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Jian Z, Jiang C, Zhu L, Li F, Deng L, Ai Y, Lai S, Xu Z. Infectivity and pathogenesis characterization of getah virus (GETV) strain via different inoculation routes in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33432. [PMID: 39040396 PMCID: PMC11260979 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the epidemiological profile of Getah virus (GETV) has become increasingly serious, posing a huge threat to animal and public health in China. GETV can cause multi-species infection, including horses, pigs, rats, cattle, kangaroos, reptiles and birds. However, there were few reports on the efficiency of the virus entering the host via routes of different systems. In the present study, a GETV strain (SC201807) was obtained from a piglet's blood in 2018 in Sichuan, China. First, we established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) SYBR assay specific to GETV. Then, we evaluated the infection efficiency of different routes using mouse animal model. 108 male mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: intramuscular, intraoral and intranasal infection routes, and negative control. All mice in the experimental group were inoculated with 4 × 102.85 TCID50 GETV virus. Tissue tropism experiments show that GETV has a wide range of tissue distribution, and intramuscular infection is the first to infect all tissues of the body, and suggest that oral infection may be a new GETV transmission route. Histopathological examination results showed that intramuscular injection of GETV mainly caused different degrees of pathological damage to the tissues, and could rapidly induce a large amount of inflammatory regulatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Our data may help us to evaluate the risk of transmission of Porcine Getah virus and provide an experimental basis for the prevention and control of Porcine Getah virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Jian
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chaoyuan Jiang
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Chengdu Zhongji Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, No. 37, Middle Section, Heshan Street, Pujiang County, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- College of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, 615000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Veterinary Medicine College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Huimin Road, Wenjiang, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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2
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Jiang Z, Qin Y, Zhang L, Xing G, Shi Z, Song W, Dobrikov GM, Chen J, Su S. Development and application of a colloidal-gold immunochromatographic strip for detecting Getah virus antibodies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:355. [PMID: 38822832 PMCID: PMC11144135 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus that is highly pathogenic, mainly to pigs and horses. There are no vaccines or treatments available for GETV in swine in China. Therefore, the development of a simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive serological assay for GETV antibodies is essential for the prevention and control of GETV. Current antibody monitoring methods are time-consuming, expensive, and dependent on specialized instrumentation, and these features are not conducive to rapid detection in clinical samples. To address these problem, we developed immunochromatographic test strips (ICTS) using eukaryotically expressed soluble recombinant p62-E1 protein of GETV as a labelled antigen, which has good detection sensitivity and no cross-reactivity with other common porcine virus-positive sera. The ICTS is highly compatible with IFA and ELISA and can be stored for 1 month at 37 °C and for at least 3 months at room temperature. Hence, p62-E1-based ICTS is a rapid, accurate, and convenient method for rapid on-site detection of GETV antibodies. KEY POINTS: • We established a rapid antibody detection method that can monitor GETV infection • We developed colloidal gold test strips with high sensitivity and specificity • The development of colloidal gold test strips will aid in the field serologic detection of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Jiang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Ying Qin
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Letian Zhang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gang Xing
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhiyu Shi
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanjie Song
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Georgi M Dobrikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Street, Bl. 9, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jie Chen
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China.
