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Zhao Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Huang L, Li G, Liu X, Yuan M, Huang W, Ling L, Yang C, He Z, Lai J. Improvement of plant resistance to geminiviruses via protein de-S-acylation. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:23. [PMID: 38662136 PMCID: PMC11045685 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00166-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are an important group of viruses that infect a variety of plants and result in heavy agricultural losses worldwide. The homologs of C4 (or L4) in monopartite geminiviruses and AC4 (or AL4) in bipartite geminiviruses are critical viral proteins. The C4 proteins from several geminiviruses are the substrates of S-acylation, a dynamic post-translational modification, for the maintenance of their membrane localization and function in virus infection. Here we initiated a screening and identified a plant protein ABAPT3 (Alpha/Beta Hydrolase Domain-containing Protein 17-like Acyl Protein Thioesterase 3) as the de-S-acylation enzyme of C4 encoded by BSCTV (Beet severe curly top virus). Overexpression of ABAPT3 reduced the S-acylation of BSCTV C4, disrupted its plasma membrane localization, inhibited its function in pathogenesis, and suppressed BSCTV infection. Because the S-acylation motifs are conserved among C4 from different geminiviruses, we tested the effect of ABAPT3 on the C4 protein of ToLCGdV (Tomato leaf curl Guangdong virus) from another geminivirus genus. Consistently, ABAPT3 overexpression also disrupted the S-acylation, subcellular localization, and function of ToLCGdV C4, and inhibited ToLCGdV infection. In summary, we provided a new approach to globally improve the resistance to different types of geminiviruses in plants via de-S-acylation of the viral C4 proteins and it can be extendedly used for suppression of geminivirus infection in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhenggang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liting Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Gongda Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xiaoshi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Meiqi Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Lishan Ling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Zifu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Prasad A, Sharma S, Prasad M. Post translational modifications at the verge of plant-geminivirus interaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194983. [PMID: 37717937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-virus interaction is a complex phenomenon and involves the communication between plant and viral factors. Viruses have very limited coding ability yet, they are able to cause infection which results in huge agro-economic losses throughout the globe each year. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are covalent modifications of proteins that have a drastic effect on their conformation, stability and function. Like the host proteins, geminiviral proteins are also subject to PTMs and these modifications greatly expand the diversity of their functions. Additionally, these viral proteins can also interact with the components of PTM pathways and modulate them. Several studies have highlighted the importance of PTMs such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, myristoylation, S-acylation, acetylation and methylation in plant-geminivirus interaction. PTMs also regulate epigenetic modifications during geminivirus infection which determines viral gene expression. In this review, we have summarized the role of PTMs in regulating geminiviral protein function, influence of PTMs on viral gene expression and how geminiviral proteins interact with the components of PTM pathways to modulate their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Prasad
- Department of Botany, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India.
| | | | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India.
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3
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Yang M, Ismayil A, Gao T, Ye Z, Yue N, Wu J, Zheng X, Li Y, Wang Y, Hong Y, Liu Y. Cotton leaf curl Multan virus C4 protein suppresses autophagy to facilitate viral infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:708-720. [PMID: 37073495 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in plant antiviral defense. Several plant viruses are reported to encode viral suppressor of autophagy (VSA) to prevent autophagy for effective virus infection. However, whether and how other viruses, in particular DNA viruses, also encode VSAs to affect viral infection in plants is unknown. Here, we report that the C4 protein encoded by Cotton leaf curl Multan geminivirus (CLCuMuV) inhibits autophagy by binding to the autophagy negative regulator eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) to enhance the eIF4A-Autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) interaction. By contrast, the R54A or R54K mutation in C4 abolishes its capacity to interact with eIF4A, and neither C4R54A nor C4R54K can suppress autophagy. However, the R54 residue is not essential for C4 to interfere with transcriptional gene silencing or post-transcriptional gene silencing. Moreover, plants infected with mutated CLCuMuV-C4R54K develop less severe symptoms with decreased levels of viral DNA. These findings reveal a molecular mechanism underlying how the DNA virus CLCuMuV deploys a VSA to subdue host cellular antiviral autophagy defense and uphold viral infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Teng Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zihan Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Yue
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
- Warwick-Hangzhou RNA Signaling Joint Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
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4
