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Blanco JCG, Cullen LM, Kamali A, Sylla FYD, Boukhvalova MS, Morrison TG. Development of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Candidates for the Elderly. Viruses 2023; 15:1305. [PMID: 37376605 PMCID: PMC10304043 DOI: 10.3390/v15061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant threat to elderly populations and repeated infections that occur throughout life are poorly protective. To assess the role of prior RSV infections as well as elderly immune senescence on vaccine efficacy, we compared immune responses after virus-like particle (VLP) immunization of elderly cotton rats and young cotton rats, both previously RSV infected, in order to mimic the human population. We show that immunization of RSV-experienced young or elderly animals resulted in the same levels of anti-pre-F IgG, anti-G IgG, neutralizing antibody titers, and protection from challenge indicating that the delivery of F and G proteins in a VLP is equally effective in activation of protective responses in both elderly and young populations. Our results suggest that F and G protein-containing VLPs induce anti-RSV memory established in prior RSV infections equally well in both young and elderly animals and thus can be an effective vaccine for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori M. Cullen
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Arash Kamali
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | | | | | - Trudy G. Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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2
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SARS-CoV-2 infection augments species- and age-specific predispositions in cotton rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:757. [PMID: 36641520 PMCID: PMC9840169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity of COVID-19 manifestations in human population is vast, for reasons unknown. Cotton rats are a clinically relevant small animal model of human respiratory viral infections. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that SARS-CoV-2 infection in cotton rats affects multiple organs and systems, targeting species- and age-specific biological processes. Infection of S. fulviventer, which developed a neutralizing antibody response and were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 replication in the upper respiratory tract, was accompanied by hyperplasia of lacrimal drainage-associated lymphoid tissue (LDALT), a first known report of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue activation at the portal of SARS-CoV-2 entry. Although less permissive to viral replication, S. hispidus showed hyperplasia of bone marrow in the facial bones and increased pulmonary thrombosis in aged males. Augmentation of these features by SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests a virus-induced breach in regulatory mechanisms which could be devastating for people of all ages with underlying conditions and in particular for elderly with a multitude of ongoing disorders.
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3
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Abstract
Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is a globally reemerging respiratory pathogen that is associated with the development of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) in children. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or treatments for EV-D68 infection, and there is a paucity of data related to the virus and host-specific factors that predict disease severity and progression to the neurologic syndrome. EV-D68 infection of various animal models has served as an important platform for characterization and comparison of disease pathogenesis between historic and contemporary isolates. Still, there are significant gaps in our knowledge of EV-D68 pathogenesis that constrain the development and evaluation of targeted vaccines and antiviral therapies. Continued refinement and characterization of animal models that faithfully reproduce key elements of EV-D68 infection and disease is essential for ensuring public health preparedness for future EV-D68 outbreaks.
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4
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Modeled in Aging Cotton Rats ( Sigmodon hispidus) and Mice ( Mus musculus). Adv Virol 2022; 2022:8637545. [PMID: 35309598 PMCID: PMC8926466 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8637545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is associated with high risk in infants, children, and elderly. There is currently no approved vaccine against RSV infection, and the only available prevention is immunoprophylaxis utilized in high-risk infants, leaving the elderly without many options. In the elderly, the chronic low-grade inflammatory state of the body can play a significant role during infection. The cotton rat and mouse have emerged as the preferred small animal models to study RSV infection in the elderly. These animal models of aging have shown an age-dependent time course for clearance of virus correlating with a significantly diminished cytotoxic T lymphocyte and humoral immune response in old animals compared to adult animals. In addition, protection through vaccination is reduced in aging rodents. These results mirror the findings in humans. In mice and cotton rats, treatment with ibuprofen, a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), to decrease the chronic low-grade inflammation of the elderly immune system has proven successful in restoring the function of cytotoxic lymphocytes. While more research is required, these treatment types promise a beneficial effect in addition to a putative vaccine. Choosing an appropriate animal model to study RSV infection in the aging immune system is essential to benefit the growing population of elderly in the world. This review focuses on the current research of RSV infection in the cotton rat and mouse as model systems for an aging immune system.
