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Qin W, Jiang J, Wu J, Xie Y, Wu Z, Sun M, Bao W. Exosomal ssc-miR-1343 targets FAM131C to regulate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection in pigs. Vet Res 2024; 55:91. [PMID: 39039559 PMCID: PMC11264985 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes diarrhea in piglets, thereby causing very significant economic losses for the global swine industry. In previous studies, it has been confirmed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the infection caused by PEDV. However, the precise molecular mechanism of miRNAs in the regulation of PEDV infection is still not fully understood. In the present study, we utilized miRNA-seq analysis to identify ssc-miR-1343 with differential expression between PEDV-infected and normal piglets. The expression of ssc-miR-1343 was detected in isolated exosomes, and it was found to be significantly higher than that in the controls following PEDV infection. The ssc-miR-1343 mimic was found to decrease PEDV replication, whereas the ssc-miR-1343 inhibitor was observed to increase PEDV replication, and ssc-miR-1343 was delivered by exosomes during PEDV infection. Mechanistically, ssc-miR-1343 binds to the 3'UTR region of FAM131C, down-regulating its expression, and FAM131C has been shown to enhance PEDV replication through simultaneously suppressing pathways associated with innate immunity. The ssc-miR-1343/FAM131C axis was found to upregulate the host immune response against PEDV infection. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the transport of ssc-miR-1343 in exosomes is involved in PEDV infection. This discovery presents a new potential target for the development of drugs to treat PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Yunxiao Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhengchang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Mingan Sun
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Zhong Z, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Zhou C, Zhu S, Wu J. Butyrate induces higher host transcriptional changes to inhibit porcine epidemic diarrhea virus strain CV777 infection in porcine intestine epithelial cells. Virol J 2024; 21:157. [PMID: 38992629 PMCID: PMC11241890 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Newborn piglets' health is seriously threatened by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which also has a significant effect on the pig industry. The gut microbiota produces butyrate, an abundant metabolite that modulates intestinal function through many methods to improve immunological and intestinal barrier function. The objective of this investigation was to ascertain how elevated butyrate concentrations impacted the host transcriptional profile of PEDV CV777 strain infection. Our findings showed that higher concentrations of butyrate have a stronger inhibitory effect on PEDV CV777 strain infection. According to RNA-seq data, higher concentrations of butyrate induced more significant transcriptional changes in IPEC-J2 cells, and signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT may play a role in the inhibition of PEDV CV777 strain by high concentrations of butyrate. Ultimately, we offer a theoretical and experimental framework for future research and development of novel approaches to harness butyrate's antiviral infection properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhong
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Xuting Zhao
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Chunbao Zhou
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Shubin Zhu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou, 22530, China.
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Masiuk DM, Kokariev AV, Buzoianu SG, Firth AM, Nedzvetsky VS. An isotonic protein solution favorably modulated the porcine intestinal immune response and cellular adhesion markers and reduced PEDV shedding in vivo. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 271:110753. [PMID: 38608406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes immensely large economic losses worldwide in the swine industry. PEDV attacks the intestine, disrupts intestinal epithelium morphology and barrier integrity, and results in profound diarrhea and high mortality. A commercially available isotonic protein solution (IPS) (Tonisity Px) has anecdotally been reported to be effective in supportive treatment of piglets with active PEDV infections. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing (or not) the drinking water of 14 day old PEDV-infected piglets with the IPS on the content of E-cadherin, fibronectin, interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in duodenal tissue. The content of PEDV DNA in feces was also measured. Though both groups had similar PEDV shedding at day 1, IPS piglets had significantly lower PEDV shedding at day 5, 14 and 21. The IPS group also had a shorter duration of PEDV virus shedding. Levels of E-cadherin and fibronectin, both of which are structural proteins in the intestine, remained unchanged from baseline in the IPS group, whereas the same molecules decreased significantly in the control group. IFN-α, an antiviral cytokine, and MMP-9, an enzyme that aids in tissue remodeling, were increased at days 5 and 14 post infection, and then decreased at day 21 post-infection in the IPS group compared to control. Overall, the IPS used in this study enhanced epithelial intercellular adhesion (E-cadherin) and extracellular matrix structure (fibronectin), resulted in significantand favorable changes in MMP-9 activity, and favorably modulated IFN-α production. This is the first report of this panel of biomarkers, especially MMP-9 and IFN-α, in the face of in vivo PEDV infection. This is also the first report to investigate a commercially available swine product that does not need to be administered in solid feed, and that is already registered for use throughout Asia, Europe, South America, and North America. Overall, the results of this study serve to clarify the behavior of 4 key biomarkers in the presence of in vivo PEDV infection. The results also indicate that IPS (Tonisity Px) supplementation is a viable intervention to modulate the porcine intestinal immune response with favorable effects on the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro M Masiuk
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University (DSAEU), Serhii Efremov Str., 25, Dnipro 49600, Ukraine
| | - Andrii V Kokariev
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University (DSAEU), Serhii Efremov Str., 25, Dnipro 49600, Ukraine
| | - Stefan G Buzoianu
- Tonisity International Ltd., Tonisity International Ltd, 27-30 Merchants Quay, Dublin 8 D08 K3KD, Ireland
| | - Ava M Firth
- Tonisity International Ltd., Tonisity International Ltd, 27-30 Merchants Quay, Dublin 8 D08 K3KD, Ireland
| | - Victor S Nedzvetsky
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University (DSAEU), Serhii Efremov Str., 25, Dnipro 49600, Ukraine.
