian genomic DNA, which can then be used to construct vectors for gene therapy. We used AAV-SGA to precisely isolate 15 novel AAV genomes belonging to AAV clades A, D, and E and the Fringe outgroup. This technique also enables investigations of AAV population dynamics and recombination events to provide insights into virus-host interactions and virus biology. Using AAV-SGA, we identified regional heterogeneity within AAV populations from different lobes of the liver of a rhesus macaque and found evidence of frequent genomic recombination between AAV populations. This study highlights the strengths of AAV-SGA and demonstrates its capability to provide valuable insights into the biology and diversity of AAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Nambiar
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hanying Yan
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has a single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated in a small icosahedrally symmetric protein shell with 60 subunits. AAV is the leading delivery vector in emerging gene therapy treatments for inherited disorders, so its structure and molecular interactions with human hosts are of intense interest. A wide array of electron microscopic approaches have been used to visualize the virus and its complexes, depending on the scientific question, technology available, and amenability of the sample. Approaches range from subvolume tomographic analyses of complexes with large and flexible host proteins to detailed analysis of atomic interactions within the virus and with small ligands at resolutions as high as 1.6 Å. Analyses have led to the reclassification of glycan receptors as attachment factors, to structures with a new-found receptor protein, to identification of the epitopes of antibodies, and a new understanding of possible neutralization mechanisms. AAV is now well-enough characterized that it has also become a model system for EM methods development. Heralding a new era, cryo-EM is now also being deployed as an analytic tool in the process development and production quality control of high value pharmaceutical biologics, namely AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott
M. Stagg
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
- Institute
of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Craig Yoshioka
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Omar Davulcu
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael S. Chapman
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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13
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Xu G, Zhang R, Li H, Yin K, Ma X, Lou Z. Structural basis for the neurotropic AAV9 and the engineered AAVPHP.eB recognition with cellular receptors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:52-60. [PMID: 35755945 PMCID: PMC9198364 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Clade F adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9 has been utilized as therapeutic gene delivery vector, and it is capable of crossing blood brain barrier (BBB). Recently, an AAV9-based engineering serotype AAVPHP.eB with enhanced BBB crossing ability further expanded clade F AAVs' usages in the murine central nervous system (CNS) gene delivery. In this study, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the AAVPHP.eB and its parental serotype AAV9 in native form or in complex with their essential receptor AAV receptor (AAVR). These structures reveal the molecular details of their AAVR recognition, where the polycystic kidney disease repeat domain 2 (PKD2) of AAVR interacts with AAV9 and AAVPHP.eB virions at the 3-fold protrusions and the raised capsid regions between the 2- and 5-fold axes, termed the 2/5-fold wall. The interacting patterns of AAVR to AAV9 and AAVPHP.eB are similar to what was observed in AAV1/AAV2-AAVR complexes. Moreover, we found that the AAVPHP.eB variable region VIII (VR-VIII) may independently facilitate the new receptor recognition responsible for enhanced CNS transduction. Our study provides insights into the recognition principles of multiple receptors for engineered AAVPHP.eB and parental serotype AAV9, and further reveal the potential molecular basis underlying their different tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxue Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author Guangxue Xu, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ran Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huapeng Li
- PackGene Biotech, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaixin Yin
- International School of Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Beijing No.8 High School, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author Zhiyong Lou, MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Mendell JR, Connolly AM, Lehman KJ, Griffin DA, Khan SZ, Dharia SD, Quintana-Gallardo L, Rodino-Klapac LR. Testing preexisting antibodies prior to AAV gene transfer therapy: rationale, lessons and future considerations. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 25:74-83. [PMID: 35356756 PMCID: PMC8933338 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing number of gene transfer therapy studies either completed or underway, there is growing attention to the importance of preexisting adaptive immunity to the viral vectors used. The recombinant viral vectors developed for gene transfer therapy share structural features with naturally occurring wild-type virus. Antibodies generated against viral vectors obtained through a previous exposure to wild-type virus can potentially compromise transgene expression by blocking transduction, thereby limiting the therapeutic efficacy of the gene transfer therapy; they may also pose potential safety concerns. Therefore, systemic gene transfer delivery requires testing patients for preexisting antibodies. Two different assays have been used: (1) binding assays that focus on total antibodies (both neutralizing and non-neutralizing) and (2) neutralizing assays that detect neutralizing antibodies. In this review we focus on adeno-associated virus-based gene therapies, describing the immune response that occurs to naturally occurring adeno-associated viruses, the implications for patients with this exposure, the assays used to detect preexisting immune responses, and strategies to circumvent preexisting adaptive immunity to expand the patient base that could benefit from such therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry R. Mendell