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5
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Why Physical Activity Should Be Considered in Clinical Trials for COVID-19 Vaccines: A Focus on Risk Groups. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031853. [PMID: 35162875 PMCID: PMC8834774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Since the World Health Organization declared the global COVID-19 state of emergency in early 2020, several vaccine candidates have emerged to control SARS-CoV-2, and some of them have been approved and implemented in vaccination campaigns worldwide. Although clinical trials for these vaccines have been carried out using highly controlled methods with accurate immunological tests, clinical questionnaires did not include questions concerning the physical activity profile among volunteers. It has been well established that physical activity plays a pivotal role in the immune response after vaccination, led by the activation of cytokines, antibodies, and cells. This concept should have been considered when evaluating the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine candidates, particularly in elderly and obese people. Here, we discuss data from the literature providing strong evidence regarding the importance of analyzing physical activity parameters to improve the accuracy of clinical trials on assessing the efficacy of vaccine candidates.
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Harder OE, Martinez M, Niewiesk S. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs restore immune function to respiratory syncytial virus in geriatric cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus). Virology 2021; 563:28-37. [PMID: 34411809 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is not only a childhood disease, but also a serious health risk for the elderly. We investigated in cotton rats how age affected viral clearance, immune responses, and whether pharmacological intervention was beneficial. Our results demonstrated that in geriatric animals, virus grew to similar titers, but with delayed clearance, compared to adult animals. After primary infection with RSV, geriatric animals were susceptible to secondary infection and results indicated a defective humoral immune response. Depletion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) during primary infection delayed clearance, indicating the necessary role of CTL. Pharmacological intervention through nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory ibuprofen resulted in faster viral clearance and complete protection after immunization. In addition, the CTL response in the presence of ibuprofen seemed to be restored. It appears that in geriatric animals, immune functions are not as effective as in adult animals and that anti-inflammatory therapy may restore effective immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia E Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Margaret Martinez
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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7
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Boukhvalova MS, Mortensen E, Mbaye A, McKay J, Blanco JCG. Effect of aging on immunogenicity and efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccines in cotton rats Sigmodon hispidus. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:133-145. [PMID: 32614696 PMCID: PMC7872023 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1766334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated influenza vaccines are known to be less immunogenic in human elderly in regards to serologic antibody response induced by vaccination. Accumulating evidence, however, points to a comparable effectiveness of influenza vaccines in the young and the elderly individuals. In the current study, we assessed immunogenicity and effectiveness of trivalent inactivated vaccine FluLaval in young and aged cotton rats Sigmodon hispidus and found that while serologic response to immunization was indeed reduced in older animals, comparable protection against influenza infection was afforded by prime-boost vaccination in both young and aged cotton rats. Both hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers and seroconversion rates were lower in the aged animals compared to the young ones. Reduction of viral load in the lung and nose, however, was comparable between young and aged animals vaccinated twice. One-time immunization with FluLaval was less efficacious at protecting the nose of aged animals, indicating that boosting of preexisting immunity can be particularly important for nasal protection in the elderly. Coincidentally, a one-time immunization with FluLaval had a detrimental effect on pulmonary pathology in the young animals, suggesting that boosting of immunity is essential for the young as well. Overall, these results suggest that reduced antibody response to and sufficient efficacy of influenza vaccines in the elderly are not two irreconcilable phenomena and that incomplete immunity to influenza can be detrimental at any age.
