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Intranasal Exposure to Rift Valley Fever Virus Live-Attenuated Strains Leads to High Mortality Rate in Immunocompetent Mice. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112470. [PMID: 36366567 PMCID: PMC9694885 DOI: 10.3390/v14112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a pathogenic arthropod-borne virus that can cause serious illness in both ruminants and humans. The virus can be transmitted by an arthropod bite or contact with contaminated fluids or tissues. Two live-attenuated veterinary vaccines-the Smithburn (SB) and Clone 13 (Cl.13)-are currently used during epizootic events in Africa. However, their residual pathogenicity (i.e., SB) or potential of reversion (i.e., Cl.13) causes important adverse effects, strongly limiting their use in the field. In this study, we infected immunocompetent mice with SB or Cl.13 by a subcutaneous or an intranasal inoculation. Interestingly, we found that, unlike the subcutaneous infection, the intranasal inoculation led to a high mortality rate. In addition, we detected high titers and viral N antigen levels in the brain of both the SB- and Cl.13-infected mice. Overall, we unveil a clear correlation between the pathogenicity and the route of administration of both SB and Cl.13, with the intranasal inoculation leading to a stronger neurovirulence and higher mortality rate than the subcutaneous infection.
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Rojas JM, Avia M, Martín V, Sevilla N. Inhibition of the IFN Response by Bluetongue Virus: The Story So Far. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:692069. [PMID: 34168637 PMCID: PMC8217435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.692069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the prototypical orbivirus that belongs to the Reoviridae family. BTV infection produces a disease in ruminants, particularly in sheep, that results in economic losses through reduced productivity. BTV is transmitted by the bite of Culicoides spp. midges and is nowadays distributed globally throughout subtropical and even temperate regions. As most viruses, BTV is susceptible to the IFN response, the first line of defense employed by the immune system to combat viral infections. In turn, BTV has evolved strategies to counter the IFN response and promote its replication. The present review we will revise the works describing how BTV interferes with the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Kopanke J, Lee J, Stenglein M, Mayo C. In Vitro Reassortment between Endemic Bluetongue Viruses Features Global Shifts in Segment Frequencies and Preferred Segment Combinations. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020405. [PMID: 33669284 PMCID: PMC7920030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that is associated with sometimes severe disease in both domestic and wild ruminants. Predominantly transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges, BTV is composed of a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. Vector expansion and viral genetic changes, such as reassortment between BTV strains, have been implicated as potential drivers of ongoing BTV expansion into previously BTV-free regions. We used an in vitro system to investigate the extent and flexibility of reassortment that can occur between two BTV strains that are considered enzootic to the USA, BTV-2 and BTV-10. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was coupled with plaque isolation and a novel, amplicon-based sequencing approach to quantitate the viral genetic diversity generated across multiple generations of in vitro propagation. We found that BTV-2 and BTV-10 were able to reassort across multiple segments, but that a preferred BTV-2 viral backbone emerged in later passages and that certain segments were more likely to be found in reassortant progeny. Our findings indicate that there may be preferred segment combinations that emerge during BTV reassortment. Moreover, our work demonstrates the usefulness of WGS and amplicon-based sequencing approaches to improve understanding of the dynamics of reassortment among segmented viruses such as BTV.
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The Genetic Diversification of a Single Bluetongue Virus Strain Using an In Vitro Model of Alternating-Host Transmission. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091038. [PMID: 32961886 PMCID: PMC7551957 DOI: 10.3390/v12091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus that has been associated with dramatic epizootics in both wild and domestic ruminants in recent decades. As a segmented, double-stranded RNA virus, BTV can evolve via several mechanisms due to its genomic structure. However, the effect of BTV’s alternating-host transmission cycle on the virus’s genetic diversification remains poorly understood. Whole genome sequencing approaches offer a platform for investigating the effect of host-alternation across all ten segments of BTV’s genome. To understand the role of alternating hosts in BTV’s genetic diversification, a field isolate was passaged under three different conditions: (i) serial passages in Culicoides sonorensis cells, (ii) serial passages in bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, or (iii) alternating passages between insect and bovine cells. Aliquots of virus were sequenced, and single nucleotide variants were identified. Measures of viral population genetics were used to quantify the genetic diversification that occurred. Two consensus variants in segments 5 and 10 occurred in virus from all three conditions. While variants arose across all passages, measures of genetic diversity remained largely similar across cell culture conditions. Despite passage in a relaxed in vitro system, we found that this BTV isolate exhibited genetic stability across passages and conditions. Our findings underscore the valuable role that whole genome sequencing may play in improving understanding of viral evolution and highlight the genetic stability of BTV.
