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Ceraolo MG, Romero-Medina MC, Gobbato S, Melita G, Krynska H, Sirand C, Gupta P, Viarisio D, Robitaille A, Marvel J, Tommasino M, Venuti A, Gheit T. HPV38 impairs UV-induced transcriptional activation of the IL-18 pro-inflammatory cytokine. mSphere 2023; 8:e0045023. [PMID: 37877723 PMCID: PMC10732055 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00450-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Here, we demonstrate that the direct binding of p53 on the IL-18 promoter region regulates its gene expression. However, the presence of E6 and E7 from human papillomavirus type 38 impairs this mechanism via a new inhibitory complex formed by DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)/PKR/ΔNp73α, which binds to the region formerly occupied by p53 in primary keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Ceraolo
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Simone Gobbato
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Giusi Melita
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Hanna Krynska
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR 7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, France
| | - Cecilia Sirand
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Purnima Gupta
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Alexis Robitaille
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Marvel
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université Lyon, Inserm U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Assunta Venuti
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Tarik Gheit
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France
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2
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Yang D, Shi M, You Q, Zhang Y, Hu Z, Xu J, Cai Q, Zhu Z. Tumor- and metastasis-promoting roles of miR-488 inhibition via HULC enhancement and EZH2-mediated p53 repression in gastric cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1341-1358. [PMID: 36449143 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) is implicated in the development of gastric cancer (GC), which is possibly related to their roles in targeting tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting genes. Herein, the current study was intended to ascertain the function of miR-488 and its modulatory mechanism in GC. Initially, human GC cells were assayed for their in vitro malignancy after miRNA gain- or loss-of-function and RNA interference or overexpression. Also, tumorigenesis and liver metastasis were evaluated in nude mouse models. Results demonstrated that miR-488 elevation suppressed GC (MKN-45 and OCUM-1) cell proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in vitro and reduced their tumorigenesis and liver metastasis in vivo. The luciferase assay identified that miR-488 bound to HULC and inhibited its expression. Furthermore, HULC could enhance EZH2-H3K27me3 enrichment at the p53 promoter region and epigenetically repress the p53 expression based on the data from RIP- and ChIP-qPCR assay. Additionally, HULC was validated to enhance GC growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Overall, HULC re-expression elicited by miR-488 inhibition can enhance EZH2-H3K27me3 enrichment in the p53 promoter and repress the p53 expression, thus promoting the growth and metastasis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Huangpu District, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Huangpu District, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Qing You
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Huangpu District, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Huangpu District, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Zunqi Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Huangpu District, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Jiapeng Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Huangpu District, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Qingping Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Huangpu District, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
| | - Zhenxin Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Huangpu District, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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3
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Xie L, Ma S, Ding N, Wang Y, Lu G, Xu L, Wang Q, Liu K, Jie Y, Zhang H, Yang A, Gao Y, Zhang H, Jiang Y. Homocysteine induces podocyte apoptosis by regulating miR-1929-5p expression through c-Myc, DNMT1 and EZH2. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3203-3221. [PMID: 34057794 PMCID: PMC8564658 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common and complex disease in kidneys which has been associated with an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma. Elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels are known to influence the development and progression of CKD by regulating podocyte injury and apoptosis. To investigate the molecular mechanisms triggered in podocytes by Hcy, we used cbs+/- mice and observed that higher Hcy levels increased the apoptosis rate of podocytes with accompanying glomerular damage. Hcy-induced podocyte injury and apoptosis in cbs+/- mice was regulated by inhibition of microRNA (miR)-1929-5p expression. Overexpression of miR-1929-5p in podocytes inhibited apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2. Furthermore, the expression of miR-1929-5p was regulated by epigenetic modifications of its promoter. Hcy upregulated DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) levels, resulting in increased DNA methylation and H3K27me3 levels on the miR-1929-5p promoter. Additionally, we observed that c-Myc recruited DNMT1 and EZH2 to the miR-1929-5p promoter and suppressed the expression of miR-1929-5p. In summary, we demonstrated that Hcy promotes podocyte apoptosis through the regulation of the epigenetic modifiers DNMT1 and EZH2, which are recruited by c-Myc to the promoter of miR-1929-5p to silence miR-1929-5p expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Shengchao Ma