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3
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Gujar S, Pol JG, Kumar V, Lizarralde-Guerrero M, Konda P, Kroemer G, Bell JC. Tutorial: design, production and testing of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1. [PMID: 38769145 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a novel class of cancer immunotherapy agents that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells and promote protective antitumor immunity. Furthermore, OVs can be used in combination with established or upcoming immunotherapeutic agents, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, to efficiently target a wide range of malignancies. The development of OV-based therapy involves three major steps before clinical evaluation: design, production and preclinical testing. OVs can be designed as natural or engineered strains and subsequently selected for their ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells rather than normal, healthy cells. OV selection is further influenced by multiple factors, such as the availability of a specific viral platform, cancer cell permissivity, the need for genetic engineering to render the virus non-pathogenic and/or more effective and logistical considerations around the use of OVs within the laboratory or clinical setting. Selected OVs are then produced and tested for their anticancer potential by using syngeneic, xenograft or humanized preclinical models wherein immunocompromised and immunocompetent setups are used to elucidate their direct oncolytic ability as well as indirect immunotherapeutic potential in vivo. Finally, OVs demonstrating the desired anticancer potential progress toward translation in patients with cancer. This tutorial provides guidelines for the design, production and preclinical testing of OVs, emphasizing considerations specific to OV technology that determine their clinical utility as cancer immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Pol
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vishnupriyan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Manuela Lizarralde-Guerrero
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Zhai X, Li X, Veit M, Wang N, Wang Y, Merits A, Jiang Z, Qin Y, Zhang X, Qi K, Jiao H, He WT, Chen Y, Mao Y, Su S. LDLR is used as a cell entry receptor by multiple alphaviruses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:622. [PMID: 38245515 PMCID: PMC10799924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes and are pathogenic to humans and livestock, causing a substantial public health burden. So far, several receptors have been identified for alphavirus entry; however, they cannot explain the broad host range and tissue tropism of certain alphaviruses, such as Getah virus (GETV), indicating the existence of additional receptors. Here we identify the evolutionarily conserved low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) as a new cell entry factor for GETV, Semliki Forest virus (SFV), Ross River virus (RRV) and Bebaru virus (BEBV). Ectopic expression of LDLR facilitates cellular binding and internalization of GETV, which is mediated by the interaction between the E2-E1 spike of GETV and the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of LDLR. Antibodies against LBD block GETV infection in cultured cells. In addition, the GST-LBD fusion protein inhibits GETV infection both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we identify the key amino acids in LDLR-LBD that played a crucial role in viral entry; specific mutations in the CR4 and CR5 domain of LDLR-LBD reduce viral entry to cells by more than 20-fold. These findings suggest that targeting the LDLR-LBD could be a potential strategy for the development of antivirals against multiple alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zhai
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ningning Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Bioengineering, University of Tartu, Nooruse Street 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaili Qi
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Houqi Jiao
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wan-Ting He
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yang Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuo Su
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunity of Jiangsu Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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5
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Mou C, Meng H, Shi K, Huang Y, Liu M, Chen Z. GETV nsP2 plays a critical role in the interferon antagonism and viral pathogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:361. [PMID: 38110975 PMCID: PMC10729338 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) was becoming more serious and posing a potential threat to animal safety and public health. Currently, there is limited comprehension regarding the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms employed by GETV. Our study reveals that GETV infection exhibits the capacity for interferon antagonism. Specifically, the nonstructural protein nsP2 of GETV plays a crucial role in evading the host immune response. GETV nsP2 effectively inhibits the induction of IFN-β by blocking the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Additionally, GETV nsP2 hinders the phosphorylation of STAT1 and its nuclear accumulation, leading to significantly impaired JAK-STAT signaling. Furthermore, the amino acids K648 and R649, situated in the C-terminal region of GETV nsP2, play a crucial role in facilitating nuclear localization. Not only do they affect the interference of nsP2 with the innate immune response, but they also exert an influence on the pathogenicity of GETV in mice. In summary, our study reveals novel mechanisms by which GETV evades the immune system, thereby offering a foundation for comprehending the pathogenic nature of GETV. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, GX, China
