1
|
Chen S, Jiang Z, Li Q, Pan W, Chen Y, Liu J. Viral RNA capping: Mechanisms and antiviral therapy. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29622. [PMID: 38682614 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
RNA capping is an essential trigger for protein translation in eukaryotic cells. Many viruses have evolved various strategies for initiating the translation of viral genes and generating progeny virions in infected cells via synthesizing cap structure or stealing the RNA cap from nascent host messenger ribonucleotide acid (mRNA). In addition to protein translation, a new understanding of the role of the RNA cap in antiviral innate immunity has advanced the field of mRNA synthesis in vitro and therapeutic applications. Recent studies on these viral RNA capping systems have revealed startlingly diverse ways and molecular machinery. A comprehensive understanding of how viruses accomplish the RNA capping in infected cells is pivotal for designing effective broad-spectrum antiviral therapies. Here we systematically review the contemporary insights into the RNA-capping mechanisms employed by viruses causing human and animal infectious diseases, while also highlighting its impact on host antiviral innate immune response. The therapeutic applications of targeting RNA capping against viral infections and the development of RNA-capping inhibitors are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saini Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhimin Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuchen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenliang Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Royster A, Ren S, Ma Y, Pintado M, Kahng E, Rowan S, Mir S, Mir M. SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Anticoronavirus Drug Discovery. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0118623. [PMID: 37199631 PMCID: PMC10269701 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01186-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 pandemic, is a highly contagious positive-sense RNA virus. Its explosive community spread and the emergence of new mutant strains have created palpable anxiety even in vaccinated people. The lack of effective anticoronavirus therapeutics continues to be a major global health concern, especially due to the high evolution rate of SARS-CoV-2. The nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of SARS-CoV-2 is highly conserved and involved in diverse processes of the virus replication cycle. Despite its critical role in coronavirus replication, N protein remains an unexplored target for anticoronavirus drug discovery. Here, we demonstrate that a novel compound, K31, binds to the N protein of SARS-CoV-2 and noncompetitively inhibits its binding to the 5' terminus of the viral genomic RNA. K31 is well tolerated by SARS-CoV-2-permissive Caco2 cells. Our results show that K31 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Caco2 cells with a selective index of ~58. These observations suggest that SARS-CoV-2 N protein is a druggable target for anticoronavirus drug discovery. K31 holds promise for further development as an anticoronavirus therapeutic. IMPORTANCE The lack of potent antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV-2 is a serious global health concern, especially with the explosive spread of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide and the constant emergence of new mutant strains with improved human-to-human transmission. Although an effective coronavirus vaccine appears promising, the lengthy vaccine development processes in general and the emergence of new mutant viral strains with a potential to evade the vaccine always remain a serious concern. The antiviral drugs targeted to the highly conserved targets of viral or host origin remain the most viable and timely approach, easily accessible to the general population, in combating any new viral illness. The majority of anticoronavirus drug development efforts have focused on spike protein, envelope protein, 3CLpro, and Mpro. Our results show that virus-encoded N protein is a novel therapeutic target for anticoronavirus drug discovery. Due to its high conservation, the anti-N protein inhibitors will likely have broad-spectrum anticoronavirus activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Royster
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Songyang Ren
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Yutian Ma
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Melissa Pintado
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Eunice Kahng
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Sean Rowan
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Sheema Mir
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Mir
- Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
LaPointe A, Gale M, Kell AM. Orthohantavirus Replication in the Context of Innate Immunity. Viruses 2023; 15:1130. [PMID: 37243216 PMCID: PMC10220641 DOI: 10.3390/v15051130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses are rodent-borne, negative-sense RNA viruses that are capable of causing severe vascular disease in humans. Over the course of viral evolution, these viruses have tailored their replication cycles in such a way as to avoid and/or antagonize host innate immune responses. In the rodent reservoir, this results in life long asymptomatic infections. However, in hosts other than its co-evolved reservoir, the mechanisms for subduing the innate immune response may be less efficient or absent, potentially leading to disease and/or viral clearance. In the case of human orthohantavirus infection, the interaction of the innate immune response with viral replication is thought to give rise to severe vascular disease. The orthohantavirus field has made significant advancements in understanding how these viruses replicate and interact with host innate immune responses since their identification by Dr. Ho Wang Lee and colleagues in 1976. Therefore, the purpose of this review, as part of this special issue dedicated to Dr. Lee, was to summarize the current knowledge of orthohantavirus replication, how viral replication activates innate immunity, and how the host antiviral response, in turn, impacts viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Autumn LaPointe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alison M. Kell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico, 915 Camino de Salud NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tamiya K, Kobayashi S, Yoshii K, Kariwa H. Analysis of the relationship between replication of the Hokkaido genotype of Puumala orthohantavirus and autophagy. Virus Res 2022; 318:198830. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