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Yanhua Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Guanjun Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Lingbo Xu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Qingqing Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Kun Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Yuzheng Jie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Department of Clinical MedicineNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Anning Yang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Yujing Gao
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Huiping Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center of General HospitalNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Yideng Jiang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair ResearchNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
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4
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Beta-Genus Human Papillomavirus 8 E6 Destabilizes the Host Genome by Promoting p300 Degradation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081662. [PMID: 34452526 PMCID: PMC8402844 DOI: 10.3390/v13081662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The beta genus of human papillomaviruses infects cutaneous keratinocytes. Their replication depends on actively proliferating cells and, thus, they conflict with the cellular response to the DNA damage frequently encountered by these cells. This review focus on one of these viruses (HPV8) that counters the cellular response to damaged DNA and mitotic errors by expressing a protein (HPV8 E6) that destabilizes a histone acetyltransferase, p300. The loss of p300 results in broad dysregulation of cell signaling that decreases genome stability. In addition to discussing phenotypes caused by p300 destabilization, the review contains a discussion of the extent to which E6 from other β-HPVs destabilizes p300, and provides a discussion on dissecting HPV8 E6 biology using mutants.
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5
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Effects of β-HPV on DNA damage response pathways to drive carcinogenesis: a review. Virus Genes 2021; 57:23-30. [PMID: 33392984 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The DDR is a complex signaling network responsible for the preservation of genomic integrity. Beta human papillomaviruses (β-HPVs) are able to destabilize the host genome by attenuating the DDR machinery at the molecular scale following expression of the oncogenes E6 and E7. In the event of β-HPV infection, the E6- and E7-mediated inhibition of the DDR enhances the oncogenicity of UV-induced mutations to enable carcinogenesis in an otherwise immunocompetent host, marking an important mechanistic divergence from the alpha genus of HPVs. In this review, we summarize recent updates to build upon the 'hit-and-run' hypothesis of β-HPV pathomechanism and highlight strain-dependent variations. Simultaneously, we illuminate points within the β-HPV-DDR interface that may unravel new insights for HPV viral genetics, genus-specific mechanistic models, and developments in targeted molecular therapy of β-HPV-related cancers.
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6
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Burley M, Roberts S, Parish JL. Epigenetic regulation of human papillomavirus transcription in the productive virus life cycle. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:159-171. [PMID: 31919577 PMCID: PMC7174255 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a large family of viruses which contain a circular, double-stranded DNA genome of approximately 8000 base pairs. The viral DNA is chromatinized by the recruitment of cellular histones which are subject to host cell-mediated post-translational epigenetic modification recognized as an important mechanism of virus transcription regulation. The HPV life cycle is dependent on the terminal differentiation of the target cell within epithelia-the keratinocyte. The virus life cycle begins in the undifferentiated basal compartment of epithelia where the viral chromatin is maintained in an epigenetically repressed state, stabilized by distal chromatin interactions between the viral enhancer and early gene region. Migration of the infected keratinocyte towards the surface of the epithelium induces cellular differentiation which disrupts chromatin looping and stimulates epigenetic remodelling of the viral chromatin. These epigenetic changes result in enhanced virus transcription and activation of the virus late promoter facilitating transcription of the viral capsid proteins. In this review article, we discuss the complexity of virus- and host-cell-mediated epigenetic regulation of virus transcription with a specific focus on differentiation-dependent remodelling of viral chromatin during the HPV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Burley
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK.