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Anne M. Connolly
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Kelly J. Lehman
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | | | - Sohrab Z. Khan
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sachi D. Dharia
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Louise R. Rodino-Klapac
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., 215 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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15
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Das S, Bano S, Kapse P, Kundu GC. CRISPR based therapeutics: a new paradigm in cancer precision medicine. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:85. [PMID: 35337340 PMCID: PMC8953071 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems are the latest addition to the plethora of gene-editing tools. These systems have been repurposed from their natural counterparts by means of both guide RNA and Cas nuclease engineering. These RNA-guided systems offer greater programmability and multiplexing capacity than previous generation gene editing tools based on zinc finger nucleases and transcription activator like effector nucleases. CRISPR-Cas systems show great promise for individualization of cancer precision medicine. Main body The biology of Cas nucleases and dead Cas based systems relevant for in vivo gene therapy applications has been discussed. The CRISPR knockout, CRISPR activation and CRISPR interference based genetic screens which offer opportunity to assess functions of thousands of genes in massively parallel assays have been also highlighted. Single and combinatorial gene knockout screens lead to identification of drug targets and synthetic lethal genetic interactions across different cancer phenotypes. There are different viral and non-viral (nanoformulation based) modalities that can carry CRISPR-Cas components to different target organs in vivo. Conclusion The latest developments in the field in terms of optimization of performance of the CRISPR-Cas elements should fuel greater application of the latter in the realm of precision medicine. Lastly, how the already available knowledge can help in furtherance of use of CRISPR based tools in personalized medicine has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Das
- National Centre for Cell Science, S P Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Shehnaz Bano
- National Centre for Cell Science, S P Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Prachi Kapse
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, S P Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India. .,School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed To Be University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.
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16
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Rapti K, Grimm D. Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV) and Host Immunity - A Race Between the Hare and the Hedgehog. Front Immunol 2021; 12:753467. [PMID: 34777364 PMCID: PMC8586419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.753467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have emerged as the lead vector in clinical trials and form the basis for several approved gene therapies for human diseases, mainly owing to their ability to sustain robust and long-term in vivo transgene expression, their amenability to genetic engineering of cargo and capsid, as well as their moderate toxicity and immunogenicity. Still, recent reports of fatalities in a clinical trial for a neuromuscular disease, although linked to an exceptionally high vector dose, have raised new caution about the safety of recombinant AAVs. Moreover, concerns linger about the presence of pre-existing anti-AAV antibodies in the human population, which precludes a significant percentage of patients from receiving, and benefitting from, AAV gene therapies. These concerns are exacerbated by observations of cellular immune responses and other adverse events, including detrimental off-target transgene expression in dorsal root ganglia. Here, we provide an update on our knowledge of the immunological and molecular race between AAV (the “hedgehog”) and its human host (the “hare”), together with a compendium of state-of-the-art technologies which provide an advantage to AAV and which, thus, promise safer and more broadly applicable AAV gene therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleopatra Rapti
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, BQ0030, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant Center, BQ0030, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Structurally Mapping Antigenic Epitopes of Adeno-Associated Virus 9: Development of Antibody Escape Variants. J Virol 2021; 96:e0125121. [PMID: 34757842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01251-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) serve as vectors for therapeutic gene delivery. AAV9 vectors have been FDA approved, as Zolgensma®, for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy and is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of neurotropic and musculotropic diseases. A major hurdle for AAV-mediated gene delivery is the presence of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in 40 to 80% of the general population. These pre-existing antibodies can reduce therapeutic efficacy through viral neutralization, and the size of the patient cohort eligible for treatment. In this study, cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction was used to define the epitopes of five anti-AAV9 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs); ADK9, HL2368, HL2370, HL2372, and HL2374, on the capsid surface. Three of these, ADK9, HL2370, and HL2374, bound on or near the icosahedral 3-fold axes, HL2368 to the 2/5-fold wall, and HL2372 to the region surrounding the 5-fold axes. Pseudo-atomic modeling enabled the mapping and identification of antibody contact amino acids on the capsid, including S454 and P659. These epitopes overlap with previously defined parvovirus antigenic sites. Capsid amino acids critical for the interactions were confirmed