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Li F, Yu H, Qi A, Zhang T, Huo Y, Tu Q, Qi C, Wu H, Wang X, Zhou J, Hu L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Xie Z. Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs during Porcine Viral Infections: Potential Targets for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:118. [PMID: 38257818 PMCID: PMC10818342 DOI: 10.3390/v16010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs play important roles in agriculture and bio-medicine; however, porcine viral infections have caused huge losses to the pig industry and severely affected the animal welfare and social public safety. During viral infections, many non-coding RNAs are induced or repressed by viruses and regulate viral infection. Many viruses have, therefore, developed a number of mechanisms that use ncRNAs to evade the host immune system. Understanding how ncRNAs regulate host immunity during porcine viral infections is critical for the development of antiviral therapies. In this review, we provide a summary of the classification, production and function of ncRNAs involved in regulating porcine viral infections. Additionally, we outline pathways and modes of action by which ncRNAs regulate viral infections and highlight the therapeutic potential of artificial microRNA. Our hope is that this information will aid in the development of antiviral therapies based on ncRNAs for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Yuran Huo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Qiuse Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Lanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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Luo L, Gu Z, Pu J, Chen D, Tian G, He J, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu B. Synbiotics improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility, inhibit PEDV infection, and prevent intestinal barrier dysfunction by mediating innate antivirus immune response in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae023. [PMID: 38271094 PMCID: PMC10894507 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of dietary synbiotics (SYB) supplementation on growth performance, immune function, and intestinal barrier function in piglets challenged with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Forty crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) weaned piglets (26 ± 1 d old) with a mean body weight (BW) of 6.62 ± 0.36 kg were randomly allotted to five groups: control (CON) I and CONII group, both fed basal diet; 0.1% SYB group, 0.2% SYB group, and 0.2% yeast culture (YC) group, fed basal diet supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2% SYB, and 0.2% YC, respectively. On day 22, all piglets were orally administrated with 40 mL PEDV (5.6 × 103 TCID50/mL) except piglets in CONI group, which were administrated with the same volume of sterile saline. The trial lasted for 26 d. Before PEDV challenge, dietary 0.1% SYB supplementation increased final BW, average daily gain (ADG), and decreased the ratio of feed to gain during 0 to 21 d (P < 0.05), as well as improved the apparent nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein, ether extract (EE), and gross energy (GE). At the same time, 0.2% YC also improved the apparent nutrient digestibility of DM, OM, EE, and GE (P < 0.05). PEDV challenge increased diarrhea rate and diarrhea indexes while decreased ADG (P < 0.05) from days 22 to 26, and induced systemic and intestinal mucosa innate immune and proinflammatory responses, destroyed intestinal barrier integrity. The decrease in average daily feed intake and ADG induced by PEDV challenge was suppressed by dietary SYB and YC supplementation, and 0.1% SYB had the best-alleviating effect. Dietary 0.1% SYB supplementation also increased serum interleukin (IL)-10, immunoglobulin M, complement component 4, and jejunal mucosal IL-4 levels, while decreased serum diamine oxidase activity compared with CONII group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, 0.1% SYB improved mRNA expressions of claudin-1, zonula occludens protein-1, mucin 2, interferon-γ, interferon regulatory factor-3, signal transducers and activators of transcription (P < 0.05), and protein expression of occludin, and downregulated mRNA expressions of toll-like receptor 3 and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05) in jejunal mucosa. Supplementing 0.2% SYB or 0.2% YC also had a positive effect on piglets, but the effect was not as good as 0.1% SYB. These results indicated that dietary 0.1% SYB supplementation improved growth performance under normal conditions, and alleviated the inflammatory response and the damage of intestinal barrier via improving innate immune function and decreasing PEDV genomic copies, showed optimal protective effects against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zhemin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junning Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Wang X, Bi J, Yang C, Li Y, Yang Y, Deng J, Wang L, Gao X, Lin Y, Liu J, Yin G. Long non-coding RNA LOC103222771 promotes infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Marc-145 cells by downregulating Claudin-4. Vet Microbiol 2023; 286:109890. [PMID: 37857013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an important swine disease caused by infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which leads to huge loss in swine industry. How to effectively control PRRS is challenging. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are key regulator of viral infections and anti-virus immunological responses, therefore, further understanding of lncRNAs will aid to identification of novel regulators of viral infections and better design of prevention and control strategies to viral infection related diseases and immune disorders. We demonstrated that PRRSV infection upregulated the expression of lncRNA LOC103222771 in Marc-145 cells and porcine alveolar macrophage cells (PAMs) and that LOC103222771 is mainly located in cytoplasm. Knockdown of LOC103222771 could inhibit the PRRSV infection in Marc-145 cells. RNA-seq analysis and subsequent validation revealed increased expression of Claudin-4 (CLDN4) in Marc-145 when LOC103222771 was specifically downregulated,suggesting that LOC103222771 might be an upstream regulator of CLDN4, an important component of tight junctions for establishment of the paracellular barrier that controls the flow of molecules in the intercellular space between epithelial cells. We and others showed that Downregulation of CLDN4 could boost the infection of PRRSV. Collectively, LOC103222771/CLDN4 signal axis might be a novel mechanism of PRRSV pathogenesis, implying a potential therapeutic target against PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxian Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Junlong Bi
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yongneng Li
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Junwen Deng
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Xiaolin Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China
| | - Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden
| | - Jianping Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
| | - Gefen Yin
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China.
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