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7
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Kumar R, Paul AM, Rameshwar P, Pillai MR. Epigenetic Dysregulation at the Crossroad of Women's Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081193. [PMID: 31426393 PMCID: PMC6721458 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasingly number of women of all age groups are affected by cancer, despite substantial progress in our understanding of cancer pathobiology, the underlying genomic alterations and signaling cascades, and cellular-environmental interactions. Though our understanding of women’s cancer is far more complete than ever before, there is no comprehensive model to explain the reasons behind the increased incidents of certain reproductive cancer among older as well as younger women. It is generally suspected that environmental and life-style factors affecting hormonal and growth control pathways might help account for the rise of women’s cancers in younger age, as well, via epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic regulators play an important role in orchestrating an orderly coordination of cellular signals in gene activity in response to upstream signaling and/or epigenetic modifiers present in a dynamic extracellular milieu. Here we will discuss the broad principles of epigenetic regulation of DNA methylation and demethylation, histone acetylation and deacetylation, and RNA methylation in women’s cancers in the context of gene expression, hormonal action, and the EGFR family of cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases. We anticipate that a better understanding of the epigenetics of women’s cancers may provide new regulatory leads and further fuel the development of new epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Aswathy Mary Paul
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India
- Graduate Degree Program, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - M Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695014, India
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8
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Viarisio D, Müller-Decker K, Accardi R, Robitaille A, Dürst M, Beer K, Jansen L, Flechtenmacher C, Bozza M, Harbottle R, Voegele C, Ardin M, Zavadil J, Caldeira S, Gissmann L, Tommasino M. Beta HPV38 oncoproteins act with a hit-and-run mechanism in ultraviolet radiation-induced skin carcinogenesis in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006783. [PMID: 29324843 PMCID: PMC5764406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous beta human papillomavirus (HPV) types are suspected to be involved, together with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Studies in in vitro and in vivo experimental models have highlighted the transforming properties of beta HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins. However, epidemiological findings indicate that beta HPV types may be required only at an initial stage of carcinogenesis, and may become dispensable after full establishment of NMSC. Here, we further investigate the potential role of beta HPVs in NMSC using a Cre-loxP-based transgenic (Tg) mouse model that expresses beta HPV38 E6 and E7 oncogenes in the basal layer of the skin epidermis and is highly susceptible to UV-induced carcinogenesis. Using whole-exome sequencing, we show that, in contrast to WT animals, when exposed to chronic UV irradiation K14 HPV38 E6/E7 Tg mice accumulate a large number of UV-induced DNA mutations, which increase proportionally with the severity of the skin lesions. The mutation pattern detected in the Tg skin lesions closely resembles that detected in human NMSC, with the highest mutation rate in p53 and Notch genes. Using the Cre-lox recombination system, we observed that deletion of the viral oncogenes after development of UV-induced skin lesions did not affect the tumour growth. Together, these findings support the concept that beta HPV types act only at an initial stage of carcinogenesis, by potentiating the deleterious effects of UV radiation. Many epidemiological and biological findings support the hypothesis that beta HPV types cooperate with UV radiation in the induction of NMSC, the most common form of human cancer. We have previously shown that K14 HPV38 E6/E7 Tg mice, when exposed to long-term UV radiation, developed NMSC, whereas WT animals subjected to identical treatments did not develop any type of skin lesions. Here, we show that the high skin cancer susceptibility of these Tg animals tightly correlates with their tendency to accumulate UV-induced mutations in genes that are frequently mutated in human NMSC. Importantly, deletion of the HPV38 E6 and E7 genes in existing skin lesions did not affect the further growth of the cancer cells. Together, these findings support the model that beta HPV infection is a co-factor in skin carcinogenesis, facilitating the accumulation of the UV-induced DNA mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Alexis Robitaille
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Beer
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Jansen
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Voegele
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Maude Ardin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | | | - Lutz Gissmann