by mutagenesis followed by biochemical assays testing recombinant AAV9 (rAAV9) variants capable of escaping recognition and neutralization by the parental MAbs. These variants retained parental tropism and had similar or improved transduction efficiency compared to AAV9. These engineered rAAV9 variants could expand the patient cohort eligible for AAV9-mediated gene delivery by avoiding pre-existing circulating neutralizing antibodies. IMPORTANCE The use of recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) as delivery vectors for therapeutic genes is becoming increasingly popular, especially following the FDA approval of Luxturna® and Zolgensma®, based on serotypes AAV2 and AAV9, respectively. However, high titer anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies in the general population, exempts patients from treatment. The goal of this study is to circumvent this issue by creating AAV variant vectors not recognized by pre-existing neutralizing antibodies. The mapping of the antigenic epitopes of five different monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) on AAV9, to recapitulate a polyclonal response, enabled the rational design of escape variants with minimal disruption to cell tropism and gene expression. This study, which included four newly developed and now commercially available MAbs, provides a platform for the engineering of rAAV9 vectors that can be used to deliver genes to patients with pre-exiting AAV antibodies.
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18
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Wang Q, Nambiar K, Wilson JM. Isolating Natural Adeno-Associated Viruses from Primate Tissues with a High-Fidelity Polymerase. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1439-1449. [PMID: 34448594 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are advantageous as gene-transfer vectors due to their favorable biological and safety characteristics, with discovering novel AAV variants being key to improving this treatment platform. To date, researchers have isolated over 200 AAVs from natural sources using PCR-based methods. We compared two modern DNA polymerases and their utility for isolating and amplifying the AAV genome. Compared to the HotStar polymerase, the higher-fidelity Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase provided more precise and accurate amplification of the input AAV sequences. The lower-fidelity HotStar DNA polymerase introduced mutations during the isolation and amplification processes, thus generating multiple mutant capsids with variable bioactivity compared to the input AAV gene. The Q5 polymerase enabled the successful discovery of novel AAV capsid sequences from human and nonhuman primate tissue sources. Novel AAV sequences from these sources showed evidence of positive evolutionary selection. This study highlights the importance of using the highest fidelity DNA polymerases available to accurately isolate and characterize AAV genomes from natural sources to ultimately develop more effective gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kalyani Nambiar
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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19
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García-González J, Marhuenda-Castillo S, Romero-Carretero S, Beltrán-García J. New era of personalized medicine: Advanced therapy medicinal products in Europe. World J Immunol 2021; 11:1-10. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v11.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced therapy medicinal products are human medical therapies based on genes, cells, or tissues, and due to their characteristics, they offer new innovative opportunities for the treatment of diseases and injuries, especially for diseases beyond the reach of traditional approaches. These therapies are at the forefront of innovation and have historically been very controversial, although in the last decade they have gained prominence while the number of new advanced therapies has increased every year. In this regard, despite the controversy they may generate, they are expected to dominate the market in the coming decades. Technologies based on advanced therapies are the present and future of medicine and bring us closer to the long-awaited precision medicine. Here we review the field as it stands today, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms that guided the different advanced therapies approved by the European Medicines Agency, their current status, and their legal approval.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jesús Beltrán-García
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases Network (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, Valencia 46010, Spain
- INCLIVA Institute of Sanitary Research, Valencia 46010, Spain
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20
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Li S, Wang B, Jiang S, Lan X, Qiao Y, Nie J, Yin Y, Shi Y, Kong W, Shan Y. Expression and evaluation of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein mediated by recombinant adeno-associated virus 8. J Vet Sci 2021; 22:e8. [PMID: 33522160 PMCID: PMC7850785 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important infectious pathogen implicated in porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD), which has caused significant economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Objectives A suitable viral vector-mediated gene transfer platform for the expression of the capsid protein (Cap) is an attractive strategy. Methods In the present study, a recombinant adeno-associated virus 8 (rAAV8) vector was constructed to encode Cap (Cap-rAAV) in vitro and in vivo after gene transfer. Results The obtained results showed that Cap could be expressed in HEK293T cells and BABL/c mice. The results of lymphocytes proliferative, as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) 2a and interferon-γ showed strong cellular immune responses induced by Cap-rAAV. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers obtained and the IgG1 and interleukin-4 levels showed that humoral immune responses were also induced by Cap-rAAV. Altogether, these results demonstrated that the rAAV8 vaccine Cap-rAAV can induce strong cellular and humoral immune responses, indicating a potential rAAV8 vaccine against PCV2. Conclusions The injection of rAAV8 encoding PCV2 Cap genes into muscle tissue can ensure long-term, continuous, and systemic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shun Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaohui Lan