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Foulsham W, Mittal SK, Taketani Y, Chen Y, Nakao T, Chauhan SK, Dana R. Aged Mice Exhibit Severe Exacerbations of Dry Eye Disease with an Amplified Memory Th17 Cell Response. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1474-1482. [PMID: 32289288 PMCID: PMC7369573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence as well as the severity of dry eye disease increase with age. Memory T helper 17 (Th17) cells (CD4+IL-17A+CD44+) drive the chronic and relapsing course of dry eye disease. Here, we investigated the contribution of memory Th17 cells to age-related dry eye disease, and evaluated memory Th17 cell depletion with anti-IL-15 antibody as a strategy to abrogate the severe exacerbations of dry eye disease observed in aged mice. After initial exposure to desiccating stress, aged mice maintained higher frequencies of memory Th17 cells in the draining lymph nodes relative to young mice. Upon secondary exposure to desiccating stress, aged mice developed more severe corneal epitheliopathy than young mice, which is associated with increased local frequencies of Th17 cells (CD4+IL-17A+). Treatment with anti-IL-15 antibody decreased the enlarged memory Th17 pool in aged mice to frequencies comparable with young mice. Furthermore, anti-IL-15-treated mice showed significantly reduced conjunctival infiltration of Th17 cells and lower corneal fluorescein staining scores compared with saline-treated control mice. Our data suggest that age-related increases in the memory Th17 compartment predispose aged mice toward the development of severe corneal epithelial disease after exposure to a dry environment. Selectively targeting memory Th17 cells may be a viable therapeutic approach in the treatment of age-related dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Foulsham
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharad K Mittal
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yukako Taketani
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Takeshi Nakao
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Ichii O, Nakamura T, Irie T, Otani Y, Hosotani M, Masum MA, Islam RM, Horino T, Sunden Y, Elewa YHA, Kon Y. Age-related glomerular lesions with albuminuria in male cotton rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 153:27-36. [PMID: 31628544 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased prevalence of aging-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) among humans is a problem worldwide. Aged cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) are considered novel model animals for studying CKD, especially as the females develop severe tubulointerstitial lesions with anemia. To investigate the renal pathologic features in aged male cotton rats and their characteristic glomerular injuries, the animals were divided into young, adult, old-aged, and advanced-aged groups (1-4, 5-8, 9-12, and 13-17 months, respectively) and pathologically analyzed. Anemia and renal dysfunction, as indicated by hematologic and serologic parameters, were significantly milder in the advanced-aged males than in the old-aged females. The males had increased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios from the old-age period, with the advanced-aged males having significantly higher levels than those in the old-aged females and young males. The old-aged females did not show clear glomerular injuries, whereas the advanced-aged males showed membranous lesions characterized by irregular and thickened glomerular basement membranes (GBMs). Characteristically, several large-sized projections from the GBM toward the podocytes were observed by microscopy, and podocytes covering these projections effaced their foot processes. The advanced-aged males showed aging-related IgG immune-complex depositions in the paramesangial regions and along the GBM. Furthermore, the positive reaction for podocin (a podocyte molecule) was granulated along the GBM. Thus, we clarified the albuminuria associated with altered glomerular structures in advanced-aged cotton rats, and that these phenotypes were closely associated with aging. These data help to clarify the aging-related pathogenesis of glomerular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Teppei Nakamura
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.,Section of Biological Science, Food Research Laboratories Chitose Laboratory, Japan, Chitose, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takao Irie
- Medical Zoology Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuki Otani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Marina Hosotani
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.,Laboratory of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Md Abdul Masum
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Rashedul Md Islam
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Taro Horino
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan.,Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
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10
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Pathogenic difference of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats of different ages. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103749. [PMID: 31521801 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common viral pathogen of lower respiratory tract infection worldwide. The virus selectively infects the respiratory epithelium, and causes diseases of variable severity in infants and the elderly. However, the differences in pathogenesis in the age groups remain poorly studied. Age is a major determinant of RSV disease, and the most severe morbidity and mortality occur in the infants and the elderly, because of the immature immunity in infants and declining immunity in old age. The cotton rat is a good model of RSV infection as it is naturally susceptible to RSV. In this study, we established an infant/adult/elderly RSV infection model in 3-week, 8-week and 30-week-old cotton rats and infected them with equal dose of RSV. This model exhibited airway neutrophils infiltration. In the 3-week-old group, higher viral load was observed in the lungs and noses, may due to low IFN-α/Mx2 levels. In contrast, the 8-week-old group had adequate IFN-α/Mx2 but exhibited the most obvious pulmonary inflammation and peribronchiolitis. Interestingly, the most severe pathology and delayed viral clearance in the lungs were observed in the 30-week-old group, may related to the increase of mucus induced by TNF-α and the lower antiviral effect of IFN-α. These results clearly revealed that an age-dependent severity of RSV disease and antiviral defense in the cotton rats, which may provide an effective model for personalized vaccine research and specific treatment strategies for different RSV age groups.