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology (honorary member), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
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9
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Wendel SO, Wallace NA. Loss of Genome Fidelity: Beta HPVs and the DNA Damage Response. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2250. [PMID: 29187845 PMCID: PMC5694782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While the role of genus alpha human papillomaviruses in the tumorigenesis and tumor maintenance of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers is well-established, the role of genus beta human papilloviruses (β-HPVs) in non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) is less certain. Persistent β-HPV infections cause NMSCs in sun-exposed skin of people with a rare genetic disorder, epidermodysplasia verruciformis. However, β-HPV infections in people without epidermodysplasia verruciformis are typically transient. Further, β-HPV gene expression is not necessary for tumor maintenance in the general population as on average there is fewer than one copy of the β-HPV genome per cell in NMSC tumor biopsies. Cell culture, epidemiological, and mouse model experiments support a role for β-HPV infections in the initiation of NMSCs through a "hit and run" mechanism. The virus is hypothesized to act as a cofactor, augmenting the genome destabilizing effects of UV. Supporting this idea, two β-HPV proteins (β-HPV E6 and E7) disrupt the cellular response to UV exposure and other genome destabilizing events by abrogating DNA repair and deregulating cell cycle progression. The aberrant damage response increases the likelihood of oncogenic mutations capable of driving tumorigenesis independent of a sustained β-HPV infection or continued viral protein expression. This review summarizes what is currently known about the deleterious effects of β-HPV on genome maintenance in the context of the virus's putative role in NMSC initiation.
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10
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Abstract
The beta genus comprises more than 50 beta human papillomavirus (HPV) types that are suspected to be involved, together with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, in the development of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most common form of human cancer. Two members of the genus beta, HPV5 and HPV8, were first identified in patients with a genetic disorder, epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), that confers high susceptibility to beta HPV infection and NMSC development. The fact that organ transplant recipients (OTRs) with an impaired immune system have an elevated risk of NMSC raised the hypothesis that beta HPV types may also be involved in skin carcinogenesis in non-EV patients. Epidemiological studies have shown that serological and viral DNA markers are weakly, but significantly, associated with history of NMSC in OTRs and the general population. Functional studies on mucosal high-risk (HR) HPV types have clearly demonstrated that the products of two early genes, E6 and E7, are the main viral oncoproteins, which are able to deregulate events closely linked to transformation, such as cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Studies on a small number of beta HPV types have shown that their E6 and E7 oncoproteins also have the ability to interfere with the regulation of key pathways/events associated with cellular transformation. However, the initial functional data indicate that the molecular mechanisms leading to cellular transformation are different from those of mucosal HR HPV types. Beta HPV types may act only at early stages of carcinogenesis, by potentiating the deleterious effects of other carcinogens, such as UV radiation.
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11
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Tomaić V. Functional Roles of E6 and E7 Oncoproteins in HPV-Induced Malignancies at Diverse Anatomical Sites. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100095. [PMID: 27775564 PMCID: PMC5082385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 200 human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect human epithelial cells, of which the alpha and beta types have been the most extensively studied. Alpha HPV types mainly infect mucosal epithelia and a small group of these causes over 600,000 cancers per year worldwide at various anatomical sites, especially anogenital and head-and-neck cancers. Of these the most important is cervical cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer-related death in women in many parts of the world. Beta HPV types infect cutaneous epithelia and may contribute towards the initiation of non-melanoma skin cancers. HPVs encode two oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which are directly responsible for the development of HPV-induced carcinogenesis. They do this cooperatively by targeting diverse cellular pathways involved in the regulation of cell cycle control, of apoptosis and of cell polarity control networks. In this review, the biological consequences of papillomavirus targeting of various cellular substrates at diverse anatomical sites in the development of HPV-induced malignancies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vjekoslav Tomaić
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy.
