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Kron NS, Fieber LA, Baker L, Campbell C, Schmale MC. Host response to Aplysia Abyssovirus 1 in nervous system and gill. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 159:105211. [PMID: 38885747 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The California sea hare (Aplysia californica) is a model for age associated cognitive decline. Recent researched identified a novel nidovirus, Aplysia Abyssovirus 1, with broad tropism enriched in the Aplysia nervous system. This virus is ubiquitous in wild and maricultured, young and old animals without obvious pathology. Here we re-evaluated gene expression data from several previous studies to investigate differential expression in the nervous system and gill in response to virus and aging as well as the mutational spectrum observed in the viral sequences obtained from these datasets. Viral load and age were highly correlated, indicating persistent infection. Upregulated genes in response to virus were enriched for immune genes and signatures of ER and proteostatic stress, while downregulated genes were enriched for mitochondrial metabolism. Differential expression with respect to age suggested increased iron accumulation and decreased glycolysis, fatty acid metabolism, and proteasome function. Interaction of gene expression trends associated with viral infection and aging suggest that viral infection likely plays a role in aging in the Aplysia nervous system. Mutation analysis of viral RNA identified signatures suggesting ADAR and AID/APOBEC like deaminase act as part of Aplysia anti-viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Kron
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA.
| | - Lynne A Fieber
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Lydia Baker
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | | | - Michael C Schmale
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
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Rybak-Wolf A, Wyler E, Pentimalli TM, Legnini I, Oliveras Martinez A, Glažar P, Loewa A, Kim SJ, Kaufer BB, Woehler A, Landthaler M, Rajewsky N. Modelling viral encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus 1 infection in cerebral organoids. Nat Microbiol 2023:10.1038/s41564-023-01405-y. [PMID: 37349587 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis is a life-threatening disease of the central nervous system caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSVs). Following standard of care with antiviral acyclovir treatment, most patients still experience various neurological sequelae. Here we characterize HSV-1 infection of human brain organoids by combining single-cell RNA sequencing, electrophysiology and immunostaining. We observed strong perturbations of tissue integrity, neuronal function and cellular transcriptomes. Under acyclovir treatment viral replication was stopped, but did not prevent HSV-1-driven defects such as damage of neuronal processes and neuroepithelium. Unbiased analysis of pathways deregulated upon infection revealed tumour necrosis factor activation as a potential causal factor. Combination of anti-inflammatory drugs such as necrostatin-1 or bardoxolone methyl with antiviral treatment prevented the damages caused by infection, indicating that tuning the inflammatory response in acute infection may improve current therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Rybak-Wolf
- Organoid Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Emanuel Wyler
- Laboratory for RNA Biology, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tancredi Massimo Pentimalli
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin School of Integrative Oncology (BSIO), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivano Legnini
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Centre for Genomics, Functional Genomics Programme, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Oliveras Martinez
- System Biology Imaging Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Petar Glažar
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Loewa
- Organoid Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Seung Joon Kim
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Andrew Woehler
- System Biology Imaging Platform, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Markus Landthaler
- Laboratory for RNA Biology, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Rajewsky
- Laboratory for Systems Biology of Gene Regulatory Elements, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Berlin, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Berlin, Germany.