- The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yongbo Qiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiaojiao Nie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuhe Yin
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuhua Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yaming Shan
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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21
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Völkner M, Pavlou M, Büning H, Michalakis S, Karl MO. Optimized Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors for Efficient Transduction of Human Retinal Organoids. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:694-706. [PMID: 33752467 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely used vectors for gene delivery in the retina are recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors. They have proven to be safe and effective in retinal gene therapy studies aimed to treat inherited retinal dystrophies, although with various limitations in transduction efficiency. Novel variants with modified capsid sequences have been engineered to improve transduction and overcome limitations of naturally occurring variants. Although preclinical evaluation of rAAV vectors based on such novel capsids is mostly done in animal models, the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived organoids offers an accessible and abundant human testing platform for rAAV evaluation. In this study, we tested the novel capsids, AAV9.GL and AAV9.NN, for their tropism and transduction efficiency in hiPSC-derived human retinal organoids (HROs) with all major neuronal and glial cell types in a laminated structure. These variants are based on the AAV9 capsid and were engineered to display specific surface-exposed peptide sequences, previously shown to improve the retinal transduction properties in the context of AAV2. To this end, HROs were transduced with increasing concentrations of rAAV9, rAAV9.GL, or rAAV9.NN carrying a self-complementary genome with a cytomegalovirus-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) cassette and were monitored for eGFP expression. The rAAV vectors transduced HROs in a dose-dependent manner, with rAAV9.NN achieving the highest efficiency and fastest onset kinetics, leading to detectable eGFP signals in photoreceptors, some interneurons, and Müller glia already at 2 days post-transduction. The potency-enhancing effect of the NN peptide insert was replicated when using the corresponding AAV2-based version (rAAV2.NN). Taken together, we report the application of an HRO system for screening novel AAV vectors and introduce novel vector candidates with enhanced transduction efficiency for human retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Völkner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany
| | - Marina Pavlou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stylianos Michalakis
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy-Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mike O Karl
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Dresden, Germany.,CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,TU Dresden, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
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22
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von Jonquieres G, Rae CD, Housley GD. Emerging Concepts in Vector Development for Glial Gene Therapy: Implications for Leukodystrophies. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:661857. [PMID: 34239416 PMCID: PMC8258421 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.661857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central Nervous System (CNS) homeostasis and function rely on intercellular synchronization of metabolic pathways. Developmental and neurochemical imbalances arising from mutations are frequently associated with devastating and often intractable neurological dysfunction. In the absence of pharmacological treatment options, but with knowledge of the genetic cause underlying the pathophysiology, gene therapy holds promise for disease control. Consideration of leukodystrophies provide a case in point; we review cell type – specific expression pattern of the disease – causing genes and reflect on genetic and cellular treatment approaches including ex vivo hematopoietic stem cell gene therapies and in vivo approaches using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. We link recent advances in vectorology to glial targeting directed towards gene therapies for specific leukodystrophies and related developmental or neurometabolic disorders affecting the CNS white matter and frame strategies for therapy development in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg von Jonquieres
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline D Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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23
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Xu M, Zhang K, Song J. Targeted Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease: A Precision Therapy Era. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:623674. [PMID: 33935716 PMCID: PMC8085499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.623674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy refers to exploiting the specific therapeutic drugs against the pathogenic molecules (a protein or a gene) or cells. The drug specifically binds to disease-causing molecules or cells without affecting normal tissue, thus enabling personalized and precision treatment. Initially, therapeutic drugs included antibodies and small molecules, (e.g. nucleic acid drugs). With the advancement of the biology technology and immunotherapy, the gene editing and cell editing techniques are utilized for the disease treatment. Currently, targeted therapies applied to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) mainly include protein drugs, gene editing technologies, nucleic acid drugs and cell therapy. Although targeted therapy has demonstrated excellent efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical trials, several limitations need to be recognized and overcome in clinical application, (e.g. off-target events, gene mutations, etc.). This review introduces the mechanisms of different targeted therapies, and mainly describes the targeted therapy applied in the CVDs. Furthermore, we made comparative analysis to clarify the advantages and disadvantages of different targeted therapies. This overview is expected to provide a new concept to the treatment of the CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengda Xu