Yarovaya OI, Kovaleva KS, Zaykovskaya AA, Yashina LN, Scherbakova NS, Scherbakov DN, Borisevich SS, Zubkov FI, Antonova AS, Peshkov RY, Eltsov IV, Pyankov OV, Maksyutov RA, Salakhutdinov NF. New class of hantaan virus inhibitors based on conjugation of the isoindole fragment to (+)-camphor or (-)-fenchone hydrazonesv. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 40:127926. [PMID: 33705902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work presents the design and synthesis of camphor, fenchone, and norcamphor N-acylhydrazone derivatives as a new class of inhibitors of the Hantaan virus, which causes haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). A cytopathic model was developed for testing chemotherapeutics against the Hantaan virus, strain 76-118. In addition, a study of the antiviral activity was carried out using a pseudoviral system. It was found that the hit compound possesses significant activity (IC50 = 7.6 ± 2 µM) along with low toxicity (CC50 > 1000 µM). Using molecular docking procedures, the binding with Hantavirus nucleoprotein was evaluated and the correlation between the structure of the synthesised compounds and the antiviral activity was established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Yarovaya
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrent'ev av., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Kseniya S Kovaleva
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrent'ev av., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Anna A Zaykovskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Liudmila N Yashina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Nadezda S Scherbakova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Dmitry N Scherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Sophia S Borisevich
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, Ufa Federal Research Center, RAS, Octyabrya pr., 71, Ufa 450054, Russia
| | - Fedor I Zubkov
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra S Antonova
- Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Roman Yu Peshkov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ilia V Eltsov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Oleg V Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Rinat A Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region 630559, Russia
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, Lavrent'ev av., 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vaccinia Virus as a Master of Host Shutoff Induction: Targeting Processes of the Central Dogma and Beyond. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050400. [PMID: 32455727 PMCID: PMC7281567 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of host cell proteins is adversely inhibited in many virus infections, whereas viral proteins are efficiently synthesized. This phenomenon leads to the accumulation of viral proteins concurrently with a profound decline in global host protein synthesis, a phenomenon often termed “host shutoff”. To induce host shutoff, a virus may target various steps of gene expression, as well as pre- and post-gene expression processes. During infection, vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype poxvirus, targets all major processes of the central dogma of genetics, as well as pre-transcription and post-translation steps to hinder host cell protein production. In this article, we review the strategies used by VACV to induce host shutoff in the context of strategies employed by other viruses. We elaborate on how VACV induces host shutoff by targeting host cell DNA synthesis, RNA production and processing, mRNA translation, and protein degradation. We emphasize the topics on VACV’s approaches toward modulating mRNA processing, stability, and translation during infection. Finally, we propose avenues for future investigations, which will facilitate our understanding of poxvirus biology, as well as fundamental cellular gene expression and regulation mechanisms.
Collapse
|
7
|
Olschewski S, Cusack S, Rosenthal M. The Cap-Snatching Mechanism of Bunyaviruses. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:293-303. [PMID: 31948728 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In common with all segmented negative-sense RNA viruses, bunyavirus transcripts contain heterologous sequences at their 5' termini originating from capped host cell RNAs. These heterologous sequences are acquired by a so-called cap-snatching mechanism. Whereas for nuclear replicating influenza virus the source of capped primers as well as the cap-binding and endonuclease activities of the viral polymerase needed for cap snatching have been functionally and structurally well characterized, our knowledge on the expected counterparts of cytoplasmic replicating bunyaviruses is still limited and controversial. This review focuses on the cap-snatching mechanism of bunyaviruses in the light of recent structural and functional data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Olschewski
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Rosenthal
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Virology, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|