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Chaturvedi S, Pablo M, Wolf M, Rosas-Rivera D, Calia G, Kumar AJ, Vardi N, Du K, Glazier J, Ke R, Chan MF, Perelson AS, Weinberger LS. Disrupting autorepression circuitry generates "open-loop lethality" to yield escape-resistant antiviral agents. Cell 2022; 185:2086-2102.e22. [PMID: 35561685 PMCID: PMC9097017 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Across biological scales, gene-regulatory networks employ autorepression (negative feedback) to maintain homeostasis and minimize failure from aberrant expression. Here, we present a proof of concept that disrupting transcriptional negative feedback dysregulates viral gene expression to therapeutically inhibit replication and confers a high evolutionary barrier to resistance. We find that nucleic-acid decoys mimicking cis-regulatory sites act as "feedback disruptors," break homeostasis, and increase viral transcription factors to cytotoxic levels (termed "open-loop lethality"). Feedback disruptors against herpesviruses reduced viral replication >2-logs without activating innate immunity, showed sub-nM IC50, synergized with standard-of-care antivirals, and inhibited virus replication in mice. In contrast to approved antivirals where resistance rapidly emerged, no feedback-disruptor escape mutants evolved in long-term cultures. For SARS-CoV-2, disruption of a putative feedback circuit also generated open-loop lethality, reducing viral titers by >1-log. These results demonstrate that generating open-loop lethality, via negative-feedback disruption, may yield a class of antimicrobials with a high genetic barrier to resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Chaturvedi
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Michael Pablo
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marie Wolf
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Rosas-Rivera
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Giuliana Calia
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arjun J Kumar
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Noam Vardi
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kelvin Du
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Joshua Glazier
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruian Ke
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Matilda F Chan
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Leor S Weinberger
- Gladstone/UCSF Center for Cell Circuitry, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Yin Y, Favoreel HW. Herpesviruses and the Type III Interferon System. Virol Sin 2021; 36:577-587. [PMID: 33400088 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00330-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFNs) represent the most recently discovered group of IFNs. Together with type I IFNs (e.g. IFN-α/β), type III IFNs (IFN-λ) are produced as part of the innate immune response to virus infection, and elicit an anti-viral state by inducing expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). It was initially thought that type I IFNs and type III IFNs perform largely redundant functions. However, it has become evident that type III IFNs particularly play a major role in antiviral protection of mucosal epithelial barriers, thereby serving an important role in the first-line defense against virus infection and invasion at contact areas with the outside world, versus the generally more broad, potent and systemic antiviral effects of type I IFNs. Herpesviruseses are large DNA viruses, which enter their host via mucosal surfaces and establish lifelong, latent infections. Despite the importance of mucosal epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses, our current knowledge on the interaction of herpesviruses with type III IFN is limited and largely restricted to studies on the alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus (HSV). This review summarizes the current understanding about the role of IFN-λ in the immune response against herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Viruses in connectomics: Viral transneuronal tracers and genetically modified recombinants as neuroscience research tools. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108917. [PMID: 32835704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Connectomic studies have become 'viral', as viral pathogens have been turned into irreplaceable neuroscience research tools. Highly sensitive viral transneuronal tracing technologies are available, based on the use of alpha-herpesviruses and a rhabdovirus (rabies virus), which function as self-amplifying markers by replicating in recipient neurons. These viruses highly differ with regard to host range, cellular receptors, peripheral uptake, replication, transport direction and specificity. Their characteristics, that make them useful for different purposes, will be highlighted and contrasted. Only transneuronal tracing with rabies virus is entirely specific. The neuroscientist toolbox currently include wild-type alpha-herpesviruses and rabies virus strains enabling polysynaptic tracing of neuronal networks across multiple synapses, as well as genetically modified viral tracers for dual transneuronal tracing, and complementary viral tools including defective and chimeric recombinants that function as single step or monosynaptically restricted tracers, or serve for monitoring and manipulating neuronal activity and gene expression. Methodological issues that are crucial for appropriate use of these technologies will be summarized. Among wild-type and genetically engineered viral tools, rabies virus and chimeric recombinants based on rabies virus as virus backbone are the most powerful, because of the ability of rabies virus to propagate exclusively among connected neurons unidirectionally (retrogradely), without affecting neuronal function. Understanding in depth viral properties is essential for neuroscientists who intend to exploit alpha-herpesviruses, rhabdoviruses or derived recombinants as research tools. Key knowledge will be summarized regarding their cellular receptors, intracellular trafficking and strategies to contrast host defense that explain their different pathophysiology and properties as research tools.