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kailun Zhang
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Kailun Zhang, ; Jiangping Song,
| | - Jiangping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Kailun Zhang, ; Jiangping Song,
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24
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Wang Y, Bruggeman KF, Franks S, Gautam V, Hodgetts SI, Harvey AR, Williams RJ, Nisbet DR. Is Viral Vector Gene Delivery More Effective Using Biomaterials? Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001238. [PMID: 33191667 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene delivery has been extensively investigated for introducing foreign genetic material into cells to promote expression of therapeutic proteins or to silence relevant genes. This approach can regulate genetic or epigenetic disorders, offering an attractive alternative to pharmacological therapy or invasive protein delivery options. However, the exciting potential of viral gene therapy has yet to be fully realized, with a number of clinical trials failing to deliver optimal therapeutic outcomes. Reasons for this include difficulty in achieving localized delivery, and subsequently lower efficacy at the target site, as well as poor or inconsistent transduction efficiency. Thus, ongoing efforts are focused on improving local viral delivery and enhancing its efficiency. Recently, biomaterials have been exploited as an option for more controlled, targeted and programmable gene delivery. There is a growing body of literature demonstrating the efficacy of biomaterials and their potential advantages over other delivery strategies. This review explores current limitations of gene delivery and the progress of biomaterial-mediated gene delivery. The combination of biomaterials and gene vectors holds the potential to surmount major challenges, including the uncontrolled release of viral vectors with random delivery duration, poorly localized viral delivery with associated off-target effects, limited viral tropism, and immune safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Kiara F. Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Stephanie Franks
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Vini Gautam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Stuart I. Hodgetts
- School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Alan R. Harvey
- School of Human Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Richard J. Williams
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT) School of Medicine Deakin University Waurn Ponds VIC 3216 Australia
- Biofab3D St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy 3065 Australia
| | - David R. Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials Research School of Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Biofab3D St. Vincent's Hospital Fitzroy 3065 Australia
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Tay LS, Palmer N, Panwala R, Chew WL, Mali P. Translating CRISPR-Cas Therapeutics: Approaches and Challenges. CRISPR J 2020; 3:253-275. [PMID: 32833535 PMCID: PMC7469700 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2020.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas clinical trials have begun, offering a first glimpse at how DNA and RNA targeting could enable therapies for many genetic and epigenetic human diseases. The speedy progress of CRISPR-Cas from discovery and adoption to clinical use is built on decades of traditional gene therapy research and belies the multiple challenges that could derail the successful translation of these new modalities. Here, we review how CRISPR-Cas therapeutics are translated from technological systems to therapeutic modalities, paying particular attention to the therapeutic cascade from cargo to delivery vector, manufacturing, administration, pipelines, safety, and therapeutic target profiles. We also explore potential solutions to some of the obstacles facing successful CRISPR-Cas translation. We hope to illuminate how CRISPR-Cas is brought from the academic bench toward use in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavina Sierra Tay
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Genome Editing Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nathan Palmer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Rebecca Panwala
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wei Leong Chew
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and Genome Editing Therapeutics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prashant Mali
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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26
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Giles AR, Calcedo R, Tretiakova AP, Wilson JM. Isolating Human Monoclonal Antibodies Against Adeno-Associated Virus From Donors With Pre-existing Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1135. [PMID: 32733434 PMCID: PMC7358261 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of single B-cell cloning technology, we can isolate antibodies against virtually any antigen to study the interaction of a given pathogen with the immune system and develop novel therapeutic strategies. Antibodies directed against the capsid of adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are a significant obstacle to effectively leveraging AAV as a gene-delivery vector in seropositive individuals. In order to design next-generation vectors that can evade neutralization by these antibodies, studies have mapped the epitopes of mouse monoclonal antibodies generated by immunization with AAV. Although these studies provide critical information regarding capsid immunogenicity, they cannot address (1) differences in the antibody repertoire generated in humans following AAV natural infection; or (2) how reactions can vary when generated in response to vector administration. Here, we isolated and evaluated a panel of novel, fully human anti-AAV antibodies by cloning single memory B cells from a seropositive normal donor. We have validated the utility of this approach to study AAV immunology. Our goal is to leverage this knowledge to design novel AAV variants that can effectively transduce target tissues in individuals with AAV-neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James M. Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Emmanuel SN, Mietzsch M, Tseng YS, Smith JK, Agbandje-McKenna M. Parvovirus Capsid-Antibody Complex Structures Reveal Conservation of Antigenic Epitopes Across the Family. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:3-17. [PMID: 32315582 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parvoviruses are small nonenveloped single stranded DNA viruses that constitute members that range from apathogenic to pathogenic in humans and animals. The infection with a parvovirus results in the generation of antibodies against the viral capsid by the host immune system to eliminate the virus and to prevent re-infection. For members currently either being developed as delivery vectors for gene therapy applications or as oncolytic biologics for tumor therapy, efforts are aimed at combating the detrimental effects of pre-existing or post-treatment antibodies that can eliminate therapeutic benefits. Therefore, understanding antigenic epitopes of parvoviruses can provide crucial information for the development of vaccination applications and engineering novel capsids able to escape antibody recognition. This review aims to capture the information for the binding regions of ∼30 capsid-antibody complex structures of different parvovirus capsids determined to date by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. The comparison of all complex structures revealed the conservation of antigenic regions among parvoviruses from different genera despite low sequence identity and indicates that the available data can be used across the family for vaccine development and capsid engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanan N Emmanuel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yu Shan Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - James Kennon Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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28
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Kaelber JT, Yost SA, Webber KA, Firlar E, Liu Y, Danos O, Mercer AC. Structure of the AAVhu.37 capsid by cryoelectron microscopy. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:58-64. [PMID: 32039886 PMCID: PMC7010358 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are used as in vivo gene-delivery vectors in gene-therapy products and have been heavily investigated for numerous indications. Over 100 naturally occurring AAV serotypes and variants have been isolated from primate samples. Many reports have described unique properties of these variants (for instance, differences in potency, target cell or evasion of the immune response), despite high amino-acid sequence conservation. AAVhu.37 is of interest for clinical applications owing to its proficient transduction of the liver and central nervous system. The sequence identity of the AAVhu.37 VP1 to the well characterized AAVrh.10 serotype, for which no structure is available, is greater than 98%. Here, the structure of the AAVhu.37 capsid at 2.56 Å resolution obtained via single-particle cryo-electron microscopy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T. Kaelber
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedicine and Rutgers New Jersey CryoEM/CryoET Core Facility, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Samantha A. Yost
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Keith A. Webber
- Technical Operations, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Emre Firlar
- Institute of Quantitative Biomedicine and Rutgers New Jersey CryoEM/CryoET Core Facility, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ye Liu
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Olivier Danos
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Andrew C. Mercer
- Research and Early Development, REGENXBIO Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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29
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Structure comparison of the chimeric AAV2.7m8 vector with parental AAV2. J Struct Biol 2019; 209:107433. [PMID: 31859208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.107433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The AAV2.7m8 vector is an engineered capsid with a 10-amino acid insertion in adeno-associated virus (AAV) surface variable region VIII (VR-VIII) resulting in the alteration of an antigenic region of AAV2 and the ability to efficiently transduce retina cells following intravitreal administration. Directed evolution and in vivo screening in the mouse retina isolated this vector. In the present study, we sought to identify the structural differences between a recombinant AAV2.7m8 (rAAV2.7m8) vector packaging a GFP genome and its parental serotype, AAV2, by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image reconstruction. The structures of rAAV2.7m8 and AAV2 were determined to 2.91 and 3.02 Å resolution, respectively. The rAAV2.7m8 amino acid side-chains for residues 219-745 (the last C-terminal residue) were interpretable in the density map with the exception of the 10 inserted amino acids. While observable in a low sigma threshold density, side-chains were only resolved at the base of the insertion, likely due to flexibility at the top of the loop. A comparison to parental AAV2 (ordered from residues 217-735) showed the structures to be similar, except at some side-chains that had different orientations and, in VR-VIII containing the 10 amino acid insertion. VR-VIII is part of an AAV2 antigenic epitope, and the difference is consistent with rAAV2.7m8's escape from a known AAV2 monoclonal antibody, C37-B. The observations provide valuable insight into the configuration of inserted surface peptides on the AAV capsid and structural differences to be leveraged for future AAV vector rational design, especially for retargeted tropism and antibody escape.
