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Felicetti T, Sarnari C, Gaito R, Tabarrini O, Manfroni G. Recent Progress toward the Discovery of Small Molecules as Novel Anti-Respiratory Syncytial Virus Agents. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11543-11579. [PMID: 38970494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) stands as the foremost cause of infant hospitalization globally, ranking second only to malaria in terms of infant mortality. Although three vaccines have recently been approved for the prophylaxis of adults aged 60 and above, and pregnant women, there is currently no effective antiviral drug for treating RSV infections. The only preventive measure for infants at high risk of severe RSV disease is passive immunization through monoclonal antibodies. This Perspective offers an overview of the latest advancements in RSV drug discovery of small molecule antivirals, with particular focus on the promising findings from agents targeting the fusion and polymerase proteins. A comprehensive reflection on the current state of RSV research is also given, drawing inspiration from the lessons gleaned from HCV and HIV, while also considering the impact of the recent approval of the three vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Felicetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Sarnari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Gaito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oriana Tabarrini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Del Liceo, 1-06123, Perugia, Italy
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Ding J, Li J, Zhang Z, Du Y, Liu Y, Wang P, Du H. Network pharmacology combined with metabolomics to explore the mechanism for Lonicerae Japonicae flos against respiratory syncytial virus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:449. [PMID: 38087272 PMCID: PMC10714634 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) stands out as a primary contributor to lower respiratory tract infections and hospitalizations, particularly in infants. Lonicerae japonicae flos (LJF), a traditional Chinese medicine renowned for its efficacy against various viral infections, including RSV, has been widely employed. Despite its common use, the precise therapeutic mechanism of LJF against RSV remains elusive. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of LJF against RSV through network pharmacology and metabolomics. METHODS In this study, based on network pharmacology, potential targets related to LJF and RSV were obtained from PubChem and Swiss Target Prediction. The core targets and pathways were established and verified by enrichment analysis and molecular docking. The anti-RSV efficacy of LJF was determined by in vitro experiments. Additionally, metabolomics analysis was integrated, allowing for the identification of differential metabolites and their correlation with targets following LJF treatment in the context of RSV infection. RESULTS A total of 23 active ingredients and 780 targets were obtained, of which 102 targets were associated with LJF anti-RSV. The construction of the corresponding Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network unveiled potential core targets, including STAT3, TNF, and AKT1. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that LJF's anti-RSV effects primarily involve key pathways such as the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, and FoxO signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed that ZINC03978781, 4,5'-Retro-.beta.,.beta.-Carotene -3,3'-dione, 4',5'-didehydro and 7-epi-Vogeloside had better binding ability. The cellular assay showed that the therapeutic index of LJF against RSV was 4.79. Furthermore, 18 metabolites were screened as potential biomarkers of LJF against RSV, and these metabolites were mainly involved in the pathways of purine metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and other related pathways. CONCLUSIONS The intergration of network pharmacology and metabolomics can clarify the active targets and related pathways of LJF against RSV, which could provide a valuable reference for further research and clinical application of LJF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yaxuan Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 117004, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Haitao Du
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, China.