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Li W, Luo Z, Yan CY, Wang XH, He ZJ, Ouyang SH, Yan C, Liu LF, Zhou QQ, Mu HL, Gong HB, Duan WJ, Liang L, Kurihara H, Feng D, Li YF, He RR. Autophagic degradation of PML promotes susceptibility to HSV-1 by stress-induced corticosterone. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9032-9049. [PMID: 32802177 PMCID: PMC7415815 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that can cause a variety of clinical syndromes including mucocutaneous disease and HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE). Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the susceptibility to HSV-1 under stressful conditions. Methods: Restraint stress and corticosterone (CORT, a primary stress hormone) were respectively used to establish HSV-1 susceptible model in vivo and in vitro. Viral titers were determined by plaque assay. Western blotting, immunofluorescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), qRT-PCR, H&E staining, IHC staining and flow cytometry were employed to evaluate virus-related protein expressions and detect the activation of autophagy. Loss- and gain-function assays, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) technique and autophagy agonist/antagonist treatments were applied in mechanistic experiments. Results: Restraint stress increased the susceptibility of mouse brain to HSV-1. Similarly, CORT treatment enhanced the susceptibility of neural cells to HSV-1. Furthermore, PML protein level in HSV-1 infected brain tissues and neural cells was remarkably decreased by stress treatment in vivo or CORT treatment in vitro, while its transcriptional level was not affected. Notably, a striking decline in protein expressions of ICP27 and gB was observed in PML-overexpressing cells, which was reversed by CORT treatment. By contrast, protein expression of gB was increased by knockdown with si-PML in virus-infected SH-SY5Y cells. We further discovered that CORT-driven PML degradation was dependent on the activation of autophagy in a ULK1-independent manner, rather than proteasome pathway. Bafilomycin A1 (BaF1) attenuated the augmentation effect of CORT on HSV-1 infection. The expressions of viral proteins were reduced in LC3-depleted cells, and the degradation of PML by CORT-induced autophagy was prevented in cells with LC3 knockdown by RNAi. Interestingly, PML was revealed to interact with the autophagic cargo receptor P62 and the autophagic effector protein LC3. Additionally, CORT failed to increase gB protein level when PML was silenced, providing direct evidence linking autophagic degradation of PML and CORT-induced virus susceptibility. Conclusion: Our results revealed that restraint stress/CORT increased HSV-1 susceptibility by delivering PML into autolysosomes for degradation. The results obtained from in vitro and in vivo models not only demonstrated the adverse effects of stress on HSV-1 infection, but also systematically investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. These discoveries broaden our understanding of the interplay between host and viruses, and a comprehensive understanding of the role of autophagy in viral infection will provide information for future development of innovative drugs against viral infection.
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Subramanian G, Popli S, Chakravarty S, Taylor RT, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. The interferon-inducible protein TDRD7 inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase and thereby restricts autophagy-independent virus replication. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6811-6822. [PMID: 32273341 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon system is the first line of defense against virus infection. Recently, using a high-throughput genetic screen of a human interferon-stimulated gene short-hairpin RNA library, we identified a viral restriction factor, TDRD7 (Tudor domain-containing 7). TDRD7 inhibits the paramyxo-/pneumoviruses (e.g. Sendai virus and respiratory syncytial virus) by interfering with the virus-induced cellular autophagy pathway, which these viruses use for their replication. Here, we report that TDRD7 is a viral restriction factor against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1). Using knockdown, knockout, and ectopic expression systems, we demonstrate the anti-HSV-1 activity of TDRD7 in multiple human and mouse cell types. TDRD7 inhibited the virus-activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which was essential for HSV-1 replication. Genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of AMPK activity suppressed HSV-1 replication in multiple human and mouse cells. Mechanistically, HSV-1 replication after viral entry depended on AMPK but not on its function in autophagy. The antiviral activity of TDRD7 depended on its ability to inhibit virus-activated AMPK. In summary, our results indicate that the newly identified viral restriction factor TDRD7 inhibits AMPK and thereby blocks HSV-1 replication independently of the autophagy pathway. These findings suggest that AMPK inhibition represents a potential strategy to manage HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Sonam Popli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Sukanya Chakravarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - R Travis Taylor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio 43614
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Disturbed Yin-Yang balance: stress increases the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections of herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:383-398. [PMID: 32140387 PMCID: PMC7049575 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic herpes virus, is able to establish a lifelong latent infection in the human host. Following primary replication in mucosal epithelial cells, the virus can enter sensory neurons innervating peripheral tissues via nerve termini. The viral genome is then transported to the nucleus where it can be maintained without producing infectious progeny, and thus latency is established in the cell. Yin–Yang balance is an essential concept in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Yin represents stable and inhibitory factors, and Yang represents the active and aggressive factors. When the organism is exposed to stress, especially psychological stress caused by emotional stimulation, the Yin–Yang balance is disturbed and the virus can re-engage in productive replication, resulting in recurrent diseases. Therefore, a better understanding of the stress-induced susceptibility to HSV-1 primary infection and reactivation is needed and will provide helpful insights into the effective control and treatment of HSV-1. Here we reviewed the recent advances in the studies of HSV-1 susceptibility, latency and reactivation. We included mechanisms involved in primary infection and the regulation of latency and described how stress-induced changes increase the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections.