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Altamura G, Corteggio A, Pacini L, Conte A, Pierantoni GM, Tommasino M, Accardi R, Borzacchiello G. Transforming properties of Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 E6 and E7 putative oncogenes in vitro and their transcriptional activity in feline squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. Virology 2016; 496:1-8. [PMID: 27236740 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Felis catus papillomavirus type 2 (FcaPV2) DNA is found in feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs); however, its biological properties are still uncharacterized. In this study, we successfully expressed FcaPV2 E6 and E7 putative oncogenes in feline epithelial cells and demonstrated that FcaPV2 E6 binds to p53, impairing its protein level. In addition, E6 and E7 inhibited ultraviolet B (UVB)-triggered accumulation of p53, p21 and pro-apoptotic markers such as Cleaved Caspase3, Bax and Bak, suggesting a synergistic action of the virus with UV exposure in tumour pathogenesis. Furthermore, FcaPV2 E7 bound to feline pRb and impaired pRb levels, resulting in upregulation of the downstream pro-proliferative genes Cyclin A and Cdc2. Importantly, we demonstrated mRNA expression of FcaPV2 E2, E6 and E7 in feline SCC samples, strengthening the hypothesis of a causative role in the development of feline SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annunziata Corteggio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Laura Pacini
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Andrea Conte
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Maria Pierantoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Rosita Accardi
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France.
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
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13
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Halec G, Schmitt M, Egger S, Abnet CC, Babb C, Dawsey SM, Flechtenmacher C, Gheit T, Hale M, Holzinger D, Malekzadeh R, Taylor PR, Tommasino M, Urban MI, Waterboer T, Pawlita M, Sitas F. Mucosal alpha-papillomaviruses are not associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas: Lack of mechanistic evidence from South Africa, China and Iran and from a world-wide meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:85-98. [PMID: 26529033 PMCID: PMC5772872 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and mechanistic evidence on the causative role of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear. We retrieved alcohol- and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ESCC tissues from 133 patients seropositive for antibodies against HPV early proteins, from high-incidence ESCC regions: South Africa, China and Iran. With rigorous care to prevent nucleic acid contamination, we analyzed these tissues for the presence of 51 mucosotropic human alpha-papillomaviruses by two sensitive, broad-spectrum genotyping methods, and for the markers of HPV-transformed phenotype: (i) HPV16/18 viral loads by quantitative real-time PCR, (ii) type-specific viral mRNA by E6*I/E6 full-length RT-PCR assays and (iii) expression of cellular protein p16(INK4a). Of 118 analyzable ESCC tissues, 10 (8%) were positive for DNA of HPV types: 16 (4 tumors); 33, 35, 45 (1 tumor each); 11 (2 tumors) and 16, 70 double infection (1 tumor). Inconsistent HPV DNA+ findings by two genotyping methods and negativity in qPCR indicated very low viral loads. A single HPV16 DNA+ tumor additionally harbored HPV16 E6*I mRNA but was p16(INK4a) negative (HPV16 E1 seropositive patient). Another HPV16 DNA+ tumor from an HPV16 E6 seropositive patient showed p16(INK4a) upregulation but no HPV16 mRNA. In the tumor tissues of these serologically preselected ESCC patients, we did not find consistent presence of HPV DNA, HPV mRNA or p16(INK4a) upregulation. These results were supported by a meta-analysis of 14 other similar studies regarding HPV-transformation of ESCC. Our study does not support the etiological role of the 51 analyzed mucosotropic HPV types in the ESCC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Halec
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Markus Schmitt
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sam Egger
- Cancer Council NSW, Cancer Research Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chantal Babb
- National Health Laboratory Service, NHLS/MRC Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Tarik Gheit
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Hale
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Dana Holzinger
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Margaret I Urban
- National Health Laboratory Service, NHLS/MRC Cancer Epidemiology Research Group, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics of Oncogenic Infections, Research Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Freddy Sitas