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Das Mahapatra A, Patra C, Sepay N, Sinha C, Chattopadhyay D. Anti-HSV nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogues: spectroscopic characterisation of naphthyl and coumarinyl amides and their mode and mechanism of antiviral action. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:245. [PMID: 37361241 PMCID: PMC10284772 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues acyclovir, valaciclovir, and famciclovir are the preferred drugs against human Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSVs). However, the viruses rapidly develop resistance against these analogues which demand safer, more efficient, and nontoxic antiviral agents. We have synthesized two non-nucleoside amide analogues, 2-Oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid [2-(pyridin-2-yl methoxy)-phenyl]-amide (HL1) and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-(4-pyridine carboxylic) hydrazone (HL2). The compounds were characterized by different physiochemical methods including elementary analysis, FT-IR, Mass spectra, 1H-NMR; and evaluated for their antiviral efficacy against HSV-1F by Plaque reduction assay. The 50% cytotoxicity (CC50), determined by MTT test, revealed that HL1 (270.4 μg/ml) and HL2 (362.6 μg/ml) are safer, while their antiviral activity (EC50) against HSV-1F was 37.20 μg/ml and 63.4 μg/ml against HL1 and HL2 respectively, compared to the standard antiviral drug Acyclovir (CC50 128.8 ± 3.4; EC50 2.8 ± 0.1). The Selectivity Index (SI) of these two compounds are also promising (4.3 for HL1 and 9.7 for HL2), compared to Acyclovir (49.3). Further study showed that these amide derivatives block the early stage of the HSV-1F life cycle. Additionally, both these amides make the virus inactive, and reduce the number of plaques, when infected Vero cells were exposed to HL1 and HL2 for a short period of time. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03658-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Das Mahapatra
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Brainware University, Kolkata, 7000125 India
| | - Chiranjit Patra
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
| | - Nayim Sepay
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032 India
| | | | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, 700010 India
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010 India
- School of Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700102 India
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Xu S, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Han C, Qin Q, Wei S. Functional analysis of the cystatin A gene response to SGIV infection in orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104502. [PMID: 35940384 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cystatin A (CyA), an inhibitor of cysteine protease, was widely studied in immune defense and cancer therapy. However, the function of CyA and its potential molecular mechanism during virus infection in fish remain unknown. In our study, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of CyA homology from orange-spotted grouper (Ec-CyA) consisting of 303 nucleotides and encoding a 101-amino acid protein. Ec-CyA included two conserved sequences containing one N-terminal glycine fragment and one QXVXG sequence (48aa-52aa) without the signal peptide. Tissue distribution analysis showed that Ec-CyA was highly expressed in spleen and head kidney. Moreover, further analysis indicated that the expression of Ec-CyA increased during SGIV simulation in grouper spleen (GS) cells. Subcellular localization assay demonstrated that Ec-CyA was mainly distributed in cytoplasm in GS cells. Overexpressed Ec-CyA promoted the mRNA level of viral genes MCP, VP19 and LITAF. Meanwhile, SGIV-induced apoptosis in fat head minnow (FHM) cells was facilitated, as well as the activation of caspase-3/7, caspase-9. In addition, Ec-CyA overexpression down-regulated the expression of interferon (IFN) related molecules including ISG15, IFN, IRF3, MAVS, MyD88, TRAF6 and up-regulated proinflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α. At the same time, Ec-CyA-overexpressing inhibited the activity of IFN and ISRE promoter, but induced NF-κB promoter activity by luciferase reporter gene assay. In summary, our findings suggested that Ec-CyA was involved in innate immune response and played a key role in DNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suifeng Xu
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuexuan Wang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yunxiang Jiang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chengzong Han
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 528478, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - Shina Wei
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Eberhardt N, Bergero G, Mazzocco Mariotta YL, Aoki MP. Purinergic modulation of the immune response to infections. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:93-113. [PMID: 34997903 PMCID: PMC8742569 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and parasites. After infection, disease progression relies on the complex interplay between the host immune response and the microorganism evasion strategies. The host's survival depends on its ability to mount an efficient protective anti-microbial response to accomplish pathogen clearance while simultaneously preventing tissue injury by keeping under control the excessive inflammatory process. The purinergic system has the dual function of regulating the immune response and triggering effector antimicrobial mechanisms. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge of the modulation of innate and adaptive immunity driven by the purinergic system during parasitic, bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Eberhardt
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Present Address: Department of Medicine, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Gastón Bergero
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Yanina L. Mazzocco Mariotta
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M. Pilar Aoki
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET) - Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Haya de La Torre and Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Soluble Factors and Receptors Involved in Skin Innate Immunity-What Do We Know So Far? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121795. [PMID: 34944611 PMCID: PMC8698371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pattern recognition receptors, complement system, inflammasomes, antimicrobial peptides, and cytokines are innate immunity soluble factors. They sense, either directly or indirectly, the potential threats and produce inflammation and cellular death. High interest in their modulation has emerged lately, acknowledging they are involved in many cutaneous inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders. We extensively reviewed the implication of soluble factors in skin innate immunity. Furthermore, we showed which molecules target these factors, how these molecules work, and how they have been used in dermatological practice. Cytokine inhibitors have paved the way to a new era in treating moderate to severe psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.
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Abstract
Abstract
Hen eggs are widely used, not only for human consumption, but also as an important material in food production and in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. Cystatin is a biologically active component of egg white, mostly used as an inhibitor of papain-like cysteine proteases. It was isolated from chicken egg white and has later been used in the nomenclature of structurally and functionally related proteins. Cystatins from animals, including mouse, rat, dog, cow and chicken egg white have been isolated and recently used in foodstuffs and drug administration. Cystatin has found its place and use in medicine due to its antimicrobial, antiviral and insecticidal effects, for the prevention of cerebral hemorrhage and control of cancer cell metastasis.