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Key Words
- 4E-BP, eIF4E-binding protein
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK, AMP-dependent kinase
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CNS, central nervous system
- CORT, corticosterone
- CPE, cytopathic effect
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CoREST, REST corepressor 1
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DEX, dexamethasone
- GREs, GR response elements
- GRs, glucocorticoid receptors
- H3K9, histone H3 on lysines 9
- HCF-1, host cell factor 1
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- HPA axis, hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis
- HPK, herpetic simplex keratitis
- HPT axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis
- HSV-1
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1
- Herpes simplex virus type 1
- ICP, infected cell polypeptide
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- KLF15, Krüppel-like transcription factor 15
- LAT, latency-associated transcripts
- LRF, Luman/CREB3 recruitment factor
- LSD1, lysine-specific demethylase 1
- Latency
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- ND10, nuclear domains 10
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- OCT-1, octamer binding protein 1
- ORFs, open reading frames
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases
- PML, promyelocytic leukemia protein
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PRC1, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1
- PRRs, pattern-recognition receptors
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligands
- REST, RE1-silencing transcription factor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactivation
- SGKs, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinases
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- Stress
- Susceptibility
- T3, thyroid hormone
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TG, trigeminal ganglia
- TK, thymidine kinase
- TRIM14, tripartite motif-containing 14
- TRKA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- TRM, tissue resident memory T cells
- cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- sncRNAs, small non-coding RNAs
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Xu X, Zhang Y, Li Q. Characteristics of herpes simplex virus infection and pathogenesis suggest a strategy for vaccine development. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2054. [PMID: 31197909 PMCID: PMC6771534 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) can cause oral or genital ulcerative lesions and even encephalitis in various age groups with high infection rates. More seriously, HSV may lead to a wide range of recurrent diseases throughout a lifetime. No vaccines against HSV are currently available. The accumulated clinical research data for HSV vaccines reveal that the effects of HSV interacting with the host, especially the host immune system, may be important for the development of HSV vaccines. HSV vaccine development remains a major challenge. Thus, we focus on the research data regarding the interactions of HSV and host immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells, and the related signal transduction pathways involved in immune evasion and cytokine production. The aim is to explore possible strategies to develop new effective HSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
| | - Qihan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesPeking Union Medical CollegeKunmingChina
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10
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Laing KJ, Ouwendijk WJD, Koelle DM, Verjans GMGM. Immunobiology of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:S68-S74. [PMID: 30247598 PMCID: PMC6151075 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes clinically significant illness during acute and recurrent infection accompanied by robust innate and acquired immune responses. Innate immune cells in skin and ganglion secrete type I interferon (IFN-I) and proinflammatory cytokines to control VZV. Varicella-zoster virus subverts pattern recognition receptor sensing to modulate antigen presentation and IFN-I production. During primary infection, VZV hijacks T cells to disseminate to the skin and establishes latency in ganglia. Durable T- and B-cell memory formed within a few weeks of infection is boosted by reactivation or re-exposure. Antigen-specific T cells are recruited and potentially retained in VZV-infected skin to counteract reactivation. In latently VZV-infected ganglia, however, virus-specific T cells have not been recovered, suggesting that local innate immune responses control VZV latency. Antibodies prevent primary VZV infection, whereas T cells are fundamental to resolving disease, limiting severity, and preventing reactivation. In this study, we review current knowledge on the interactions between VZV and the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - David M Koelle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Teo CSH, O’Hare P. A bimodal switch in global protein translation coupled to eIF4H relocalisation during advancing cell-cell transmission of herpes simplex virus. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007196. [PMID: 30028874 PMCID: PMC6070287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We used the bioorthogonal protein precursor, homopropargylglycine (HPG) and chemical ligation to fluorescent capture agents, to define spatiotemporal regulation of global translation during herpes simplex virus (HSV) cell-to-cell spread at single cell resolution. Translational activity was spatially stratified during advancing infection, with distal uninfected cells showing normal levels of translation, surrounding zones at the earliest stages of infection with profound global shutoff. These cells further surround previously infected cells with restored translation close to levels in uninfected cells, reflecting a very early biphasic switch in translational control. While this process was dependent on the virion host shutoff (vhs) function, in certain cell types we also observed temporally altered efficiency of shutoff whereby during early transmission, naïve cells initially exhibited resistance to shutoff but as infection advanced, naïve target cells succumbed to more extensive translational suppression. This may reflect spatiotemporal variation in the balance of oscillating suppression-recovery phases. Our results also strongly