- Cancer Council NSW, Cancer Research Division, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Pacini L, Savini C, Ghittoni R, Saidj D, Lamartine J, Hasan UA, Accardi R, Tommasino M. Downregulation of Toll-Like Receptor 9 Expression by Beta Human Papillomavirus 38 and Implications for Cell Cycle Control. J Virol 2015; 89:11396-405. [PMID: 26339055 PMCID: PMC4645680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02151-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against infections. Many oncogenic viruses can deregulate several immune-related pathways to guarantee the persistence of the infection. Here, we show that the cutaneous human papillomavirus 38 (HPV38) E6 and E7 oncoproteins suppress the expression of the double-stranded DNA sensor Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) in human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK), a key mediator of the antiviral innate immune host response. In particular, HPV38 E7 induces TLR9 mRNA downregulation by promoting accumulation of ΔNp73α, an antagonist of p53 and p73. Inhibition of ΔNp73α expression by antisense oligonucleotide in HPV38 E6/E7 HFK strongly rescues mRNA levels of TLR9, highlighting a key role of ΔNp73α in this event. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that ΔNp73α is part of a negative transcriptional regulatory complex with IκB kinase beta (IKKβ) that binds to a NF-κB responsive element within the TLR9 promoter. In addition, the Polycomb protein enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), responsible for gene expression silencing, is also recruited into the complex, leading to histone 3 trimethylation at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) in the same region of the TLR9 promoter. Ectopic expression of TLR9 in HPV38 E6/E7 cells resulted in an accumulation of the cell cycle inhibitors p21(WAF1) and p27(Kip1), decreased CDK2-associated kinase activity, and inhibition of cellular proliferation. In summary, our data show that HPV38, similarly to other viruses with well-known oncogenic activity, can downregulate TLR9 expression. In addition, they highlight a new role for TLR9 in cell cycle regulation. IMPORTANCE The mucosal high-risk HPV types have been clearly associated with human carcinogenesis. Emerging lines of evidence suggest the involvement of certain cutaneous HPV types in development of skin squamous cell carcinoma, although this association is still under debate. Oncogenic viruses have evolved different strategies to hijack the host immune system in order to guarantee the persistence of the infection. Their capability to evade the immune system is as important as their ability to promote cellular transformation. Therefore, understanding the viral mechanisms involved in viral persistence is a valid tool to evaluate their potential role in human carcinogenesis. Here, we show that E6 and E7 oncoproteins from the cutaneous HPV38 downregulate the expression of the double-stranded DNA sensor TLR9 of innate immunity. We also present evidence that the HPV38-mediated downregulation of TLR9 expression, in addition to its potential impact on the innate immune response, is linked to cell cycle deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pacini
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Savini
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Djamel Saidj
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Jerome Lamartine
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaires, CNRS UMR5534 et Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Uzma A Hasan
- Oncoviruses and Innate Immunity, INSERM U851, INSERM-I2V, UMS34444/US8, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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15
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Accardi R, Gheit T. Cutaneous HPV and skin cancer. Presse Med 2014; 43:e435-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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16
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Tommasino M. The human papillomavirus family and its role in carcinogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2013; 26:13-21. [PMID: 24316445 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a family of small double-stranded DNA viruses that have a tropism for the epithelia of the genital and upper respiratory tracts and for the skin. Approximately 150 HPV types have been discovered so far, which are classified into several genera based on their DNA sequence. Approximately 15 high-risk mucosal HPV types are clearly associated with cervical cancer; HPV16 and HPV18 are the most carcinogenic since they are responsible for approximately 50% and 20% of all cervical cancers worldwide, respectively. It is now also clear that these viruses are linked to a subset of other genital cancers, as well as head and neck cancers. Due to their high level of carcinogenic activity, HPV16 and HPV18 are the most studied HPV types so far. Biological studies have highlighted the key roles in cellular transformation of the products of two viral early genes, E6 and E7. Many of the mechanisms of E6 and E7 in subverting the regulation of fundamental cellular events have been fully characterized, contributing not only to our knowledge of how the oncogenic viruses promote cancer development but also to our understanding of basic cell biology. Despite HPV research resulting in extraordinary achievements in the last four decades, significantly improving the screening and prophylaxis of HPV-induced lesions, additional research is necessary to characterize the biology and epidemiology of the vast number of HPV types that have been poorly investigated so far, with a final aim of clarifying their potential roles in other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer - World Health Organization, 150 Cours Albert-Thomas, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France.
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