| | - Yanmei Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, No.12 Wen-hui East Road, Yangzhou, JS225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Meng H, Mou C, Zhang L, Zhou J, Lu T, Chen Z. The roles of 6K protein on Getah virus replication and pathogenicity. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29302. [PMID: 38084773 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Alphavirus is a type of arbovirus that can infect both humans and animals. The amino acid sequence of the 6K protein, being one of the structural proteins of the alphavirus, is not conserved. Deletion of this protein will result in varying effects on different alphaviruses. Our study focuses on the function of the Getah virus (GETV) 6K protein in infected cells and mice. We successfully constructed infectious clone plasmids and created resulting viruses (rGETV and rGETV-Δ6K). Our comprehensive microscopic analysis revealed that the 6 K protein mainly stays in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, rGETV-Δ6K has lower thermal stability and sensitivity to temperature than GETV. Although the deletion of the 6K protein does not reduce virion production in ST cells, it affects the release of virions from host cells by inhibiting the process of E2 protein transportation to the plasma membrane. Subsequent in vivo testing demonstrated that neonatal mice infected with rGETV-Δ6K had a lower virus content, less significant pathological changes in tissue slices, and milder disease than those infected with the wild-type virus. Our results indicate that the 6K protein effectively reduces the viral titer by influencing the release of viral particles. Furthermore, the 6K protein play a role in the clinical manifestation of GETV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liangjiu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingye Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyuan Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Jiao H, Yan Z, Zhai X, Yang Y, Wang N, Li X, Jiang Z, Su S. Transcriptome screening identifies TIPARP as an antiviral host factor against the Getah virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0059123. [PMID: 37768084 PMCID: PMC10617542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00591-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses threaten public health continuously, and Getah virus (GETV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that can potentially infect humans. Approved antiviral drugs and vaccines against alphaviruses are few available, but several host antiviral factors have been reported. Here, we used GETV as a model of alphaviruses to screen for additional host factors. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-inducible poly(ADP ribose) polymerase was identified to inhibit GETV replication by inducing ubiquitination of the glycoprotein E2, causing its degradation by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase membrane-associated RING-CH8 (MARCH8). Using GETV as a model virus, focusing on the relationship between viral structural proteins and host factors to screen antiviral host factors provides new insights for antiviral studies on alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houqi Jiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziqing Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichen Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Gao X, Li J, Wu T, Dou J, Zhang W, Jia H, Zhang Z, Liu X, Li Y. The Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Group III-Classified Getah Virus from a Commercial Modified Live Vaccine against PRRSV. Viruses 2023; 15:2090. [PMID: 37896867 PMCID: PMC10611409 DOI: 10.3390/v15102090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
As an epizootic causative agent, the Getah virus (GETV) can cause moderate illness in horses, lethal disease in foxes, and reproductive disorders and fetal death in pigs. Due to the wide range of hosts and multiple routes of transmission, GETV has become a growing potential threat to the global livestock industry, and even to public health. More attention and research on GETV are urgently needed. In this study, we successfully isolated a novel GETV strain, named BJ0304, from a commercial live vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and determined its growth kinetics. Then, genetic and phylogenetic analyses were performed. The results revealed that BJ0304 was clustered into Group III, and it was most related to the GETV-V1 strain based on the complete genome sequence. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of the isolate was assessed and found to be a low virulent strain in mice relative to its closest homolog GETV-V1. Finally, mutation and glycosylation analysis showed that a unique mutation (171 T > I) at one amino acid of E2, which affected the glycosylation of E2, may be associated with viral pathogenicity. In summary, the general characteristic of a novel Group III-classified GETV-BJ0304 isolated from commercial live PRRSV vaccine was defined and then mutation/glycosylation-related potential virulence factor was discussed. This study highlights the complexity of GETV transmission routes in swine and the need for more surveillance on commercial animal vaccines, contributes to the understanding of genetic characterization of clinical isolates, provides possible virulence factors in favor of unveiling the viral pathogenesis, and eventually lays the foundation for the prevention and control of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jialei Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Tong Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jinping Dou
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Wenrong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yinü Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (X.G.); (J.L.); (T.W.); (J.D.); (Z.Z.)