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Salinas FM, Nebreda AD, Vázquez L, Gentilini MV, Marini V, Benedetti M, Nabaes Jodar MS, Viegas M, Shayo C, Bueno CA. Imiquimod suppresses respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication via PKA pathway and reduces RSV induced-inflammation and viral load in mice lungs. Antiviral Res 2020; 179:104817. [PMID: 32387475 PMCID: PMC7202858 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease and bronchiolitis in children, as well as an important cause of morbidity and mortality in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. However, there is no safe and efficacious RSV vaccine or antiviral treatment. Toll Like Receptors (TLR) are important molecular mediators linking innate and adaptive immunity, and their stimulation by cognate agonists has been explored as antiviral agents. Imiquimod is known as a TLR7 agonist, but additionally acts as an antagonist for adenosine receptors. In this study, we demonstrate that imiquimod, but not resiquimod, has direct anti-RSV activity via PKA pathway in HEp-2 and A549 cells, independently of an innate response. Imiquimod restricts RSV infection after viral entry into the host cell, interfering with viral RNA and protein synthesis. Probably as a consequence of these anti-RSV properties, imiquimod displays cytokine modulating activity in RSV infected epithelial cells. Moreover, in a murine model of RSV infection, imiquimod treatment improves the course of acute disease, evidenced by decreased weight loss, reduced RSV lung titers, and attenuated airway inflammation. Consequently, imiquimod represents a promising therapeutic alternative against RSV infection and may inform the development of novel therapeutic targets to control RSV pathogenesis. Imiquimod has direct anti-RSV activity via PKA pathway, independently of an innate response. Imiquimod restricts RSV infection after viral entry into the host cell, interfering with viral RNA and protein synthesis. Imiquimod reduces cytokine production in RSV infected epithelial cells, probably as a result of its anti-RSV properties. Imiquimod reduces RSV lung titers and decreases weight loss and airway inflammation in a murine model of RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Maximiliano Salinas
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonela Díaz Nebreda
- Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Vázquez
- Unidad Operativa Centro de Contención Biológica (UOCCB) - Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Argentina
| | - María Virginia Gentilini
- Instituto de Medicina Traslacional, Trasplante y Bioingeniería (IMETTYB)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Victoria Marini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martina Benedetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Soledad Nabaes Jodar
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Viegas
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Laboratorio de Virología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina Shayo
- Laboratorio de Patología y Farmacología Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Alberto Bueno
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Biológica, Laboratorio de Virología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN). Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bryden SR, Pingen M, Lefteri DA, Miltenburg J, Delang L, Jacobs S, Abdelnabi R, Neyts J, Pondeville E, Major J, Müller M, Khalid H, Tuplin A, Varjak M, Merits A, Edgar J, Graham GJ, Shams K, McKimmie CS. Pan-viral protection against arboviruses by activating skin macrophages at the inoculation site. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaax2421. [PMID: 31969486 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important human pathogens for which there are no specific antiviral medicines. The abundance of genetically distinct arbovirus species, coupled with the unpredictable nature of their outbreaks, has made the development of virus-specific treatments challenging. Instead, we have defined and targeted a key aspect of the host innate immune response to virus at the arthropod bite that is common to all arbovirus infections, potentially circumventing the need for virus-specific therapies. Using mouse models and human skin explants, we identify innate immune responses by dermal macrophages in the skin as a key determinant of disease severity. Post-exposure treatment of the inoculation site by a topical TLR7 agonist suppressed both the local and subsequent systemic course of infection with a variety of arboviruses from the Alphavirus, Flavivirus, and Orthobunyavirus genera. Clinical outcome was improved in mice after infection with a model alphavirus. In the absence of treatment, antiviral interferon expression to virus in the skin was restricted to dermal dendritic cells. In contrast, stimulating the more populous skin-resident macrophages with a TLR7 agonist elicited protective responses in key cellular targets of virus that otherwise proficiently replicated virus. By defining and targeting a key aspect of the innate immune response to virus at the mosquito bite site, we have identified a putative new strategy for limiting disease after infection with a variety of genetically distinct arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Bryden
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Marieke Pingen
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Daniella A Lefteri
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Janne Miltenburg
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Leen Delang
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Jacobs
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emilie Pondeville
- MRC‑University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jack Major
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Marietta Müller
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Henna Khalid
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Andrew Tuplin
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Margus Varjak
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Kave Shams
- Inflammatory Skin Disease Group, Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Clive S McKimmie