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Mietzsch M, Pénzes JJ, Agbandje-McKenna M. Twenty-Five Years of Structural Parvovirology. Viruses 2019; 11:E362. [PMID: 31010002 PMCID: PMC6521121 DOI: 10.3390/v11040362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, are a family of single-stranded DNA viruses with small, non-enveloped capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. A quarter of a century after the first parvovirus capsid structure was published, approximately 100 additional structures have been analyzed. This first structure was that of Canine Parvovirus, and it initiated the practice of structure-to-function correlation for the family. Despite high diversity in the capsid viral protein (VP) sequence, the structural topologies of all parvoviral capsids are conserved. However, surface loops inserted between the core secondary structure elements vary in conformation that enables the assembly of unique capsid surface morphologies within individual genera. These variations enable each virus to establish host niches by allowing host receptor attachment, specific tissue tropism, and antigenic diversity. This review focuses on the diversity among the parvoviruses with respect to the transcriptional strategy of the encoded VPs, the advances in capsid structure-function annotation, and therapeutic developments facilitated by the available structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Mietzsch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Judit J Pénzes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Structural Biology, The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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31
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Ullah I, Zhao J, Rukh S, Muhammad K, Guo J, Ren XK, Xia S, Zhang W, Feng Y. A PEG-b-poly(disulfide-l-lysine) based redox-responsive cationic polymer for efficient gene transfection. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:1893-1905. [PMID: 32255052 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb03226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy is concerned with the transfer of complement genes to functionally defective cells in a safe and directed manner for the treatment of the most challenging diseases. But safety issues and low transfection efficiency of the gene vectors are the major challenges, which need to be overcome. Recently, redox-responsive bioreducible polymers containing disulfide linkages have been considered as efficient gene vectors, owing to the selective degradation of the disulfide bond in the reducing environment of the cells. This enables spatiotemporal release of pDNA with no or minimum toxicity. Herein, we reported a bioreducible poly(ethyleneglycol)-b-poly(disulfide-l-lysine) cationic polymer (denoted as PEG-SSL) via a Michael addition reaction of poly(ethyleneglycol)tetraacrylate PEG(Ac)4 and the terminal amine group of poly(disulfide-l-lysine). PEG-SSL efficiently condensed the plasmid ZNF580 gene (pZNF580) forming nano-sized polyplexes (155 ± 4 to 285 ± 3 nm) with zeta potentials of 1.9 ± 0.1 to 26.7 ± 0.4 mV. PEG-SSL successfully retarded pZNF580 at a small polymer/pDNA weight ratio of 10/1 and higher. When exposed to a reducing environment of 5 mM DTT, it rapidly released genes even at higher weight ratios of the PEG-SSL polymer in the PEG-SSL/pDNA complexes. The PEG-SSL/pZNF580 complexes exhibited good stability when exposed to DNase I and efficiently protected pDNA from degradation. In vitro transfection and cytotoxicity were investigated in EA.hy926 cells. The results showed that PEG-SSL successfully delivered pZNF580 into the cells with less cytotoxicity compared to PEI25kDa. The flow cytometry and confocal scanning laser microscopy results indicated that PEG-SSL polyplexes exhibited good cellular uptake and nuclear co-localization rates. All these results implied that PEG-SSL had the potential as a non-viral vector for gene transfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsan Ullah
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, China.
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