indicate that a single particle of HSV-2, can promote pronounced global shutoff. We also demonstrate that the vhs interacting factor, eIF4H, an RNA helicase accessory factor, switches from cytoplasmic to nuclear localisation precisely correlating with the initial shutdown of translation. However translational recovery occurs despite sustained eIF4H nuclear accumulation, indicating a qualitative change in the translational apparatus before and after suppression. Modelling simulations of high multiplicity infection reveal limitations in assessing translational activity due to sampling frequency in population studies and how analysis at the single cell level overcomes such limitations. The work reveals new insight and a revised model of translational manipulation during advancing infection which has important implications both mechanistically and with regards to the physiological role of translational control during virus propagation. The work also demonstrates the potential of bioorthogonal chemistry for single cell analysis of cellular metabolic processes during advancing infections in other virus systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Su Hui Teo
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O’Hare
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Depledge DP, Sadaoka T, Ouwendijk WJD. Molecular Aspects of Varicella-Zoster Virus Latency. Viruses 2018; 10:v10070349. [PMID: 29958408 PMCID: PMC6070824 DOI: 10.3390/v10070349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection causes varicella (chickenpox) and the establishment of a lifelong latent infection in ganglionic neurons. VZV reactivates in about one-third of infected individuals to cause herpes zoster, often accompanied by neurological complications. The restricted host range of VZV and, until recently, a lack of suitable in vitro models have seriously hampered molecular studies of VZV latency. Nevertheless, recent technological advances facilitated a series of exciting studies that resulted in the discovery of a VZV latency-associated transcript (VLT) and provide novel insights into our understanding of VZV latency and factors that may initiate reactivation. Deducing the function(s) of VLT and the molecular mechanisms involved should now be considered a priority to improve our understanding of factors that govern VZV latency and reactivation. In this review, we summarize the implications of recent discoveries in the VZV latency field from both a virus and host perspective and provide a roadmap for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Depledge
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Tomohiko Sadaoka
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Werner J D Ouwendijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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13
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Koyuncu OO, MacGibeny MA, Enquist LW. Latent versus productive infection: the alpha herpesvirus switch. Future Virol 2018; 13:431-443. [PMID: 29967651 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alpha herpesviruses are common pathogens of mammals. They establish a productive infection in many cell types, but a life-long latent infection occurs in PNS neurons. A vast majority of the human population has latent HSV-1 infections. Currently, there is no cure to clear latent infections. Even though HSV-1 is among the best studied viral pathogens, regulation of latency and reactivation is not well understood due to several challenges including a lack of animal models that precisely recapitulate latency/reactivation episodes; a difficulty in modeling in vitro latency; and a limited understanding of neuronal biology. In this review, we discuss insights gained from in vitro latency models with a focus on the neuronal and viral factors that determine the mode of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkide O Koyuncu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Margaret A MacGibeny
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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14
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Linderman JA, Kobayashi M, Rayannavar V, Fak JJ, Darnell RB, Chao MV, Wilson AC, Mohr I. Immune Escape via a Transient Gene Expression Program Enables Productive Replication of a Latent Pathogen. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1312-1323. [PMID: 28147283 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
How type I and II interferons prevent periodic reemergence of latent pathogens in tissues of diverse cell types remains unknown. Using homogeneous neuron cultures latently infected with herpes simplex virus 1, we show that extrinsic type I or II interferon acts directly on neurons to induce unique gene expression signatures and inhibit the reactivation-specific burst of viral genome-wide transcription called phase I. Surprisingly, interferons suppressed reactivation only during a limited period early in phase I preceding productive virus growth. Sensitivity to type II interferon was selectively lost if viral ICP0, which normally accumulates later in phase I, was expressed before reactivation. Thus, interferons suppress reactivation by preventing initial expression of latent genomes but are ineffective once phase I viral proteins accumulate, limiting interferon action. This demonstrates that inducible reactivation from latency is only transiently sensitive to interferon. Moreover, it illustrates how latent pathogens escape host immune control to periodically replicate by rapidly deploying an interferon-resistant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Linderman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mariko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 226, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vinayak Rayannavar
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Biology & Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John J Fak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 226, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology & Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., Box 226, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Moses V Chao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Kimmel Center for Biology & Medicine at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Angus C Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center at NYU Medical Center, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA.