- Virus Host Interaction Team, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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Imiquimod-loaded nanocapsules improve cytotoxicity in cervical cancer cell line. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 136:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ferrari D, Idzko M, Müller T, Manservigi R, Marconi P. Purinergic Signaling: A New Pharmacological Target Against Viruses? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:926-936. [PMID: 30292585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases represent a major global problem in human health, with high morbidity and mortality. Despite recent progress in antiviral treatments, several viral diseases are still not controlled and millions suffer from them every year. It has recently emerged that purinergic signaling participates in viral infection and replication. Furthermore, stimulation of purinergic receptors in infected cells also induces inflammatory and antiviral responses, thus contributing to the host antiviral defense. Here we review the multiple roles played by the purinergic signaling network in cell-virus interactions that can lead either to viral maintenance in the cells or, by contrast, to stronger antiviral responses, and discuss potential future applications of purinergic signaling modulation for the treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrari
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Marco Idzko
- Department of Pneumology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Müller
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberto Manservigi
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Skouboe MK, Knudsen A, Reinert LS, Boularan C, Lioux T, Perouzel E, Thomsen MK, Paludan SR. STING agonists enable antiviral cross-talk between human cells and confer protection against genital herpes in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006976. [PMID: 29608601 PMCID: PMC5897032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in immunomodulatory therapy as a means to treat various conditions, including infectious diseases. For instance, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been evaluated for treatment of genital herpes. However, although the TLR7 agonist imiquimod was shown to have antiviral activity in individual patients, no significant effects were observed in clinical trials, and the compound also exhibited significant side effects, including local inflammation. Cytosolic DNA is detected by the enzyme cyclic GMP-AMP (2’3’-cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) to stimulate antiviral pathways, mainly through induction of type I interferon (IFN)s. cGAS is activated upon DNA binding to produce the cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) 2’3’-cGAMP, which in turn binds and activates the adaptor protein Stimulator of interferon genes (STING), thus triggering type I IFN expression. In contrast to TLRs, STING is expressed broadly, including in epithelial cells. Here we report that natural and non-natural STING agonists strongly induce type I IFNs in human cells and in mice in vivo, without stimulating significant inflammatory gene expression. Systemic treatment with 2’3’-cGAMP reduced genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) 2 replication and improved the clinical outcome of infection. More importantly, local application of CDNs at the genital epithelial surface gave rise to local IFN activity, but only limited systemic responses, and this treatment conferred total protection against disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. In direct comparison between CDNs and TLR agonists, only CDNs acted directly on epithelial cells, hence allowing a more rapid and IFN-focused immune response in the vaginal epithelium. Thus, specific activation of the STING pathway in the vagina evokes induction of the IFN system but limited inflammatory responses to allow control of HSV2 infections in vivo. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is the leading cause of genital ulcers, and HSV-2 infection has also been reported to amplify HIV-transmission. So far, all attempts at making an effective anti-HSV2 vaccine have failed. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in immunomodulatory therapy as a means to treat infections. Although the TLR7 agonist imiquimod has been shown to have antiviral activity in individual patients, no significant effects were observed in clinical trials, and the compound also exhibited significant side effects including local inflammation. Type I interferon (IFN)s are key players in antiviral defense, and it is now known that the DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase produces the cyclic di-nucleotide (CDN) 2’3’-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates the adaptor protein STING to induce IFN expression. In this work we show that natural and non-natural CDNs activate strong type I IFN responses in vivo without stimulating significant expression of genes driven by the transcription factor NF-κB, which induces inflammation. Application of CDNs at epithelial surfaces gave rise to local IFN activity, but only limited systemic responses. Importantly, all tested treatment regimens, strongly reduced replication of HSV-2 in a model for genital herpes, and significantly reduced development of disease. Finally, when comparing to TLR agonists, CDNs showed the best profile with strong IFN response specifically in the epithelial cells and limited induction of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alice Knudsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin K. Thomsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- * E-mail: (SRP); (MKT)
| | - Søren R. Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- * E-mail: (SRP); (MKT)
