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Xu M, Qian K, Shao H, Yao Y, Nair V, Ye J, Qin A. Metabolomics analysis of CEF cells infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J based on UHPLC-QE-MS. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103693. [PMID: 38598912 PMCID: PMC11017069 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) is a retrovirus that can cause immunosuppression and tumors in chicken. However, relative pathogenesis is still not clear. At present, metabolomics has shown great potential in the screening of tumor metabolic markers, prognostic evaluation, and drug target design. In this study, we utilize an untargeted metabolomics approach based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) to analyze the metabolic changes in chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells infected by ALV-J. We found that ALV-J infection significantly altered a wealth of metabolites compared with control group. Additionally, most of the differentially expressed metabolites belonged to lipid metabolism, purine nucleotide metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Among them, the proportion of lipid metabolites account for the highest proportion (around 31%). Results suggest that these changes may be conductive to the formation of virion, thereby promoting the replication of ALV-J. These data provided metabolic evidence and potential biomarkers for the cellular metabolic changes induced by ALV-J, and provided important insight for further understanding the replication needs and pathogenesis of ALV-J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, P.R. China.
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Ji J, Mu X, Xu S, Xu X, Zhang Z, Yao L, Xie Q, Bi Y. Conservation and distribution of the DRACH motif for potential m 6A sites in avian leukosis virus subgroup J. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1374430. [PMID: 38681855 PMCID: PMC11046932 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1374430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is an internal post-transcriptional modification that has been linked to viral multiplication and pathogenicity. To elucidate the conservation patterns of potential 5'-DRACH-3' motifs in avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), 149 ALV-J strains (139 isolates from China; ALV-J prototype HPRS-103 from the UK; and 9 strains from the USA, Russia, India, and Pakistan) available in GenBank before December 2023 were retrieved. According to the prediction results of the SRAMP web-server, these ALV-J genomes contained potential DRACH motifs, with the total number ranging from 43 to 64, which were not determined based on the isolation region and time. Conservative analysis suggested that 37 motifs exhibited a conservation of >80%, including 17 motifs with a grading above "high confidence." Although these motifs were distributed in the U5 region of LTRs and major coding regions, they were enriched in the coding regions of p27, p68, p32, and gp85. The most common m6A-motif sequence of the DRACH motif in the ALV-J genome was GGACU. The RNA secondary structure of each conserved motif predicted by SRAMP and RNAstructure web-server was mainly of two types-A-U pair (21/37) and hairpin loop (16/37)-based on the core adenosine. Considering the systematic comparative analysis performed in this study, future thorough biochemical research is warranted to determine the role of m6A modification during the replication and infection of ALV-J. These conservation and distribution analysis of the DRACH motif for potential m6A sites in ALV-J would provide a foundation for the future intervention of ALV-J infection and m6A modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Xinhao Mu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Shuqi Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Animal Disease Diagnosis and Integrated Control, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingzuo Bi
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu M, Qian K, Shao H, Yao Y, Nair V, Ye J, Qin A. 3'UTR of ALV-J can affect viral replication through promoting transcription and mRNA nuclear export. J Virol 2023; 97:e0115223. [PMID: 37902396 PMCID: PMC10688361 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01152-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE 3'UTRs can affect gene transcription and post-transcriptional regulation in multiple ways, further influencing the function of proteins in a unique manner. Recently, ALV-J has been mutating and evolving rapidly, especially the 3'UTR of viral genome. Meanwhile, clinical symptoms caused by ALV-J have changed significantly. In this study, we found that the ALV-J strains containing △-r-TM-type 3'UTR are the most abundant. By constructing ALV-J infectious clones and subgenomic vectors containing different 3'UTRs, we prove that 3'UTRs directly affect viral tissue preference and can promote virus replication as an enhancer. ALV-J strain containing 3'UTR of △-r-TM proliferated fastest in primary cells. All five forms of 3'UTRs can assist intron-containing viral mRNA nuclear export, with similar efficiency. ALV-J mRNA half-life is not influenced by different 3'UTRs. Our results dissect the roles of 3'UTR on regulating viral replication and pathogenicity, providing novel insights into potential anti-viral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moru Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence on Avian Disease Research, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Wu H, Zaib G, Luo H, Guo W, Wu T, Zhu S, Wang C, Chai W, Xu Q, Cui H, Hu X. CCL4 participates in the reprogramming of glucose metabolism induced by ALV-J infection in chicken macrophages. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1205143. [PMID: 37333648 PMCID: PMC10272584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1205143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon and chemokine-mediated immune responses are two general antiviral programs of the innate immune system in response to viral infections and have recently emerged as important players in systemic metabolism. This study found that the chemokine CCL4 is negatively regulated by glucose metabolism and avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) infection in chicken macrophages. Low expression levels of CCL4 define this immune response to high glucose treatment or ALV-J infection. Moreover, the ALV-J envelope protein is responsible for CCL4 inhibition. We confirmed that CCL4 could inhibit glucose metabolism and ALV-J replication in chicken macrophages. The present study provides novel insights into the antiviral defense mechanism and metabolic regulation of the chemokine CCL4 in chicken macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixian Wu