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9
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Li J, Gao X, Liu X, Wu T, Song H, Gao W, Jia H, Li Y, Zhang Z. The host transcriptome change involved in the inhibitory effect of exogenous interferon-γ on Getah virus replication. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1214281. [PMID: 37448574 PMCID: PMC10337660 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1214281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Getah virus (GETV) has become a growing potential threat to the global livestock industry and public health. However, little is known about the viral pathogenesis and immune escape mechanisms, leading to ineffective control measures. Methods In this study, the antiviral activity of exogenous interferons (IFNs) was assessed by using western blotting (WB), real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). The comparative transcriptomics among mock- and GETV-infected (MOI = 0.1) ST cells with or without IFN-γ was performed by RNA-seq, and then the transcriptome profiling of GETV-infected ST cells and key pathways and putative factors involved in inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on GETV replication were analyzed by bioinformatics methods and RT-qPCR. Results The results showed that treatment with IFN-γ could suppress GETV replication, and the inhibitory effect lasted for at least 48 h, while the exogenous IFN-α/ω and IFN-λ3 treatments failed to inhibit the viral infection and early replication in vitro. Furthermore, the blueprint of virus-host interaction was plotted by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, showing systemic activation of inflammatory, apoptotic, and antiviral pathways in response to GETV infection, indicating viral hijacking and inhibition of innate host immunity such as IFN-I/III responses. Last and most importantly, activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades may be a primary driver for IFN-γ-mediated inhibition of GETV replication. Discussion These findings revealed that GETV possessed the capability of viral immune escape and indicated that IFN-γ aided in the prevention and control of GETV, implying the potential molecular mechanism of suppression of GETV by IFN-γ, all of which warrant emphasis or further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xintao Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haozhi Song
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weisong Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinü Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifang Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhao J, Dellicour S, Yan Z, Veit M, Gill MS, He WT, Zhai X, Ji X, Suchard MA, Lemey P, Su S. Early Genomic Surveillance and Phylogeographic Analysis of Getah Virus, a Reemerging Arbovirus, in Livestock in China. J Virol 2023; 97:e0109122. [PMID: 36475767 PMCID: PMC9888209 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01091-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV) mainly causes disease in livestock and may pose an epidemic risk due to its expanding host range and the potential of long-distance dispersal through animal trade. Here, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to identify GETV as the pathogen responsible for reemerging swine disease in China and subsequently estimated key epidemiological parameters using phylodynamic and spatially-explicit phylogeographic approaches. The GETV isolates were able to replicate in a variety of cell lines, including human cells, and showed high pathogenicity in a mouse model, suggesting the potential for more mammal hosts. We obtained 16 complete genomes and 79 E2 gene sequences from viral strains collected in China from 2016 to 2021 through large-scale surveillance among livestock, pets, and mosquitoes. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that three major GETV lineages are responsible for the current epidemic in livestock in China. We identified three potential positively selected sites and mutations of interest in E2, which may impact the transmissibility and pathogenicity of the virus. Phylodynamic inference of the GETV demographic dynamics identified an association between livestock meat consumption and the evolution of viral genetic diversity. Finally, phylogeographic reconstruction of GETV dispersal indicated that the sampled lineages have preferentially circulated within areas associated with relatively higher mean annual temperature and pig population density. Our results highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of GETV among livestock in southern Chinese regions associated with relatively high temperatures. IMPORTANCE Although livestock is known to be the primary reservoir of Getah virus (GETV) in Asian countries, where identification is largely based on serology, the evolutionary history and spatial epidemiology of GETV in these regions remain largely unknown. Through our sequencing efforts, we provided robust support for lineage delineation of GETV and identified three major lineages that are responsible for the current epidemic in livestock in China. We further analyzed genomic and epidemiological data to reconstruct the recent demographic and dispersal history of GETV in domestic animals in China and to explore the impact of environmental factors on its genetic diversity and its diffusion. Notably, except for livestock meat consumption, other pig-related factors such as the evolution of live pig transport and pork production do not show a significant association with the evolution of viral genetic diversity, pointing out that further studies should investigate the potential contribution of other host species to the GETV outbreak. Our analysis of GETV demonstrates the need for wider animal species surveillance and provides a baseline for future studies of the molecular epidemiology and early warning of emerging arboviruses in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Simon Dellicour