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Mao F, Lin Y, He Z, Li J, Xiang Z, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Dual roles of cystatin A in the immune defense of the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:190-197. [PMID: 29407615 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins are a large family of the proteins that function as reversible and tight-binding inhibitors of cysteine proteases, which consequently regulate multiple physiological activities including apoptosis and innate immunity. In the present study, we cloned a gene from Crassostrea gigas encoding cystatin, which is related to cystatin A superfamily. CgCytA was comprised of a cystatin-like domain with two conserved glycine residues (GG) near the N-terminal and a highly conserved glutamine-valine-glycine (Q-X-V-X-G) motif in the form of QVVAG loop. Transcription analysis of CgCytA indicated its constitutive expression in all tissues including mantle, gill, digestive tract, hemocytes, heart, adductor muscle, and gonads. Immune challenge with Vibrio alginolyticus, resulted in significant down-regulation of CgCytA expression at the initial stages of infection (till 12 h post infection) and the expression of cystatin increased 48 h post infection. Protease assay demonstrated the concentration of cystatin needed to inhibit half of the maximum biological response of cysteine protease is 14.4 μg/L (IC50). Furthermore, RNAi of CgCytA resulted in increase of apoptotic cell population in hemocytes of C. gigas, suggesting protection role of CgCytA from hemocytes apoptosis. Unexpectedly, knockdown of CgCytA leaded to enhancement of bacterial clearance in vivo, implying that CgCytA may negatively regulate immune defense by suppressing endogenous cysteine protease. Therefore, CgCytA plays dual roles in protection of host hemocytes from apoptosis and control of bacterial clearance, which may server as one of key endogenous balancer between apoptosis and innate immunity in oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiying He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Ziniu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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Hanna E, Abadi R, Abbas O. Imiquimod in dermatology: an overview. Int J Dermatol 2017; 55:831-44. [PMID: 27387373 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imiquimod is an immune response modifier commercially available as a 3.75 and 5% cream. Topical imiquimod stimulates the innate and adaptive immune responses and induces cytokine production. This allows its use for the treatment of a wide variety of benign and malignant skin conditions due to its potential antiviral, antitumor, and immunoregulatory effects. Currently, topical imiquimod is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of anogenital warts, actinic keratosis, and superficial basal cell carcinomas. However, it has also shown a beneficial effect in the treatment of many other skin disorders. In this review, we describe existing evidence on the mechanism of action of topical imiquimod, its FDA-approved indications, off-label uses, and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Hanna
- American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rami Abadi
- American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ossama Abbas
- American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Smirnov VS, Petlenko SV. INFLUENCE OF THE IMIQUIMOD ON THE INTERFERON PRODUCTION AND TREATMENT OF THE EXPERIMENTAL HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:128-134. [PMID: 36494980 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-3-128-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imiquimod is an imidazole derivative acting as an immunomodulator on the level of innate and adaptive immune system. Our objective was to evaluate the antiviral activity of generically reproduced imiquimod administered subcutaneously in mice and intravaginally in guinea pigs against herpes simplex virus (HSV), as well as to study the dynamics of serum interferon (IFN) synthesis under different dosing regimens. RESULTS When administered subcutaneously at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 10 mg/kg imiquimod increased IFN production in mice in a dose-dependent manner with maximum serum IFN concentrations occurring 4 hours after dosing. Imiquimod protected mice from intraperitoneal HSV infection at doses of 3.2 and 32 LD50.The utmost protection (100% survival) was observed when imiquimod was administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg daily for 5 days before infection. Topical application of imiquimod 5% cream exhibited significantly more rapid and complete virus elimination in guinea pigs intravaginally infected with HSV type 2 compared to control group. CONCLUSION Imiquimod produced as a generic possesses the same immunomodulatory and antiviral properties as the originally synthesized substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Smirnov
- Biomedical Research and Production Complex «Cytomed»
| | - S V Petlenko
- Biomedical Research and Production Complex «Cytomed»
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Chen H, Lu C, Liu H, Wang M, Zhao H, Yan Y, Han L. Quercetin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice via the NF-κB pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 48:110-117. [PMID: 28499194 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (QC) is a dietary flavonoid abundant in many natural plants. A series of studies have shown that it has been shown to exhibit several biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, cardio-protective, vasodilatory, liver-protective and anti-cancer activities. However, so far the possible therapeutic effect of QC on psoriasis has not been reported. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential beneficial effect of QC in psoriasis using a generated imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mouse model, and to further elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. Effects of QC on PASI scores, back temperature, histopathological changes, oxidative/anti-oxidative indexes, pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB pathway in IMQ-induced mice were investigated. Our results showed that QC could significantly reduce the PASI scores, decrease the temperature of the psoriasis-like lesions, and ameliorate the deteriorating histopathology in IMQ-induced mice. Moreover, QC effectively attenuated levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-17 in serum, increased activities of GSH, CAT and SOD, and decreased the accumulation of MDA in skin tissue induced by IMQ in mice. The mechanism may be associated with the down-regulation of NF-κB, IKKα, NIK and RelB expression and up-regulation of TRAF3, which were critically involved in the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, our present study demonstrated that QC had appreciable anti-psoriasis effects in IMQ-induced mice, and the underlying mechanism may involve the improvement of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status and inhibition on the activation of the NF-κB signaling. Hence, QC, a naturally occurring flavone with potent anti-psoriatic effects, has the potential for further development as a candidate for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Chen