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Labadie T, Sullivan E, Roy P. Multiple Routes of Bluetongue Virus Egress. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E965. [PMID: 32605099 PMCID: PMC7409164 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne virus infecting livestock. Its frequent emergence in Europe and North America had caused significant agricultural and economic loss. BTV is also of scientific interest as a model to understand the mechanisms underlying non-enveloped virus release from mammalian and insect cells. The BTV particle, which is formed of a complex double-layered capsid, was first considered as a lytic virus that needs to lyse the infected cells for cell to cell transmission. In the last decade, however, a more in-depth focus on the role of the non-structural proteins has led to several examples where BTV particles are also released through different budding mechanisms at the plasma membrane. It is now clear that the non-structural protein NS3 is the main driver of BTV release, via different interactions with both viral and cellular proteins of the cell sorting and exocytosis pathway. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in the molecular biology of BTV egress and compare the mechanisms that lead to lytic or non-lytic BTV release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Polly Roy
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, WC1E 7HT, London WC1E 7HT, UK; (T.L.); (E.S.)
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6
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Avia M, Rojas JM, Miorin L, Pascual E, Van Rijn PA, Martín V, García‐Sastre A, Sevilla N. Virus-induced autophagic degradation of STAT2 as a mechanism for interferon signaling blockade. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48766. [PMID: 31603272 PMCID: PMC6831997 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian interferon (IFN) signaling pathway is a primary component of the innate antiviral response, and viral pathogens have evolved multiple mechanisms to antagonize this pathway and to facilitate infection. Bluetongue virus (BTV), an orbivirus of the Reoviridae family, is transmitted by midges to ruminants and causes a disease that produces important economic losses and restriction to animal trade and is of compulsory notification to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Here, we show that BTV interferes with IFN-I and IFN-II responses in two ways, by blocking STAT1 phosphorylation and by degrading STAT2. BTV-NS3 protein, which is involved in virion egress, interacts with STAT2, and induces its degradation by an autophagy-dependent mechanism. This STAT2 degradative process requires the recruitment of an E3-Ub-ligase to NS3 as well as NS3 K63 polyubiquitination. Taken together, our study identifies a new mechanism by which a virus degrades STAT2 for IFN signaling blockade, highlighting the diversity of mechanisms employed by viruses to subvert the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Avia
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA‐INIA)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaValdeolmos, MadridSpain
| | - José M Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA‐INIA)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaValdeolmos, MadridSpain
| | - Lisa Miorin
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Elena Pascual
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA‐INIA)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaValdeolmos, MadridSpain
| | - Piet A Van Rijn
- Department of VirologyWageningen Bioveterinary ResearchLelystadThe Netherlands
- Department of BiochemistryCentre for Human MetabolomicsLelystadThe Netherlands
- North‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA‐INIA)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaValdeolmos, MadridSpain
| | - Adolfo García‐Sastre
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA‐INIA)Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaValdeolmos, MadridSpain
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Kundlacz C, Pourcelot M, Fablet A, Amaral Da Silva Moraes R, Léger T, Morlet B, Viarouge C, Sailleau C, Turpaud M, Gorlier A, Breard E, Lecollinet S, van Rijn PA, Zientara S, Vitour D, Caignard G. Novel Function of Bluetongue Virus NS3 Protein in Regulation of the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway. J Virol 2019; 93:e00336-19. [PMID: 31167915 PMCID: PMC6675888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00336-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by blood-feeding midges to a wide range of wild and domestic ruminants. In this report, we showed that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), is able to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, as assessed by phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and the translation initiation factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). By combining immunoprecipitation of BTV-NS3 and mass spectrometry analysis from both BTV-infected and NS3-transfected cells, we identified the serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF), a crucial player in the MAPK/ERK pathway, as a new cellular interactor of BTV-NS3. BRAF silencing led to a significant decrease in the MAPK/ERK activation by BTV, supporting a model wherein BTV-NS3 interacts with BRAF to activate this signaling cascade. This positive regulation acts independently of the role of BTV-NS3 in counteracting the induction of the alpha/beta interferon response. Furthermore, the intrinsic ability of BTV-NS3 to bind BRAF and activate the MAPK/ERK pathway is conserved throughout multiple serotypes/strains but appears to be specific to BTV compared to other members of Orbivirus genus. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway with U0126 reduced viral titers, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own replication. Altogether, our data provide molecular mechanisms that unravel a new essential function of NS3 during BTV infection.IMPORTANCE Bluetongue virus (BTV) is responsible of the arthropod-borne disease bluetongue (BT) transmitted to ruminants by blood-feeding midges. In this report, we found that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), interacts with BRAF, a key component of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In response to growth factors, this pathway promotes cell survival and increases protein translation. We showed that BTV-NS3 enhances the MAPK/ERK pathway, and this activation is BRAF dependent. Treatment of MAPK/ERK pathway with the pharmacologic inhibitor U0126 impairs viral replication, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own benefit. Our results illustrate, at the molecular level, how a single virulence factor has evolved to target a cellular function to increase its viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Kundlacz
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marie Pourcelot
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aurore Fablet
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Thibaut Léger
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, CNRS, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Bastien Morlet
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Jacques Monod Institute, UMR 7592, Paris Diderot University, CNRS, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Cyril Viarouge
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Corinne Sailleau
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Axel Gorlier
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Breard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sylvie Lecollinet
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Grégory Caignard
- UMR Virologie, INRA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Du J, Gao S, Tian Z, Guo Y, Kang D, Xing S, Zhang G, Liu G, Luo J, Chang H, Yin H. Transcriptome analysis of responses to bluetongue virus infection in Aedes albopictus cells. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:121. [PMID: 31182015 PMCID: PMC6558886 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes a disease among wild and domesticated ruminants which is not contagious, but which is transmitted by biting midges of the Culicoides species. BTV can induce an intense cytopathic effect (CPE) in mammalian cells after infection, although Culicoides- or mosquito-derived cell cultures cause non-lytic infection with BTV without CPE. However, little is known about the transcriptome changes in Aedes albopictus cells infected with BTV. Methods Transcriptome sequencing was used to identify the expression pattern of mRNA transcripts in A. albopictus cells infected with BTV, given the absence of the Culicoides genome sequence. Bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine the biological functions of the differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was utilized to validate the sequencing data. Results In total, 51,850,205 raw reads were generated from the BTV infection group and 51,852,293 from the control group. A total of 5769 unigenes were common to both groups; only 779 unigenes existed exclusively in the infection group and 607 in the control group. In total, 380 differentially expressed genes were identified, 362 of which were up-regulated and 18 of which were down-regulated. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes mainly participated in endocytosis, FoxO, MAPK, dorso-ventral axis formation, insulin resistance, Hippo, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Conclusion This study represents the first attempt to investigate transcriptome-wide dysregulation in A. albopictus cells infected with BTV. The understanding of BTV pathogenesis and virus–vector interaction will be improved by global transcriptome profiling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1498-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanni Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
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White JR, Williams DT, Wang J, Chen H, Melville LF, Davis SS, Weir RP, Certoma A, Di Rubbo A, Harvey G, Lunt RA, Eagles D. Identification and genomic characterization of the first isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 5 detected in Australia. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:129-145. [PMID: 30747479 PMCID: PMC6556758 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted by midges (Culicoides sp), is distributed worldwide and causes disease in ruminants. In particular, BT can be a debilitating disease in sheep causing serious trade and socio-economic consequences at both local and global levels. Across Australia, a sentinel cattle herd surveillance program monitors the BTV activity. Prior to 2014, BTV-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -15, -16, -20, -21 and -23 had been isolated in Australia, but no bluetongue disease has occurred in a commercial Australian flock. We routinely use a combination of serology, virus isolation, RT-PCR and next generation and conventional nucleotide sequencing technologies to detect and phylogenetically characterize incursions of novel BTV strains into Australia. Screening of Northern Territory virus isolates in 2015 revealed BTV-5, a serotype new to Australia. We derived the complete genome of this isolate and determined its phylogenetic relationship with exotic BTV-5 isolates. Gene segments 2, 6, 7 and 10 exhibited a close relationship