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Malavika M, Prakash V, Chakraborty S. Recovery from virus infection: plant's armory in action. PLANTA 2023; 257:103. [PMID: 37115475 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review focuses on different factors involved in promoting symptom recovery in plants post-virus infection such as epigenetics, transcriptional reprogramming, phytohormones with an emphasis on RNA silencing as well as role of abiotic factors such as temperature on symptom recovery. Plants utilize several different strategies to defend themselves in the battle against invading viruses. Most of the viral proteins interact with plant proteins and interfere with molecular dynamics in a cell which eventually results in symptom development. This initial symptom development is countered by the plant utilizing various factors including the plant's adaptive immunity to develop a virus tolerant state. Infected plants can specifically target and impede the transcription of viral genes as well as degrade the viral transcripts to restrict their proliferation by the production of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) generated from the viral nucleic acid, known as virus-derived siRNA (vsiRNA). To further escalate the degradation of viral nucleic acid, secondary siRNAs are generated. The production of virus-activated siRNA (vasiRNA) from the host genome causes differential regulation of the host transcriptome which plays a major role in establishing a virus tolerant state within the infected plant. The systemic action of vsiRNAs, vasiRNA, and secondary siRNAs with the help of defense hormones like salicylic acid can curb viral proliferation, and thus the newly emerged leaves develop fewer symptoms, maintaining a state of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malavika
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ved Prakash
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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5
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Song Y, Wang Y, Yu Q, Sun Y, Zhang J, Zhan J, Ren M. Regulatory network of GSK3-like kinases and their role in plant stress response. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1123436. [PMID: 36938027 PMCID: PMC10014926 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1123436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) family members are evolutionally conserved Ser/Thr protein kinases in mammals and plants. In plants, the GSK3s function as signaling hubs to integrate the perception and transduction of diverse signals required for plant development. Despite their role in the regulation of plant growth and development, emerging research has shed light on their multilayer function in plant stress responses. Here we review recent advances in the regulatory network of GSK3s and the involvement of GSK3s in plant adaptation to various abiotic and biotic stresses. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying how plants cope with environmental stresses through GSK3s-hormones crosstalk, a pivotal biochemical pathway in plant stress responses. We believe that our overview of the versatile physiological functions of GSK3s and underlined molecular mechanism of GSK3s in plant stress response will not only opens further research on this important topic but also provide opportunities for developing stress-resilient crops through the use of genetic engineering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Qianqian Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yueying Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jianling Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sanya, China
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6
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Kumar R, Dasgupta I. Geminiviral C4/AC4 proteins: An emerging component of the viral arsenal against plant defence. Virology 2023; 579:156-168. [PMID: 36693289 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection triggers a plethora of defence reactions in plants to incapacitate the intruder. Viruses, in turn, have added additional functions to their genes so that they acquire capabilities to neutralize the above defence reactions. In plant-infecting viruses, the family Geminiviridae comprises members, majority of whom encode 6-8 genes in their small single-stranded DNA genomes. Of the above genes, one which shows the most variability in its amino acid sequence is the C4/AC4. Recent studies have uncovered evidence, which point towards a wide repertoire of functions performed by C4/AC4 revealing its role as a major player in suppressing plant defence. This review summarizes the various plant defence mechanisms against viruses and highlights how C4/AC4 has evolved to counter most of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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7
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Zhang C, Wang D, Li W, Zhang B, Abdel-Fattah Ouf GM, Su X, Li J. The coat protein p25 from maize chlorotic mottle virus involved in symptom development and systemic movement of tobacco mosaic virus hybrids. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:951479. [PMID: 35992724 PMCID: PMC9389212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral coat protein (CP) has numerous critical functions in plant infection, but little is known about p25, the CP of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV; Machlomovirus), which causes severe yield losses in maize worldwide. Here, we investigated the roles of p25 in pathogenicity and systemic movement, as well as potential interactions with host plants, using a hybrid tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based expression system. Highly conserved protein p25 is predicted to contain a membrane-anchored nuclear localization signal (NLS) sequence and an extracellular sequence. In transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants containing the movement protein (MP) of TMV (TMV-MP), p25 induced severe symptoms, including dwarf and foliar necrosis, and was detected in inoculated and non-inoculated leaves. After the deletion of NLS from nuclear-located p25, the protein was found throughout the host cell, and plant stunting and starch granule deformity were reduced. Systemic movement and pathogenicity were significantly impaired when the C-terminal regions of p25 were absent. Using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the transcript level of heat shock protein HSP90 was distinctly lower in host plants in association with the absence of leaf necrosis induced by TMV-p25. Our results revealed crucial roles for MCMV p25 in viral pathogenicity, long-distance movement, and interactions with N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Di Wang
- Center for Advanced Measurement Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolong Zhang
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Gamal M. Abdel-Fattah Ouf
- Department of Botany and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Xiaofeng Su
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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8