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Postdoctoral Programme, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510115, PR China.
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Maojie Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China; Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhong Yan
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China
| | - Ling Han
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510115, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510115, PR China.
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Morimura S, Oka T, Sugaya M, Sato S. CX3CR1 deficiency attenuates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation with decreased M1 macrophages. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 82:175-88. [PMID: 26976687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), a receptor for CX3CL1, mediates migration of inflammatory cells. Psoriasis is a common skin disorder that causes skin inflammation. The role of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in psoriasis remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in psoriasis, we assessed imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in CX3CR1-deficient mice. METHODS We evaluated skin inflammation by assessing erythema, scaling, and ear thickness in CX3CR1(-/-) mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, we measured cytokine production by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We investigated infiltrating cells in skin by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. After confirming phenotypical differences in macrophages between WT and CX3CR1(-/-) mice, we analyzed expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in peritoneal macrophages with or without stimulation of CX3CL1. We finally transferred peritoneal macrophages into the ear before IMQ application. RESULTS Skin inflammation assessed by erythema, scaling, and epidermal thickness was significantly reduced in CX3CR1(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice, accompanied by decreases in cytokine production for IL-12, IL-23, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-36. On day 6, increase in ear thickness from the baseline of CX3CR1(-/-) mice was one third of that of WT mice. Skin macrophages of CX3CR1(-/-) mice contained increased levels of CCR2 and decreased levels of MCP-1 compared with those from WT mice. Spontaneous expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in peritoneal macrophages of naïve CX3CR1(-/-) mice were significantly lower than those of WT mice. Furthermore, stimulation of WT macrophages with CX3CL1 decreased expression of these cytokines, suggesting that altered macrophage populations, but not loss of interaction between CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 signaling, caused differences in cytokine expression and skin inflammation. Moreover, transfer of macrophages from WT mice normalized IMQ-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in CX3CR1(-/-) mice, suggesting that macrophages contributed to the decreased inflammation resulted from CX3CR1 deficiency. CONCLUSION These data show that interactions between CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 play important roles for infiltration of M1 macrophages in a non-inflammatory setting. Decreased M1 macrophages in naïve CX3CR1(-/-) mice may be related to decreased cytokine expression and attenuated psoriasis-like inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohshi Morimura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Oka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugaya
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Sato
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Unprocessed Interleukin-36α Regulates Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in Cooperation With Interleukin-1. J Invest Dermatol 2015. [PMID: 26203636 PMCID: PMC4648684 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Generalized pustular psoriasis is a severe skin disease characterized by epidermal hyperplasia, neutrophil-rich abscesses within the epidermis, and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis. The disease may be caused by missense mutations in the IL-36 receptor antagonist, IL-36Ra. Curiously, the related IL-1Ra has therapeutic effects in some of these latter patients. Here, using an experimental mouse model of psoriasiform skin inflammation, we demonstrate in vivo connections between IL-36 and IL-1 expression. After disease initiation, IL-36α-deficient mice exhibited dramatically diminished skin pathology, including absence of epidermal neutrophils, reduced keratinocyte acanthosis, and less dermal edema. In contrast, IL-36β and IL-36γ knockout mice developed disease indistinguishable from that of wild-type mice. The endogenous IL-36α was not processed through proteolysis. Although IL-36α expression was strongly induced in an IL-1 signaling-dependent manner during disease, expression of IL-1α was also dependent upon IL-36α. Hence, after being upregulated by IL-1α, IL-36α acts through a feedback mechanism to boost IL-1α levels. Analyses of double knockout mice further revealed that IL-36α and IL-1α cooperate to promote psoriasis-like disease. In conclusion, IL-1α and IL-36α form a self-amplifying inflammatory loop in vivo that in patients with insufficient counter regulatory mechanisms may become hyper-engaged and/or chronic.
