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Dabrell SN, Li YC, Yamaguchi H, Chen HF, Hung MC. Herbal Compounds Dauricine and Isoliensinine Impede SARS-CoV-2 Viral Entry. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2914. [PMID: 38001915 PMCID: PMC10669532 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting viral entry has been the focal point for the last 3 years due to the continued threat posed by SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2's entry is highly dependent on the interaction between the virus's Spike protein and host receptors. The virus's Spike protein is a key modulator of viral entry, allowing sequential cleavage of ACE2 at the S1/S2 and S2 sites, resulting in the amalgamation of membranes and subsequent entry of the virus. A Polybasic insertion (PRRAR) conveniently located at the S1/S2 site can also be cleaved by furin or by serine protease, TMPRSS2, at the cell surface. Since ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are conveniently located on the surface of host cells, targeting one or both receptors may inhibit receptor-ligand interaction. Here, we show that Dauricine and Isoliensinine, two commonly used herbal compounds, were capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 viral entry by reducing Spike-ACE2 interaction but not suppressing TMPRSS2 protease activity. Further, our biological assays using pseudoviruses engineered to express Spike proteins of different variants revealed a reduction in infection rates following treatment with these compounds. The molecular modeling revealed an interconnection between R403 of Spike protein and both two compounds. Spike mutations at residue R403 are critical, and often utilized by ACE2 to gain cell access. Overall, our findings strongly suggest that Dauricine and Isoliensinine are effective in blocking Spike-ACE2 interaction and may serve as effective therapeutic agents for targeting SARS-CoV-2's viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneek Natoya Dabrell
- International Master's Program of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chuan Li
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hirohito Yamaguchi
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Research Center for Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Cancer Biology and Precision Therapeutics Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
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Pekarek MJ, Weaver EA. Existing Evidence for Influenza B Virus Adaptations to Drive Replication in Humans as the Primary Host. Viruses 2023; 15:2032. [PMID: 37896807 PMCID: PMC10612074 DOI: 10.3390/v15102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza B virus (IBV) is one of the two major types of influenza viruses that circulate each year. Unlike influenza A viruses, IBV does not harbor pandemic potential due to its lack of historical circulation in non-human hosts. Many studies and reviews have highlighted important factors for host determination of influenza A viruses. However, much less is known about the factors driving IBV replication in humans. We hypothesize that similar factors influence the host restriction of IBV. Here, we compile and review the current understanding of host factors crucial for the various stages of the IBV viral replication cycle. While we discovered the research in this area of IBV is limited, we review known host factors that may indicate possible host restriction of IBV to humans. These factors include the IBV hemagglutinin (HA) protein, host nuclear factors, and viral immune evasion proteins. Our review frames the current understanding of IBV adaptations to replication in humans. However, this review is limited by the amount of research previously completed on IBV host determinants and would benefit from additional future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric A. Weaver
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
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How the Competition for Cysteine May Promote Infection of SARS-CoV-2 by Triggering Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020483. [PMID: 36830041 PMCID: PMC9952211 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 induces a broad range of clinical manifestations. Besides the main receptor, ACE2, other putative receptors and co-receptors have been described and could become genuinely relevant to explain the different tropism manifested by new variants. In this study, we propose a biochemical model envisaging the competition for cysteine as a key mechanism promoting the infection and the selection of host receptors. The SARS-CoV-2 infection produces ROS and triggers a massive biosynthesis of proteins rich in cysteine; if this amino acid becomes limiting, glutathione levels are depleted and cannot control oxidative stress. Hence, infection succeeds. A receptor should be recognized as a marker of suitable intracellular conditions, namely the full availability of amino acids except for low cysteine. First, we carried out a comparative investigation of SARS-CoV-2 proteins and human ACE2. Then, using hierarchical cluster protein analysis, we searched for similarities between all human proteins and spike produced by the latest variant, Omicron BA.1. We found 32 human proteins very close to spike in terms of amino acid content. Most of these potential SARS-CoV-2 receptors have less cysteine than spike. We suggest that these proteins could signal an intracellular shortage of cysteine, predicting a burst of oxidative stress when used as viral entry mediators.
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Liao Y, Guo S, Liu G, Qiu Z, Wang J, Yang D, Tian X, Qiao Z, Ma Z, Liu Z. Host Non-Coding RNA Regulates Influenza A Virus Replication. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010051. [PMID: 35062254 PMCID: PMC8779696 DOI: 10.3390/v14010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of influenza, caused by the influenza A virus (IAV), occur almost every year in various regions worldwide, seriously endangering human health. Studies have shown that host non-coding RNA is an important regulator of host-virus interactions in the process of IAV infection. In this paper, we comprehensively analyzed the research progress on host non-coding RNAs with regard to the regulation of IAV replication. According to the regulation mode of host non-coding RNAs, the signal pathways involved, and the specific target genes, we found that a large number of host non-coding RNAs directly targeted the PB1 and PB2 proteins of IAV. Nonstructural protein 1 and other key genes regulate the replication of IAV and indirectly participate in the regulation of the retinoic acid-induced gene I-like receptor signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway, and other major intracellular viral response signaling pathways to regulate the replication of IAV. Based on the above findings, we mapped the regulatory network of host non-coding RNAs in the innate immune response to the influenza virus. These findings will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the function and mechanism of host non-coding RNAs in the cellular anti-virus response as well as clues to the mechanism of cell-virus interactions and the discovery of antiviral drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejiao Liao
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Shouqing Guo
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Geng Liu
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Zhenyu Qiu
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Di Yang
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaojing Tian
- Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China;
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ziling Qiao
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhongren Ma
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhenbin Liu
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China; (Y.L.); (S.G.); (G.L.); (Z.Q.); (J.W.); (D.Y.); (Z.Q.); (Z.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology & Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Correspondence:
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