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Zhao S, Gong P, Ren Y, Liu H, Li H, Li F, Zhou X. The novel C5 protein from tomato yellow leaf curl virus is a virulence factor and suppressor of gene silencing. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:19. [PMID: 37676365 PMCID: PMC10442036 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is known to encode 6 canonical viral proteins. Our recent study revealed that TYLCV also encodes some additional small proteins with potential virulence functions. The fifth ORF of TYLCV in the complementary sense, which we name C5, is evolutionarily conserved, but little is known about its expression and function during viral infection. Here, we confirmed the expression of the TYLCV C5 by analyzing the promoter activity of its upstream sequences and by detecting the C5 protein in infected cells by using a specific custom-made antibody. Ectopic expression of C5 using a potato virus X (PVX) vector resulted in severe mosaic symptoms and higher virus accumulation levels followed by a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. C5 was able to effectively suppress local and systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) induced by single-stranded GFP but not double-stranded GFP, and reversed the transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) of GFP. Furthermore, the mutation of C5 in TYLCV inhibited viral replication and the development of disease symptoms in infected plants. Transgenic overexpression of C5 could complement the virulence of a TYLCV infectious clone encoding a dysfunctional C5. Collectively, this study reveals that TYLCV C5 is a pathogenicity determinant and RNA silencing suppressor, hence expanding our knowledge of the functional repertoire of the TYLCV proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanxiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Identification of Crucial Amino Acids in Begomovirus C4 Proteins Involved in the Modulation of the Severity of Leaf Curling Symptoms. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030499. [PMID: 35336906 PMCID: PMC8955491 DOI: 10.3390/v14030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses frequently inflict upward or downward leaf curling symptoms on infected plants, leading to severe economic damages. Knowledge of the underlying mechanism controlling the leaf curling severity may facilitate the development of alternative disease management strategies. In this study, through genomic recombination between Ageratum yellow vein virus Nan-Tou strain (AYVV-NT) and Tomato leaf curl virus Tai-Chung Strain (TLCV-TC), which caused upward and downward leaf curling on Nicotiana benthamiana, respectively, it was found that the coding region of C4 protein might be involved in the determination of leaf curling directions. Sequence comparison and mutational analysis revealed that the cysteine and glycine at position 8 and 14 of AYVV-TC C4 protein, respectively, are involved in the modulation of leaf curling symptoms. Cross-protection assays further demonstrated that N. benthamiana inoculated with AYVV-carrying mutations of the aforementioned amino acids exhibited attenuated leaf curling symptoms under the challenge of wild-type AYVV-NT. Together, these findings revealed a new function of begomovirus C4 proteins involved in the modulation of leaf curling severity during symptom formation and suggested potential applications for managing viral diseases through manipulating the symptoms.
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10
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Devendran R, Namgial T, Reddy KK, Kumar M, Zarreen F, Chakraborty S. Insights into the multifunctional roles of geminivirus-encoded proteins in pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2022; 167:307-326. [PMID: 35079902 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a major threat to agriculture in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Geminiviruses have small genome with limited coding capacity. Despite this limitation, these viruses have mastered hijacking the host cellular metabolism for their survival. To compensate for the small size of their genome, geminiviruses encode multifunctional proteins. In addition, geminiviruses associate themselves with satellite DNA molecules which also encode proteins that support the virus in establishing successful infection. Geminiviral proteins recruit multiple host factors, suppress the host defense, and manipulate host metabolism to establish infection. We have updated the knowledge accumulated about the proteins of geminiviruses and their satellites in the context of pathogenesis in a single review. We also discuss their interactions with host factors to provide a mechanistic understanding of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragunathan Devendran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Tsewang Namgial
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Kumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Fauzia Zarreen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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11
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Gupta K, Rishishwar R, Dasgupta I. The interplay of plant hormonal pathways and geminiviral proteins: partners in disease development. Virus Genes 2022; 58:1-14. [PMID: 35034268 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae infect plants and are responsible for a number of diseases of crops in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the World. The innate immune response of the plant assists in its defense against such viral pathogens by the recognition of pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns through pattern-recognition receptors. Phytohormone signalling pathways play a vital role in plant defense responses against these devastating viruses. Geminiviruses, however, have developed counter-defense strategies that prevail over the above defense pathways. The proteins encoded by geminiviruses act as suppressors of plant immunity by interacting with the signalling components of several hormones. In this review we focus on the molecular interplay of phytohormone pathways and geminiviral infection and try to find interesting parallels with similar mechanisms known in other plant-infecting viruses and strengthen the argument that this interplay is necessary for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Gupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, -110021, India
| | - Rashmi Rishishwar
- Department of Botany, Bhagat Singh Government P.G. College, Jaora, Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, 457226, India
| | - Indranil Dasgupta
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, -110021, India.