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Evasion of early antiviral responses by herpes simplex viruses. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:593757. [PMID: 25918478 PMCID: PMC4396904 DOI: 10.1155/2015/593757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides overcoming physical constraints, such as extreme temperatures, reduced humidity, elevated pressure, and natural predators, human pathogens further need to overcome an arsenal of antimicrobial components evolved by the host to limit infection, replication and optimally, reinfection. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infect humans at a high frequency and persist within the host for life by establishing latency in neurons. To gain access to these cells, herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) must replicate and block immediate host antiviral responses elicited by epithelial cells and innate immune components early after infection. During these processes, infected and noninfected neighboring cells, as well as tissue-resident and patrolling immune cells, will sense viral components and cell-associated danger signals and secrete soluble mediators. While type-I interferons aim at limiting virus spread, cytokines and chemokines will modulate resident and incoming immune cells. In this paper, we discuss recent findings relative to the early steps taking place during HSV infection and replication. Further, we discuss how HSVs evade detection by host cells and the molecular mechanisms evolved by these viruses to circumvent early antiviral mechanisms, ultimately leading to neuron infection and the establishment of latency.
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Rosani U, Varotto L, Domeneghetti S, Arcangeli G, Pallavicini A, Venier P. Dual analysis of host and pathogen transcriptomes in ostreid herpesvirus 1-positive Crassostrea gigas. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:4200-12. [PMID: 25384719 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus type 1 (OsHV-1) has become a problematic infective agent for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. In particular, the OsHV-1 μVar subtype has been associated with severe mortality episodes in oyster spat and juvenile oysters in France and other regions of the world. Factors enhancing the infectivity of the virus and its interactions with susceptible and resistant bivalve hosts are still to be understood, and only few studies have explored the expression of oyster or viral genes during productive infections. In this work, we have performed a dual RNA sequencing analysis on an oyster sample with a high viral load. High sequence coverage allowed us to thoroughly explore the OsHV-1 transcriptome and identify the activated molecular pathways in C. gigas. The identification of several highly induced and defence-related oyster transcripts supports the crucial role played by the innate immune system against the virus and opportunistic microbes possibly contributing to subsequent spat mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Rosani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - L Varotto
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - S Domeneghetti
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padua, Italy
| | - G Arcangeli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), via L. da Vinci 39, 45011, Adria, Italy
| | - A Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgeri 5, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Venier
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, via U. Bassi 58/b, 35121, Padua, Italy
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McKendry A, Narayana S, Browne R. Atypical presentations of genital herpes simplex virus in HIV-1 and HIV-2 effectively treated by imiquimod. Int J STD AIDS 2014; 26:441-3. [DOI: 10.1177/0956462414538951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Atypical presentations of genital herpes simplex virus have been described in HIV. We report two cases with hypertrophic presentations which were effectively treated with imiquimod, one of which is the first reported case occurring in a patient with HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna McKendry
- St Ann’s Sexual Health Centre, St Ann’s Hospital, Tottenham, London, UK
| | | | - Rita Browne
- St Ann’s Sexual Health Centre, St Ann’s Hospital, Tottenham, London, UK
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Nazmi A, Mukherjee S, Kundu K, Dutta K, Mahadevan A, Shankar SK, Basu A. TLR7 is a key regulator of innate immunity against Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 69:235-47. [PMID: 24909816 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) known to recognize guanidine-rich ssRNA has been shown to mount vital host defense mechanism against many viruses including flaviviruses. Signal transduction through TLR7 has been shown to produce type-1 interferon and proinflammatory mediators, thereby initiating essential innate immune response against ssRNA viruses in hosts. Systemic and brain specific TLR7 knock-down mice (TLR7(KD)) were generated using vivo-morpholinos. These mice were then subcutaneously challenged with lethal dose of JEV (GP78 strain) and were subsequently analyzed for survival. Significant difference in susceptibility to JEV between wild-type and systemic TLR7(KD) mice was observed whereas, no difference in susceptibility to JEV infection was seen in brain-specific TLR7(KD) mice. Significant decreases in IFN-α and