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gul Zaib
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huan Luo
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Guo
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shutong Zhu
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenjun Wang
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenxian Chai
- Changzhou Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hengmi Cui
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuming Hu
- Institute of Epigenetics and Epigenomics, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic, Breeding and Molecular Design, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Hosseiniporgham S, Sechi LA. Anti-HERV-K Drugs and Vaccines, Possible Therapies against Tumors. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040751. [PMID: 37112663 PMCID: PMC10144246 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The footprint of human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), specifically HERV-K, has been found in malignancies, such as melanoma, teratocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, breast cancer, lymphoma, and ovary and prostate cancers. HERV-K is characterized as the most biologically active HERV due to possession of open reading frames (ORF) for all Gag, Pol, and Env genes, which enables it to be more infective and obstructive towards specific cell lines and other exogenous viruses, respectively. Some factors might contribute to carcinogenicity and at least one of them has been recognized in various tumors, including overexpression/methylation of long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1), HERV-K Gag, and Env genes themselves plus their transcripts and protein products, and HERV-K reverse transcriptase (RT). Therapies effective for HERV-K-associated tumors mostly target invasive autoimmune responses or growth of tumors through suppression of HERV-K Gag or Env protein and RT. To design new therapeutic options, more studies are needed to better understand whether HERV-K and its products (Gag/Env transcripts and HERV-K proteins/RT) are the initiators of tumor formation or just the disorder’s developers. Accordingly, this review aims to present evidence that highlights the association between HERV-K and tumorigenicity and introduces some of the available or potential therapies against HERV-K-induced tumors.
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Residues L55 and W69 of Tva Mediate Entry of Subgroup A Avian Leukosis Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0067822. [PMID: 36069550 PMCID: PMC9517704 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00678-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor of the subgroup A avian leukosis virus (ALV-A) in chicken is Tva, which is the homologous protein of human CD320 (huCD320), contains a low-density lipoprotein (LDL-A) module and is involved in the uptake of transcobalamin bound vitamin B12/cobalamin (Cbl). To map the functional determinants of Tva responsible for ALV-A receptor activity, a series of chimeric receptors were created by swapping the LDL-A module fragments between huCD320 and Tva. These chimeric receptors were then used for virus entry and binding assays to map the minimal ALV-A functional domain of Tva. The results showed that Tva residues 49 to 71 constituted the minimal functional domain that directly interacted with the ALV-A gp85 protein to mediate ALV-A entry. Single-residue substitution analysis revealed that L55 and W69, which were spatially adjacent on the surface of the Tva structure, were key residues that mediate ALV-A entry. Structural alignment results indicated that L55 and W69 substitutions did not affect the Tva protein structure but abolished the interaction force between Tva and gp85. Furthermore, substituting the corresponding residues of huCD320 with L55 and W69 of Tva converted huCD320 into a functional receptor of ALV-A. Importantly, soluble huCD320 harboring Tva L55 and W69 blocked ALV-A entry. Finally, we constructed a Tva gene-edited cell line with L55R and W69L substitutions that could fully resist ALV-A entry, while Cbl uptake was not affected. Collectively, our findings suggested that amino acids L55 and W69 of Tva were key for mediating virus entry. IMPORTANCE Retroviruses bind to cellular receptors through their envelope proteins, which is a crucial step in infection. While most retroviruses require two receptors for entry, ALV-A requires only one. Various Tva alleles conferring resistance to ALV-A, including Tvar1 (C40W substitution), Tvar2 (frame-shifting four-nucleotide insertion), Tvar3, Tvar4, Tvar5, and Tvar6 (deletion in the first intron), are known. However, the detailed entry mechanism of ALV-A in chickens remains to be explored. We demonstrated that Tva residues L55 and W69 were key for ALV-A entry and were important for correct interaction with ALV-A gp85. Soluble Tva and huCD320 harboring the Tva residues L55 and W69 effectively blocked ALV-A infection. Additionally, we constructed gene-edited cell lines targeting these two amino acids, which completely restricted ALV-A entry without affecting Cbl uptake. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the infection mechanism of ALV-A and provided novel insights into the prevention and control of ALV-A.
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Tang S, Li J, Chang YF, Lin W. Avian Leucosis Virus-Host Interaction: The Involvement of Host Factors in Viral Replication. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907287. [PMID: 35693802 PMCID: PMC9178239 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) causes various diseases associated with tumor formation and decreased fertility. Moreover, ALV induces severe immunosuppression, increasing susceptibility to other microbial infections and the risk of failure in subsequent vaccination against other diseases. There is growing evidence showing the interaction between ALV and the host. In this review, we will survey the present knowledge of the involvement of host factors in the important molecular events during ALV infection and discuss the futuristic perspectives from this angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Zhang X, Chen L, Liao Z, Dai Z, Yan Y, Yao Z, Chen S, Xie Z, Zhao Q, Chen F, Xie Q. TCP1 mediates gp37 of avian leukosis virus subgroup J to inhibit autophagy through activating AKT in DF-1 cells. Vet Microbiol 2022; 271:109472. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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