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12
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Li C, Zhang B, Yu H. GSK3s: nodes of multilayer regulation of plant development and stress responses. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:1286-1300. [PMID: 34417080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) family members are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases in eukaryotes. Unlike animals, plants have evolved with multiple homologs of GSK3s involved in a diverse array of biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that GSK3s act as signaling hubs for integrating perception and transduction of diverse signals required for plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic cues. Here we review recent advances in understanding the molecular interactions between GSK3s and an expanding spectrum of their upstream regulators and downstream substrates in plants. We further discuss how GSK3s act as key signaling nodes of multilayer regulation of plant development and stress response through either being regulated at the post-translational level or regulating their substrates via phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore.
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13
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Abstract
The fast-paced evolution of viruses enables them to quickly adapt to the organisms they infect by constantly exploring the potential functional landscape of the proteins encoded in their genomes. Geminiviruses, DNA viruses infecting plants and causing devastating crop diseases worldwide, produce a limited number of multifunctional proteins that mediate the manipulation of the cellular environment to the virus’ advantage. Among the proteins produced by the members of this family, C4, the smallest one described to date, is emerging as a powerful viral effector with unexpected versatility. C4 is the only geminiviral protein consistently subjected to positive selection and displays a number of dynamic subcellular localizations, interacting partners, and functions, which can vary between viral species. In this review, we aim to summarize our current knowledge on this remarkable viral protein, encompassing the different aspects of its multilayered diversity, and discuss what it can teach us about geminivirus evolution, invasion requirements, and virulence strategies.
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Nigam D. Genomic Variation and Diversification in Begomovirus Genome in Implication to Host and Vector Adaptation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1706. [PMID: 34451752 PMCID: PMC8398267 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) are DNA viruses transmitted in a circulative, persistent manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). As revealed by their wide host range (more than 420 plant species), worldwide distribution, and effective vector transmission, begomoviruses are highly adaptive. Still, the genetic factors that facilitate their adaptation to a diverse array of hosts and vectors remain poorly understood. Mutations in the virus genome may confer a selective advantage for essential functions, such as transmission, replication, evading host responses, and movement within the host. Therefore, genetic variation is vital to virus evolution and, in response to selection pressure, is demonstrated as the emergence of new strains and species adapted to diverse hosts or with unique pathogenicity. The combination of variation and selection forms a genetic imprint on the genome. This review focuses on factors that contribute to the evolution of Begomovirus and their global spread, for which an unforeseen diversity and dispersal has been recognized and continues to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Nigam
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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15
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Gupta N, Reddy K, Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty✉ S. Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity. Virol J 2021; 18:143. [PMID: 34243802 PMCID: PMC8268416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses are circular, single-stranded viruses responsible for enormous crop loss worldwide. Rapid expansion of geminivirus diversity outweighs the continuous effort to control its spread. Geminiviruses channelize the host cell machinery in their favour by manipulating the gene expression, cell signalling, protein turnover, and metabolic reprogramming of plants. As a response to viral infection, plants have evolved to deploy various strategies to subvert the virus invasion and reinstate cellular homeostasis. MAIN BODY Numerous reports exploring various aspects of plant-geminivirus interaction portray the subtlety and flexibility of the host-pathogen dynamics. To leverage this pool of knowledge towards raising antiviral resistance in host plants, a comprehensive account of plant's defence response against geminiviruses is required. This review discusses the current knowledge of plant's antiviral responses exerted to geminivirus in the light of resistance mechanisms and the innate genetic factors contributing to the defence. We have revisited the defence pathways involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway, protein kinase signalling cascades, autophagy, and hypersensitive responses. In addition, geminivirus-induced phytohormonal fluctuations, the subsequent alterations in primary and secondary metabolites, and their impact on pathogenesis along with the recent advancements of CRISPR-Cas9 technique in generating the geminivirus resistance in plants have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS Considering the rapid development in the field of plant-virus interaction, this review provides a timely and comprehensive account of molecular nuances that define the course of geminivirus infection and can be exploited in generating virus-resistant plants to control global agricultural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty✉
