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Sánchez-Ponce Y, Murillo-Eliosa JR, Morales-Sanchez A, Fuentes-Pananá EM. Cytokine Dynamics and Herpesvirus Interactions in Pediatric Liver and Kidney Transplant Recipients: The Distinct Behavior of HCMV, HHV6, HHV7 and EBV. Viruses 2024; 16:1067. [PMID: 39066229 PMCID: PMC11281388 DOI: 10.3390/v16071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients face a challenging balance between immunosuppression and graft rejection. While Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are known contributors to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease and graft rejection, respectively, the roles of herpesvirus 6 and 7 (HHV6 and HHV7) and the impact of these herpesviruses on cytokine levels remain unclear, leading to gaps in clinical practice. In this associative study, we measured 17 cytokines using a Bio-Plex assay in a meticulously curated plasma sample pool (N = 158) from pediatric kidney and liver transplant recipients over a one-year follow-up period. The samples included virus-negative and virus-positive cases, either individually or in combination, along with episodes of graft rejection. We observed that the elevation of IL-4, IL-8, and IL-10 correlated with graft rejection. These cytokines were elevated in samples where HCMV or HHV6 were detected alone or where EBV and HHV7 were co-detected. Interestingly, latent EBV, when detected independently, exhibited an immunomodulatory effect by downregulating cytokine levels. However, in co-detection scenarios with β-herpesviruses, EBV transitioned to a lytic state, also associating with heightened cytokinemia and graft rejection. These findings highlight the complex interactions between the immune response and herpesviruses in transplant recipients. The study advocates for enhanced monitoring of not only EBV and HCMV but also HHV6 and HHV7, providing valuable insights for improved risk assessment and targeted interventions in pediatric SOT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Sánchez-Ponce
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (Y.S.-P.); (A.M.-S.)
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Abigail Morales-Sanchez
- Research Unit in Virology and Cancer, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (Y.S.-P.); (A.M.-S.)
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Zarek CM, Dende C, Coronado J, Pendse M, Dryden P, Hooper LV, Reese TA. Preexisting helminth challenge exacerbates infection and reactivation of gammaherpesvirus in tissue resident macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011691. [PMID: 37847677 PMCID: PMC10581490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though gammaherpesvirus and parasitic infections are endemic in parts of the world, there is a lack of understanding about the outcome of coinfection. In humans, coinfections usually occur sequentially, with fluctuating order and timing in different hosts. However, experimental studies in mice generally do not address the variables of order and timing of coinfections. We sought to examine the variable of coinfection order in a system of gammaherpesvirus-helminth coinfection. Our previous work demonstrated that infection with the intestinal parasite, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, induced transient reactivation from latency of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (MHV68). In this report, we reverse the order of coinfection, infecting with H. polygyrus first, followed by MHV68, and examined the effects of preexisting parasite infection on MHV68 acute and latent infection. We found that preexisting parasite infection increased the propensity of MHV68 to reactivate from latency. However, when we examined the mechanism for reactivation, we found that preexisting parasite infection increased the ability of MHV68 to reactivate in a vitamin A dependent manner, a distinct mechanism to what we found previously with parasite-induced reactivation after latency establishment. We determined that H. polygyrus infection increased both acute and latent MHV68 infection in a population of tissue resident macrophages, called large peritoneal macrophages. We demonstrate that this population of macrophages and vitamin A are required for increased acute and latent infection during parasite coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Zarek
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chaitanya Dende
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jaime Coronado
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mihir Pendse
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Phillip Dryden
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lora V. Hooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A. Reese
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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Vragel G, Gomez BD, Kostelecky RE, Noell KS, Tseng A, Cohen S, Dalwadi M, Medina EM, Nail EA, Goodspeed A, Clambey ET, van Dyk LF. Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Efficiently Infects Myeloid Cells Resulting In An Atypical, Restricted Form Of Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.21.545948. [PMID: 37425871 PMCID: PMC10327065 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The gammaherpesviruses (γHVs) establish a lifelong infection in their hosts, with the cellular outcome of infection intimately regulated by target cell type. Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a small animal model of γHV infection, infects macrophages in vivo, resulting in a range of outcomes, from lytic replication to latent infection. Here, we have further investigated the nature of MHV68 macrophage infection using reductionist and primary in vivo infection studies. While MHV68 readily infected the J774 macrophage cell line, viral gene expression and replication were significantly impaired relative to a fully permissive fibroblast cell line. Lytic replication only occurred in a small subset of MHV68-infected J774 cells, despite the fact that these cells were fully competent to support lytic replication following pre-treatment with interleukin-4, a known potentiator of replication in macrophages. In parallel, we harvested virally-infected macrophages at 16 hours after MHV68 infection in vivo and analyzed gene expression by single cell RNA-sequencing. Among virally infected macrophages, only rare (0.25%) cells had lytic cycle gene expression, characterized by detection of multiple lytic cycle RNAs. In contrast, ~50% of virally-infected macrophages were characterized by expression of ORF75A, ORF75B and/or ORF75C, in the absence of other detectable viral RNAs. Selective transcription of the ORF75 locus also occurred in MHV68-infected J774 cells. In total, these studies indicate that MHV68 efficiently infects macrophages, with the majority of cells characterized by an atypical state of restricted viral transcription, and only rare cells undergoing lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Vragel
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brittany D. Gomez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Rachael E. Kostelecky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kyra S. Noell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ashley Tseng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Shirli Cohen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Manaal Dalwadi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Eva M. Medina
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Nail
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Goodspeed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Eric T. Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Linda F. van Dyk
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Petrellis G, Piedfort O, Katsandegwaza B, Dewals BG. Parasitic worms affect virus coinfection: a mechanistic overview. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:358-372. [PMID: 36935340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Helminths are parasitic worms that coevolve with their host, usually resulting in long-term persistence through modulating host immunity. The multifarious mechanisms altering the immune system induced by helminths have significant implications on the control of coinfecting pathogens such as viruses. Here, we explore the recent literature to highlight the main immune alterations and mechanisms that affect the control of viral coinfection. Insights from these mechanisms are valuable in the understanding of clinical observations in helminth-prevalent areas and in the design of new therapeutic and vaccination strategies to control viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Petrellis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ophélie Piedfort
- Laboratory of Parasitology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Brunette Katsandegwaza
- Laboratory of Parasitology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin G Dewals
- Laboratory of Parasitology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, FARAH, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Age-associated B cells are long-lasting effectors that impede latent γHV68 reactivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21189. [PMID: 36477199 PMCID: PMC9729602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25543-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs; CD19+CD11c+T-bet+) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. Here, we use murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) to demonstrate that ABCs remain elevated long-term during latent infection and express IFNγ and TNF. Using a recombinant γHV68 that is cleared following acute infection, we show that ABCs persist in the absence of latent virus, though their expression of IFNγ and TNF is decreased. With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation.
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Mouat IC, Shanina I, Horwitz MS. Age-associated B cells are long-lasting effectors that impede latent γHV68 reactivation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21189. [PMID: 36477199 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.29.474434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs; CD19+CD11c+T-bet+) are a unique population that are increased in an array of viral infections, though their role during latent infection is largely unexplored. Here, we use murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) to demonstrate that ABCs remain elevated long-term during latent infection and express IFNγ and TNF. Using a recombinant γHV68 that is cleared following acute infection, we show that ABCs persist in the absence of latent virus, though their expression of IFNγ and TNF is decreased. With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. We find that mice without ABCs display defects in anti-viral IgG2a/c antibodies and are more susceptible to reactivation of γHV68 following virus challenges that typically do not break latency. Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel C Mouat
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Iryna Shanina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc S Horwitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, Room 3551, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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