antiviral proteins were also observed in both TLR7(KD) mice along with increased viral loads in their brain. Owing to increased viral load, increases in levels of various proinflammatory cyto/chemokines, increased microglial activation and infiltration of peripheral immune cells in brain of TLR7(KD) mice were also observed. Immunocytochemistry and RNA co-immunoprecipitation performed with JEV-infected N2a or HT22 cells indicated endosomal localization and confirmed interaction between JEV ssRNA with TLR7. Treatment of mice with imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist, prior to JEV infection resulted in their increased survival. Overall, our results suggest that the TLR7 response following JEV infection promotes type-1 interferon production and generation of antiviral state which might contribute to protective effect in systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshed Nazmi
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122051, India
| | | | - Kiran Kundu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122051, India
| | - Kallol Dutta
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122051, India
| | - Anita Mahadevan
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Susarla Krishna Shankar
- Department of Neuropathology, National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana-122051, India.
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Toll-like receptor activation and expression in bovine alpha-herpesvirus infections. Res Vet Sci 2014; 96:196-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Zoppellaro C, Bin A, Brun P, Banzato S, Macchi V, Castagliuolo I, Giron MC. Adenosine-mediated enteric neuromuscular function is affected during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of rat enteric nervous system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72648. [PMID: 24015268 PMCID: PMC3754913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine plays an important role in regulating intestinal motility and inflammatory processes. Previous studies in rodent models have demonstrated that adenosine metabolism and signalling are altered during chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases. However, the involvement of the adenosinergic system in the pathophysiology of gut dysmotility associated to a primary neurodysfunction is still unclear. Recently, we showed that the neurotropic Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), orally inoculated to rodents, infects the rat enteric nervous system (ENS) and affects gut motor function without signs of systemic infection. In this study we examined whether changes in purinergic metabolism and signaling occur during permanent HSV-1 infection of rat ENS. Using isolated organ bath assays, we found that contraction mediated by adenosine engagement of A1 or A2A receptors was impaired at 1 and 6 weeks post-viral administration. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that viral infection of ENS led to a marked redistribution of adenosine receptors: A1 and A2B receptors were confined to the muscle layers whereas A2A and A3 receptors were expressed mainly in the myenteric plexus. Viral-induced ENS neurodysfunction influenced adenosine metabolism by increasing adenosine deaminase and CD73 levels in longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus with no sign of frank inflammation. This study provides the first evidence for involvement of the adenosinergic system during HSV-1 infection of the ENS. As such, this may represent a valid therapeutic target for modulating gut contractility associated to a primary neurodysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zoppellaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Bin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Banzato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Maria Cecilia Giron
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- * E-mail:
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IL-1R1 signaling facilitates Munro's microabscess formation in psoriasiform imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:1541-9. [PMID: 23407395 PMCID: PMC3656131 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Munro's microabscesses contain polymorphonuclear leukocytes and form specifically in the epidermis of psoriasis patients. The mechanism whereby the neutrophils are recruited into the epidermis is poorly understood. Using a combination of human and mouse primary keratinocyte cell cultures and the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model of skin inflammation, we explored the role of IL-1 signaling in microabscess formation. In vitro imiquimod stimulated production of IL-1α and neutrophil recruiting chemokines. Imiquimod-activated chemokine expression was dependent upon adenosine signaling and independent of IL-1α and IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1); nevertheless, IL-1α could enhance chemokine expression initiated by imiquimod. Topical application of imiquimod in vivo led to epidermal microabscess formation, acanthosis, and increased IL-1α and chemokine expression in the skin of wild-type mice. However, in IL-1R1-deficient mice these responses were either absent or dramatically reduced. These results demonstrate that IL-1α and IL-1R1 signaling is essential for microabscess formation, neutrophil recruiting chemokine expression, and acanthosis in psoriasis-like skin inflammation induced by imiquimod.
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