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Mei Y, Wang Y, Hu T, He Z, Zhou X. The C4 protein encoded by Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus interferes with mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade-related defense responses through inhibiting the dissociation of the ERECTA/BKI1 complex. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:747-762. [PMID: 33829507 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in host defense against pathogens and are often activated by upstream plasma membrane leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs). ERECTA (ER) is an LRR-RLK that regulates plant developmental processes through activating MAPK cascades. Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) C4 protein interacts with BKI1, stabilizes it at the plasma membrane and impairs ER autophosphorylation through suppressing the dissociation of the BKI1/ER complex, and then inhibits the activation of downstream MAPK cascades, which ultimately creates a favorable environment for TLCYnV infection. This study provides a novel viral strategy to impair MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zifu He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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17
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Liu X, Huang W, Zhai Z, Ye T, Yang C, Lai J. Protein modification: A critical modulator in the interaction between geminiviruses and host plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1707-1715. [PMID: 33506956 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a large group of single-stranded DNA viruses that infect plants and cause severe agricultural losses worldwide. Given geminiviruses only have small genomes that encode a few proteins, viral factors have to interact with host components to establish an environment suitable for virus infection, whilst the host immunity system recognizes and targets these viral components during infection. Post-translational protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, lipidation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation and methylation, have been reported to be critical during the interplay between host plants and geminiviruses. Here we summarize the research progress, including phosphorylation and lipidation which usually control the activity and localization of viral factors; as well as ubiquitination and histone modification which are predominantly interfered with by viral components. We also discuss the dynamic competition on protein modifications between host defence and geminivirus efficient infection, as well as potential applications of protein modifications in geminivirus resistance. The summary and perspective of this topic will improve our understanding on the mechanism of geminivirus-plant interaction and contribute to further protection of plants from virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqian Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tushu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Mao J, Li W, Liu J, Li J. Versatile Physiological Functions of Plant GSK3-Like Kinases. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050697. [PMID: 34066668 PMCID: PMC8151121 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)-like kinases are highly conserved protein serine/threonine kinases that are grouped into four subfamilies. Similar to their mammalian homologs, these kinases are constitutively active under normal growth conditions but become inactivated in response to diverse developmental and environmental signals. Since their initial discoveries in the early 1990s, many biochemical and genetic studies were performed to investigate their physiological functions in various plant species. These studies have demonstrated that the plant GSK3-like kinases are multifunctional kinases involved not only in a wide variety of plant growth and developmental processes but also in diverse plant stress responses. Here we summarize our current understanding of the versatile physiological functions of the plant GSK3-like kinases along with their confirmed and potential substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenxin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.L.)
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Sun R, Han J, Zheng L, Qu F. The AC2 Protein of a Bipartite Geminivirus Stimulates the Transcription of the BV1 Gene through Abscisic Acid Responsive Promoter Elements. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121403. [PMID: 33297325 PMCID: PMC7762296 DOI: 10.3390/v12121403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses possess single-stranded, circular DNA genomes and control the transcription of their late genes, including BV1 of many bipartite begomoviruses, through transcriptional activation by the early expressing AC2 protein. DNA binding by AC2 is not sequence-specific; hence, the specificity of AC2 activation is thought to be conferred by plant transcription factors (TFs) recruited by AC2 in infected cells. However, the exact TFs AC2 recruits are not known for most viruses. Here, we report a systematic examination of the BV1 promoter (PBV1) of the mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) for conserved promoter motifs. We found that MYMV PBV1 contains three abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive elements (ABREs) within its first 70 nucleotides. Deleting these ABREs, or mutating them all via site-directed mutagenesis, abolished the capacity of PBV1 to respond to AC2-mediated transcriptional activation. Furthermore, ABRE and other related ABA-responsive elements were prevalent in more than a dozen Old World begomoviruses we inspected. Together, these findings suggest that ABA-responsive TFs may be recruited by AC2 to BV1 promoters of these viruses to confer specificity to AC2 activation. These observations are expected to guide the search for the actual TF(s), furthering our understanding of the mechanisms of AC2 action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Feng Qu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-330-263-3835
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