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15
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Verpoest S, Redant V, Cay AB, Favoreel H, De Regge N. Reduced virulence of a pseudorabies virus isolate from wild boar origin in domestic pigs correlates with hampered visceral spread and age-dependent reduced neuroinvasive capacity. Virulence 2017; 9:149-162. [PMID: 28873002 PMCID: PMC5955469 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1368941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection are dependent on the age of the pig and the virulence of the strain. PRV strains circulating in wild boar are considered to be low virulent, but no mechanistic explanation for their reduced virulence is available. Here infection of 2- and 15-week-old domestic pigs with the PRV wild boar strain BEL24043 did not induce clinical symptoms in 15-week-old pigs, but resulted in important neurological and respiratory disease in 2-week-old piglets. A detailed study of the (neuro) pathogenesis and associated cytokine mRNA expression showed that the reduced virulence of the wild boar strain, compared to what was previously reported for the virulent domestic NIA3 strain, is due to a severely hampered spread to visceral organs in pigs of both age categories and to an efficient suppression of viral replication at primary replication sites of 15-week-old pigs and to a lesser extent in those of 2-week-old piglets. The age-dependent difference in induced symptoms seems to be due to an immature development state of the immune and/or nervous system in 2-week-old pigs. An extensive viral replication associated with a robust expression of cytokine-related mRNA was found in the olfactory bulb of 2-week-old piglets, correlating with observed neurological disease. Neuroinvasion also occurred via the trigeminal route in 2-week-old pigs, but viral replication was efficiently suppressed in the trigeminal ganglion in the presence of a moderate induction of cytokine-related mRNA. Viral replication in the peripheral and central nervous system of 15-week-old pigs was limited and efficiently suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Verpoest
- a Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA , Ukkel , Belgium
| | - Valerie Redant
- a Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA , Ukkel , Belgium
| | - Ann Brigitte Cay
- a Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA , Ukkel , Belgium
| | - Herman Favoreel
- b Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- a Operational Direction Viral Diseases, CODA-CERVA , Ukkel , Belgium.,b Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Scherer
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lynn W Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology & Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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17
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Inhibitors of the Histone Methyltransferases EZH2/1 Induce a Potent Antiviral State and Suppress Infection by Diverse Viral Pathogens. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.01141-17. [PMID: 28811345 PMCID: PMC5559635 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01141-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation is based on a network of complexes that modulate the chromatin character and structure of the genome to impact gene expression, cell fate, and development. Thus, epigenetic modulators represent novel therapeutic targets used to treat a range of diseases, including malignancies. Infectious pathogens such as herpesviruses are also regulated by cellular epigenetic machinery, and epigenetic therapeutics represent a novel approach used to control infection, persistence, and the resulting recurrent disease. The histone H3K27 methyltransferases EZH2 and EZH1 (EZH2/1) are epigenetic repressors that suppress gene transcription via propagation of repressive H3K27me3-enriched chromatin domains. However, while EZH2/1 are implicated in the repression of herpesviral gene expression, inhibitors of these enzymes suppressed primary herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, these compounds blocked lytic viral replication following induction of HSV reactivation in latently infected sensory ganglia. Suppression correlated with the induction of multiple inflammatory, stress, and antipathogen pathways, as well as enhanced recruitment of immune cells to in vivo infection sites. Importantly, EZH2/1 inhibitors induced a cellular antiviral state that also suppressed infection with DNA (human cytomegalovirus, adenovirus) and RNA (Zika virus) viruses. Thus, EZH2/1 inhibitors have considerable potential as general antivirals through the activation of cellular antiviral and immune responses. A significant proportion of the world’s population is infected with herpes simplex virus. Primary infection and subsequent recurrent reactivation can result in diseases ranging from mild lesions to severe ocular or neurological damage. Herpesviruses are subject to epigenetic regulation that modulates viral gene expression, lytic replication, and latency-reactivation cycles. Thus, epigenetic pharmaceuticals have the potential to alter the course of infection and disease. Here, while the histone methyltransferases EZH2/1 are implicated in the suppression of herpesviruses, inhibitors of these repressors unexpectedly suppress viral infection in vitro and in vivo by induction of key components of cellular innate defense pathways. These inhibitors suppress infection by multiple viral pathogens, indicating their potential as broad-spectrum antivirals.