with the South African prototype isolate RSArrrr/5. This was the first Australian isolation of a Western topotype of segment 10. Serological surveillance data highlighted the antigenic cross-reactivity between BTV-5 and BTV-9. Phylogenetic investigation of segments 2 and 6 of these serotypes confirmed their unconventional relationships within the BTV serogroup. Our results further highlighted a need for a revision of the current serologically based system for BTV strain differentiation and importantly, implied a potential for genome segments of pathogenic Western BTV strains to rapidly enter Southeast Asia. This emphasized a need for continued high-level surveillance of vectors and viruses at strategic locations in the north of Australia The expansion of routine characterization and classification of BTV to a whole genome approach is recommended, to better monitor the presence and level of establishment of novel Western topotype segments within the Australian episystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. White
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Jianning Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Honglei Chen
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lorna F. Melville
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Steven S. Davis
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Richard P. Weir
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Antonio Di Rubbo
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gemma Harvey
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ross A. Lunt
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Debbie Eagles
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
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10
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Du J, Gao S, Tian Z, Xing S, Huang D, Zhang G, Zheng Y, Liu G, Luo J, Chang H, Yin H. MicroRNA expression profiling of primary sheep testicular cells in response to bluetongue virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:256-267. [PMID: 28132926 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a member of the genus Orbivirus within the family Reoviridae and causes a non-contagious, insect-transmitted disease in domestic and wild ruminants, mainly in sheep and occasionally in cattle and some species of deer. Virus infection can trigger the changes of the cellular microRNA (miRNA) expression profile, which play important post-transcriptional regulatory roles in gene expression and can greatly influence viral replication and pathogenesis. Here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine which cellular miRNAs were differentially expressed in primary sheep testicular (ST) cells infected with BTV. A total of 25 known miRNAs and 240 novel miRNA candidates that were differentially expressed in BTV-infected and uninfected ST cells were identified, and 251 and 8428 predicted target genes were annotated, respectively. Nine differentially expressed miRNAs and their mRNA targets were validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Targets prediction and functional analysis of these regulated miRNAs revealed significant enrichment for several signaling pathways including MAPK, PI3K-Akt, endocytosis, Hippo, NF-kB, viral carcinogenesis, FoxO, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. This study provides a valuable basis for further investigation on the roles of miRNAs in BTV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzheng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China.
| | - Shandian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Zhancheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Shanshan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Dexuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Kim K, Shresta S. Neuroteratogenic Viruses and Lessons for Zika Virus Models. Trends Microbiol 2016; 24:622-636. [PMID: 27387029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has confirmed that Zika virus (ZIKV) causes congenital microcephaly. ZIKV now joins five other neuroteratogenic (NT) viruses in humans and ZIKV research is in its infancy. In addition, there is only one other NT human arbovirus (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), which is also poorly understood. But further insight into ZIKV can be found by evaluating arboviruses in domestic animals, of which there are at least seven NT viruses, three of which have been well studied. Here we review two key anatomical structures involved in modeling transplacental NT virus transmission: the placenta and the fetal blood-brain barrier. We then survey major research findings regarding transmission of NT viruses for guidance in establishing a mouse model of Zika disease that is crucial for a better understanding of ZIKV transmission and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Kim
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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12