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11
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Pennings JLA, Mariman R, Hodemaekers HM, Reemers SSN, Janssen R, Guichelaar T. Transcriptomics in lung tissue upon respiratory syncytial virus infection reveals aging as important modulator of immune activation and matrix maintenance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16653. [PMID: 30413794 PMCID: PMC6226529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging poses an increased risk of severe infection by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The many different biological pathways comprising the response to infection in lungs that are influenced by aging are complex and remain to be defined more thoroughly. Towards finding new directions in research on aging, we aimed to define biological pathways in the acute response to RSV that are affected in the lungs by aging. We therefore profiled the full transcriptome of lung tissue of mice prior to and during RSV infection both at young and old age. In the absence of RSV, we found aging to downregulate genes that are involved in constitution of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, uninfected old mice showed elevated expression of pathways that resemble injury, metabolic aberrations, and disorders mediated by functions of the immune system that were induced at young age only by an exogenous trigger like RSV. Furthermore, infection by RSV mounted stronger activation of anti-viral type-I interferon pathways at old age. Despite such exaggerated anti-viral responses, old mice showed reduced control of virus. Altogether, our findings emphasize important roles in aging-related susceptibility to respiratory disease for extracellular matrix dysfunctions and dysregulated immune activation in lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Mariman
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hennie M Hodemaekers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia S N Reemers
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,MSD Animal Health, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Riny Janssen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Guichelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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12
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Shao HY, Chen YC, Chung NH, Lu YJ, Chang CK, Yu SL, Liu CC, Chow YH. Maternal immunization with a recombinant adenovirus-expressing fusion protein protects neonatal cotton rats from respiratory syncytia virus infection by transferring antibodies via breast milk and placenta. Virology 2018; 521:181-189. [PMID: 29960921 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus that expresses a membrane-truncated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (Ad-F0ΔTM) in newborns via maternal immunization (MI) of pregnant cotton rats. Intranasal Ad-F0ΔTM immunization was given to pregnant female rats, and MI-newborn rats were then challenged intranasally with RSV. Anti-RSV IgGs were observed in the serum of MI-newborn rats after birth. The pulmonary viral loads in Ad-F0ΔTM vs. control vector, Ad-LacZ, and MI-newborns on day 3 post-challenge were reduced by 4 log10/g lung. The neutralizing antibody remained for up to 3 weeks in the serum of MI-newborns, which is when weaning began. Ad-F0ΔTM protected MI-newborns from RSV challenge for 1 week. Vertical-transferred protective antibodies were examined in the breast milk and placenta as well. Finally, anti-RSV immunity was not boosted but was only primed during the next RSV exposure in Ad-F0ΔTM-MI-newborns. Maternal Ad-F0ΔTM immunization provides acute protection against RSV infection in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Shao
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ying-Chin Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Nai-Hsiang Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yi-Ju Lu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Ching-Kun Chang
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan ROC
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC; Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan ROC
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan ROC; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ROC.
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13
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Guichelaar T, van Erp EA, Hoeboer J, Smits NAM, van Els CACM, Pieren DKJ, Luytjes W. Diversity of aging of the immune system classified in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model of human infectious diseases. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:39-48. [PMID: 29305168 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility and declined resistance to human pathogens like respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) at old age is well represented in the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus). Despite providing a preferred model of human infectious diseases, little is known about aging of its adaptive immune system. We aimed to define aging-related changes of the immune system of this species. Concomitantly, we asked whether the rate of immunological alterations may be stratified by physiological aberrations encountered during aging. With increasing age, cotton rats showed reduced frequencies of T cells, impaired induction of antibodies to RSV, higher incidence of aberrations of organs and signs of lipemia. Moreover, old animals expressed high biological heterogeneity, but the age-related reduction of T cell frequency was only observed in those specimens that displayed aberrant organs. Thus, cotton rats show age-related alterations of lymphocytes that can be classified by links with health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun Guichelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth A van Erp
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hoeboer
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje A M Smits
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Cécile A C M van Els
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Daan K J Pieren
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Luytjes