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18
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Herr AE, Hain KS, Taylor MP. Limitations on the Multiplicity of Cellular Infection During Human Alphaherpesvirus Disease. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-017-0071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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19
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Pourchet A, Modrek AS, Placantonakis DG, Mohr I, Wilson AC. Modeling HSV-1 Latency in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neurons. Pathogens 2017; 6:E24. [PMID: 28594343 PMCID: PMC5488658 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) uses latency in peripheral ganglia to persist in its human host, however, recurrent reactivation from this reservoir can cause debilitating and potentially life-threatening disease. Most studies of latency use live-animal infection models, but these are complex, multilayered systems and can be difficult to manipulate. Infection of cultured primary neurons provides a powerful alternative, yielding important insights into host signaling pathways controlling latency. However, small animal models do not recapitulate all aspects of HSV-1 infection in humans and are limited in terms of the available molecular tools. To address this, we have developed a latency model based on human neurons differentiated in culture from an NIH-approved embryonic stem cell line. The resulting neurons are highly permissive for replication of wild-type HSV-1, but establish a non-productive infection state resembling latency when infected at low viral doses in the presence of the antivirals acyclovir and interferon-α. In this state, viral replication and expression of a late viral gene marker are not detected but there is an accumulation of the viral latency-associated transcript (LAT) RNA. After a six-day establishment period, antivirals can be removed and the infected cultures maintained for several weeks. Subsequent treatment with sodium butyrate induces reactivation and production of new infectious virus. Human neurons derived from stem cells provide the appropriate species context to study this exclusively human virus with the potential for more extensive manipulation of the progenitors and access to a wide range of preexisting molecular tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Pourchet
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Aram S Modrek
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Dimitris G Placantonakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Kimmel Center for Stem Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Brain Tumor Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Ian Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Angus C Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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20
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Alfonso-Dunn R, Turner AMW, Jean Beltran PM, Arbuckle JH, Budayeva HG, Cristea IM, Kristie TM. Transcriptional Elongation of HSV Immediate Early Genes by the Super Elongation Complex Drives Lytic Infection and Reactivation from Latency. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:507-517.e5. [PMID: 28407486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The cellular transcriptional coactivator HCF-1 is required for initiation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) lytic infection and for reactivation from latency in sensory neurons. HCF-1 stabilizes the viral Immediate Early (IE) gene enhancer complex and mediates chromatin transitions to promote IE transcription initiation. In infected cells, HCF-1 was also found to be associated with a network of transcription elongation components including the super elongation complex (SEC). IE genes exhibit characteristics of genes controlled by transcriptional elongation, and the SEC-P-TEFb complex is specifically required to drive the levels of productive IE mRNAs. Significantly, compounds that enhance the levels of SEC-P-TEFb also potently stimulated HSV reactivation from latency both in a sensory ganglia model system and in vivo. Thus, transcriptional elongation of HSV IE genes is a key limiting parameter governing both the initiation of HSV infection and reactivation of latent genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alfonso-Dunn
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Anne-Marie W Turner
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Jesse H Arbuckle
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Hanna G Budayeva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Thomas M Kristie
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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