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van Rijn PA, van de Water SGP, Feenstra F, van Gennip RGP. Requirements and comparative analysis of reverse genetics for bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV). Virol J 2016; 13:119. [PMID: 27368544 PMCID: PMC4930614 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are distinct arthropod borne virus species in the genus Orbivirus (Reoviridae family), causing the notifiable diseases Bluetongue and African horse sickness of ruminants and equids, respectively. Reverse genetics systems for these orbiviruses with their ten-segmented genome of double stranded RNA have been developed. Initially, two subsequent transfections of in vitro synthesized capped run-off RNA transcripts resulted in the recovery of BTV. Reverse genetics has been improved by transfection of expression plasmids followed by transfection of ten RNA transcripts. Recovery of AHSV was further improved by use of expression plasmids containing optimized open reading frames. RESULTS Plasmids containing full length cDNA of the 10 genome segments for T7 promoter-driven production of full length run-off RNA transcripts and expression plasmids with optimized open reading frames (ORFs) were used. BTV and AHSV were rescued using reverse genetics. The requirement of each expression plasmid and capping of RNA transcripts for reverse genetics were studied and compared for BTV and AHSV. BTV was recovered by transfection of VP1 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of a set of ten capped RNAs. VP3 expression plasmid was also required if uncapped RNAs were transfected. Recovery of AHSV required transfection of VP1, VP3 and NS2 expression plasmids followed by transfection of capped RNA transcripts. Plasmid-driven expression of VP4, 6 and 7 was also needed when uncapped RNA transcripts were used. Irrespective of capping of RNA transcripts, NS1 expression plasmid was not needed for recovery, although NS1 protein is essential for virus propagation. Improvement of reverse genetics for AHSV was clearly demonstrated by rescue of several mutants and reassortants that were not rescued with previous methods. CONCLUSIONS A limited number of expression plasmids is required for rescue of BTV or AHSV using reverse genetics, making the system much more versatile and generally applicable. Optimization of reverse genetics enlarge the possibilities to rescue virus mutants and reassortants, and will greatly benefit the control of these important diseases of livestock and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Sandra G P van de Water
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Feenstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), P.O. Box 65, Lelystad, 8200 AB, The Netherlands
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13
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Lv S, Xu QY, Sun EC, Zhang JK, Wu DL. Dissection and integration of the autophagy signaling network initiated by bluetongue virus infection: crucial candidates ERK1/2, Akt and AMPK. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23130. [PMID: 26976147 PMCID: PMC4791558 DOI: 10.1038/srep23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), a complex double-stranded segmented RNA virus, has been found to initiate cellular autophagy for its own benefit. Here, with a view to understanding the underlying mechanisms, we first systematically dissected the exact signaling network in BTV-induced autophagy. We found that the activity of mTOR, a crucial pivot, was inhibited by BTV1 infection, subsequently leading to downstream p70S6K suppression and autophagy initiation. We then explored the upstream regulators of mTOR and analyzed their activities via a series of assays. We found BTV1-induced autophagy to be independent of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. However, the BTV1-induced inhibition of PI3K/Akt was found to be partially responsible for mTOR inactivation and subsequent autophagy initiation. Furthermore, we found unexpectedly that AMPK seemed to play a more important role in BTV1-induced autophagy. Elevated [Ca2+]cyto-mediated activation of CaMKKβ exactly managed the activation of AMPK, which then positively regulated autophagy through suppressing mTOR. We must emphasize that TSC2 is a fatal mediator between upstream Akt or AMPK and downstream mTOR through its phosphorylation. Taken together, our data suggested that the BTV1-induced inhibition of the Akt-TSC2-mTOR pathway and the upregulation of the AMPK-TSC2-mTOR pathway both contributed to autophagy initiation and further favored virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - En-Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ji-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Dong-Lai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
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14
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Vituret C, Gallay K, Confort MP, Ftaich N, Matei CI, Archer F, Ronfort C, Mornex JF, Chanson M, Di Pietro A, Boulanger P, Hong SS. Transfer of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator to Human Cystic Fibrosis Cells Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Hum Gene Ther 2016; 27:166-83. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Vituret
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Unité BMSSI, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Kathy Gallay
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Confort
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Najate Ftaich
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Constantin I. Matei
- Centre Technologique des Microstructures, Université Claude Bernard—Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Fabienne Archer
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Corinne Ronfort
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jean-François Mornex
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Marc Chanson
- Département de Physiologie Cellulaire & Métabolisme, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Attilio Di Pietro
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Unité BMSSI, UMR 5086 CNRS-Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Pierre Boulanger
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Saw See Hong
- Viral Infections & Comparative Pathology, UMR-754 UCBL-INRA-EPHE, Université Lyon 1, Lyon Cedex 07, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
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