- Spatial Epidemiology Lab (SpELL), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ziqing Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mandev S. Gill
- Department of Statistics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wan-Ting He
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiaofeng Zhai
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science & Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shuo Su
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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Seroprevalence of Getah virus in Pigs in Eastern China Determined with a Recombinant E2 Protein-Based Indirect ELISA. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102173. [PMID: 36298726 PMCID: PMC9607375 DOI: 10.3390/v14102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus (GETV), in the genus Alphavirus and the family Togaviridae, has been detected throughout the world. GETV causes high morbidity and mortality in newborn piglets, entailing serious economic losses. Therefore, the experimental work on GETV detection is necessary. However, due to the influence of a variety of unavoidable factors, the ELISA test for the primary screening of animal diseases has low accuracy in detection results. Therefore, we optimized a recombinant E2 (rE2) protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of GETV antibodies in pig serum. The E2 protein was successfully expressed and purified with SDS-PAGE. A Western blotting analysis of sera from infected pigs showed strong reaction with a viral antigen of ~46 KDa corresponding to the E2 glycoproteins. By using chessboard titration and comparing the P/N values, we found that the optimal concentration of coated antigen was found to be 24.5 μg/mL, and the optimal dilution of serum specimens was 1:100. The best working dilution of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated goat anti-pig immunoglobulin (IgG) was 1:5000. The optimal coating conditions were 12 h at 4 °C. The optimal incubation conditions for serum specimens, blocking, and reaction with the secondary antibody were all 1 h at 37 °C. We also investigated the seroprevalence of GETV in 133 serum specimens collected in Eastern China, and 37.59% of the samples tested positive for anti-GETV IgG antibodies, indicating that the seroprevalence of GETV is high in pig populations in China. The seroprevalence was significantly lower in spring (April; 24.24%, 16/66) than in autumn (October; 50.75%, 34/67), which suggested that the presence of anti-GETV antibodies in pigs was seasonal. In conclusion, we improved an rE2 ELISA that detected pig antibodies against GETV after experimental and natural infections. This should be useful in the diagnosis and surveillance of GETV infections.
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Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of PCV2 Reveals That PCV2e Is an Emerging Genotype in Southern China: A Preliminary Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040724. [PMID: 35458454 PMCID: PMC9026887 DOI: 10.3390/v14040724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), has ravaged the pig industry, causing huge economic loss. At present, PCV2b and PCV2d are highly prevalent genotypes worldwide, while in China, in addition to PCV2b and PCV2d, a newly emerged PCV2e genotype detected in the Fujian province has attracted attention, indicating that PCV2 genotypes in China are more abundant. A preliminary study was conducted to better understand the genetic diversity and prevalence of PCV2 genotypes in southern China. We collected 79 random lung samples from pigs with respiratory signs, from 2018 to 2021. We found a PCV2-positivity rate of 29.1%, and frequent co-infections of PCV2 with PCV3, Streptococcus suis (S. suis), and other porcine pathogens. All PCV2-positive samples were sequenced and subjected to whole-genome analysis. Phylogenetic analysis, based on the PCV2 ORF2 gene and complete genomes, found that PCV2 strains identified in this study belonged to genotypes PCV2a (1), PCV2b (6), PCV2d (10), and PCV2e (6). Importantly, PCV2e was identified for the first time in some provinces, including Guangdong and Jiangxi. Additionally, we found two positively selected sites in the ORF2 region, located on the previously reported antigenic epitopes. Moreover, codon 63, one of the positively selected sites, has different types of amino acids in different genotypes. In conclusion, this study shows that PCV2e is an emerging genotype circulating in southern China, which warrants urgent, specific surveillance to aid the development of prevention and control strategies in China.
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