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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14
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RSV in adult ED patients: Do emergency providers consider RSV as an admission diagnosis? Am J Emerg Med 2017. [PMID: 28633906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) has been recognized for over half a century as a cause of morbidity in infants and children. Over the past 20years, data has emerged linking RSV as a cause of illness in adults resulting in 177,000 annual hospitalizations and up to 14,000 deaths among older adults. OBJECTIVE Characterize clinical variables in a cohort of adult RSV patients. We hypothesize that emergency physicians do not routinely consider RSV in the differential diagnosis (DDx) of influenza like illness. METHODS Observational study of all adult inpatients, age≥19, with a positive RSV swab ordered within 48h of their hospital visit, including their emergency department (ED) visit, and who initially presented to a university affiliated urban 100,000 annual visit emergency department from 2007 to 2014. A data collection form was created, and a single trained clinical research assistant abstracted demographic, clinical variables. ED providers were given credit for RSV DDx if an RSV swab was ordered as part of the diagnostic ED workup. RESULTS 295 consecutive inpatients (mean age=66.5years, range, 19-97, 53% male) were RSV positive during the 7-year study period. 207 cases (70%) were age≥60. 76 (26%) had fever, 86 (29%) had O2sat <92% and 145 (49%) had wheezing. 279 patients required admission, 30 needed ICU stay and overall mortality was 12 patients (4%). Age≥60 was associated with overall mortality (p=0.09). There were 106 (36%) immunocompromised patients (23% transplant, 40% cancer, 33% steroid use) in the cohort. A diagnosis of RSV was considered in the ED in 105 (36%) of patients. Being immunocompromised, having COPD/asthma, O2sat <92, or wheezing did not alert the ED provider to order an RSV test. CONCLUSION Adults can harbor RSV as this can lead to significant mobility and mortality, especially in individuals who are over the age of 60. RSV is not being considered in the DDx diagnosis, and this was especially surprising in the transplant/immunocompromised subgroups. Given antiviral treatment options, educational efforts should be undertaken to raise awareness of RSV in adults.
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Boe DM, Boule LA, Kovacs EJ. Innate immune responses in the ageing lung. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:16-25. [PMID: 27711979 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The world is undergoing an unprecedented shift in demographics, with the number of individuals over the age of 60 years projected to reach 2 billion or more by 2050, representing 22% of the global population. Elderly people are at a higher risk for chronic disease and more susceptible to infection, due in part to age-related dysfunction of the immune system resulting from low-grade chronic inflammation known as 'inflamm-ageing'. The innate immune system of older individuals exhibits a diminished ability to respond to microbial threats and clear infections, resulting in a greater occurrence of many infectious diseases in elderly people. In particular, the incidence of and mortality from lung infections increase sharply with age, with such infections often leading to worse outcomes, prolonged hospital stays and life-threatening complications, such as sepsis or acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this review, we highlight research on bacterial pneumonias and pulmonary viral infections and discuss age-related changes in innate immunity that contribute to the higher rate of these infections in older populations. By understanding more clearly the innate immune defects in elderly individuals, we can design age-specific therapies to address lung infections in such a vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Boe
- Division of GI, Endocrine and Tumor Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - L A Boule
- Division of GI, Endocrine and Tumor Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - E J Kovacs
- Division of GI, Endocrine and Tumor Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Wang S, Zheng G, Zhao L, Xu F, Qian J. Shp-2 contributes to anti-RSV activity in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells by interfering with the IFN-α-induced Jak/Stat1 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2432-40. [PMID: 26119280 PMCID: PMC4594684 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase 2 (Shp-2) is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is involved in a variety of cellular processes, including antiviral interferon signalling pathways. In this study, we investigated the role of Shp-2 in the host cell interactions of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). We report significant changes in the expression of Shp-2 in human pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (A549) upon RSV infection. We also report that blocking Shp-2 does not affect viral replication or virus-induced interferon-alpha (IFN-α) production. Interestingly, whereas A549 cells were activated by IFN-α, the blocking of Shp-2 resulted in increased viral replication that was associated with the reduced expression of the IFN-stimulated genes of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetases and Mx1, and the concomitant inhibition of Stat1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Our findings suggest that Shp-2 contributes to the control of RSV replication and progeny production in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells by interfering with IFN-α-induced Jak/Stat1 pathway activation rather than by affecting the production of IFN-α itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Research Center of Infection and Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Research Center of Infection and Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Qian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Research Center of Infection and Immunity, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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