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Diab M, Schmiedel D, Seidel E, Bacharach E, Mandelboim O. Human Metapneumovirus Escapes NK Cell Recognition through the Downregulation of Stress-Induced Ligands for NKG2D. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070781. [PMID: 32698530 PMCID: PMC7412239 DOI: 10.3390/v12070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pneumoviridae family includes human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human orthopneumovirus, which is also known as a respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). These are large enveloped, negative single-strand RNA viruses. HMPV and HRSV are the human members, which commonly infect children. HMPV, which was discovered in 2001, infects most children until the age of five, which causes an influenza-like illness. The interaction of this virus with immune cells is poorly understood. In this study, we show that HMPV evades natural killer (NK) cell attack by downregulating stress-induced ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D including: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I polypeptide-related sequences A and B (MICA, MICB), UL16 binding proteins ULBP2, and ULBP3, but not ULBP1. Mechanistically, we show that the viral protein G is involved in the downregulation of ULBP2 and that the viral protein M2.2 is required for MICA and MICB downregulation. These findings emphasize the importance of NK cells, in general, and NKG2D, in particular, in controlling HMPV infection, which opens new avenues for treating HMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Diab
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Einat Seidel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2675-7515
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Ballegeer M, Saelens X. Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Ballegeer
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:542. [PMID: 32423043 PMCID: PMC7290942 DOI: 10.3390/v12050542&set/a 882111696+808152660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Cell-Mediated Responses to Human Metapneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/v12050542
expr 836379838 + 819716165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the most common cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) frequently causes viral pneumonia which can become life-threatening if the virus spreads to the lungs. Even though hMPV was only isolated in 2001, this negative-stranded RNA virus has probably been circulating in the human population for many decades. Interestingly, almost all adults have serologic evidence of hMPV infection. A well-established host immune response is evoked when hMPV infection occurs. However, the virus has evolved to circumvent and even exploit the host immune response. Further, infection with hMPV induces a weak memory response, and re-infections during life are common. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the different cell types involved in the immune response in order to better understand the immunopathology induced by hMPV. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of vaccines and therapeutics directed against hMPV.
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Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infection, particularly in children, immunocompromised patients, and the elderly. HMPV, which is closely related to avian metapneumovirus subtype C, has circulated for at least 65 years, and nearly every child will be infected with HMPV by the age of 5. However, immunity is incomplete, and re-infections occur throughout adult life. Symptoms are similar to those of other respiratory viral infections, ranging from mild (cough, rhinorrhea, and fever) to more severe (bronchiolitis and pneumonia). The preferred method for diagnosis is reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction as HMPV is difficult to culture. Although there have been many advances made in the past 16 years since its discovery, there are still no US Food and Drug Administration-approved antivirals or vaccines available to treat HMPV. Both small animal and non-human primate models have been established for the study of HMPV. This review will focus on the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical manifestations in humans as well as the animal models of HMPV pathogenesis and host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazly Shafagati
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Diab M, Glasner A, Isaacson B, Bar-On Y, Drori Y, Yamin R, Duev-Cohen A, Danziger O, Zamostiano R, Mandelboim M, Jonjic S, Bacharach E, Mandelboim O. NK-cell receptors NKp46 and NCR1 control human metapneumovirus infection. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:692-703. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Diab
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Ariella Glasner
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Batya Isaacson
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yaron Drori
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services; Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Alexandra Duev-Cohen
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
| | - Oded Danziger
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Rachel Zamostiano
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Public Health Services; Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer; Ramat-Gan Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel-Aviv University; Tel-Aviv Israel
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Rijeka; Rijeka Croatia
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, the BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of the Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC); The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School; Jerusalem Israel
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Immune Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection: What We Have Learned from the Mouse Model. Pathogens 2015; 4:682-96. [PMID: 26393657 PMCID: PMC4584281 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens4030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a leading respiratory viral pathogen associated with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation in young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. The development of a potential vaccine against hMPV requires detailed understanding of the host immune system, which plays a significant role in hMPV pathogenesis, susceptibility and vaccine efficacy. As a result, animal models have been developed to better understand the mechanisms by which hMPV causes disease. Several animal models have been evaluated and established so far to study the host immune responses and pathophysiology of hMPV infection. However, inbred laboratory mouse strains have been one of the most used animal species for experimental modeling and therefore used for the studies of immunity and immunopathogenesis to hMPV. This review summarizes the contributions of the mouse model to our understanding of the immune response against hMPV infection.
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