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Maltsev D, Solonko I, Sydorenko O. The assessment of microbial infection in children with autism spectrum disorders and genetic folate cycle deficiency. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:200. [PMID: 38515059 PMCID: PMC10956213 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The results of disparate clinical studies indicate abnormally frequent cases of certain microorganisms in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). However, these data require clarification and systematization. The study aims to study the structure of the microbial profile in children with ASD and genetic folate cycle deficiency (GFCD) and consider differences in diagnostic approaches for identifying microorganisms of different types. METHODS The study analyzed medical data from 240 children (187 boys and 63 girls) with GFCD aged 2 to 9 years. The children had clinical manifestations of ASD (the study group, SG). The control group (CG) included 53 clinically healthy children (37 boys and 16 girls) of the same age but without GFCD. Both groups of children were tested on active herpetic infections (HSV-1/2, VZV, EBV, CMV, HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8), ТТV, Streptococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans, Borrelia burgdorferi, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Yersinia enterocolitica, Toxoplasma gondii, congenital CMV neuroinfection and postnatal HSV-1/2 encephalitis. The testing used diagnostic methods specified in PubMed-indexed studies. RESULTS In the SG, TTV was found in 196 children (82%), HHV-7 - in 172 (72%), HHV-6 - in 162 (68%), EBV - in 153 (64%), Streptococcus pyogenes - in 127 (53%), Candida albicans - in 116 (48%), Borrelia - in 107 (45%), Mycoplasma pneumoniae - in 94 (39%), Chlamydia pneumoniae - in 85 (35%), Yersinia entеrocolitica - in 71 (30%), Toxoplasma gondii - in 54 (23%), congenital CMV neuroinfection - in 26 (11%), and postnatal HSV-1/2 encephalitis - in 11 children (5% of cases) (p < p0.05; Z < Z0.05). In the SG, there was a higher microbial load in older children (p < p0.05; Z < Z0.05). No gender differences were found. CONCLUSIONS The study described and characterized a specific abnormal microbial spectrum with a predominance of viral opportunistic agents in children with ASD associated with GFCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Maltsev
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Iryna Solonko
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Olena Sydorenko
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, O'Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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2
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Evasion of the Host Immune Response by Betaherpesviruses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147503. [PMID: 34299120 PMCID: PMC8306455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune system boasts a diverse array of strategies for recognizing and eradicating invading pathogens. Human betaherpesviruses, a highly prevalent subfamily of viruses, include human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus (HHV) 6A, HHV-6B, and HHV-7. These viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms for evading the host response. In this review, we will highlight the complex interplay between betaherpesviruses and the human immune response, focusing on protein function. We will explore methods by which the immune system first responds to betaherpesvirus infection as well as mechanisms by which viruses subvert normal cellular functions to evade the immune system and facilitate viral latency, persistence, and reactivation. Lastly, we will briefly discuss recent advances in vaccine technology targeting betaherpesviruses. This review aims to further elucidate the dynamic interactions between betaherpesviruses and the human immune system.
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Muhammad JS, Saheb Sharif-Askari N, Cui ZG, Hamad M, Halwani R. SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Induced Promoter Hypomethylation as an Epigenetic Modulator of Heat Shock Protein A1L (HSPA1L) Gene. Front Genet 2021; 12:622271. [PMID: 33679887 PMCID: PMC7933663 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.622271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous researches have focused on the genetic variations affecting SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas the epigenetic effects are inadequately described. In this report, for the first time, we have identified potential candidate genes that might be regulated via SARS-CoV-2 induced DNA methylation changes in COVID-19 infection. At first, in silico transcriptomic data of COVID-19 lung autopsies were used to identify the top differentially expressed genes containing CpG Islands in their promoter region. Similar gene regulations were also observed in an in vitro model of SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells (NHBE and A549). SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly decreased the levels of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) in lung epithelial cells. Out of 14 candidate genes identified, the expression of 12 genes was upregulated suggesting promoter hypomethylation, while only two genes were downregulated suggesting promoter hypermethylation in COVID-19. Among those 12 upregulated genes, only HSPA1L and ULBP2 were found to be upregulated in AZA-treated lung epithelial cells and immune cells, suggesting their epigenetic regulation. To confirm the hypomethylation of these two genes during SARS-CoV-2 infection, their promoter methylation and mRNA expression levels were determined in the genomic DNA/RNA obtained from whole blood samples of asymptomatic, severe COVID-19 patients and equally matched healthy controls. The methylation level of HSPA1L was significantly decreased and the mRNA expression was increased in both asymptomatic and severe COVID-19 blood samples suggesting its epigenetic regulation by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Functionally, HSPA1L is known to facilitate host viral replication and has been proposed as a potential target for antiviral prophylaxis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Jibran Sualeh Muhammad,
| | | | - Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Rabih Halwani,
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The Crosstalk of Epigenetics and Metabolism in Herpesvirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121377. [PMID: 33271926 PMCID: PMC7760534 DOI: 10.3390/v12121377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is a versatile player in manipulating viral infection and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of viral-induced diseases. Both epigenetics and metabolism are crucial in establishing a highly specific transcriptional network, which may promote or suppress virus infection. Human herpesvirus infection can induce a broad range of human malignancies and is largely dependent on the status of cellular epigenetics as well as its related metabolism. However, the crosstalk between epigenetics and metabolism during herpesvirus infection has not been fully explored. Here, we describe how epigenetic regulation of cellular metabolism affects herpesvirus infection and induces viral diseases. This further highlights the importance of epigenetics and metabolism during viral infection and provides novel insights into the development of targeted therapies.
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5
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Dunn N, Kharlamova N, Fogdell-Hahn A. The role of herpesvirus 6A and 6B in multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12984. [PMID: 33037649 PMCID: PMC7757173 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV‐6A) and 6B (HHV‐6B) are two closely related viruses that can infect cells of the central nervous system (CNS). The similarities between these viruses have made it difficult to separate them on serological level. The broad term HHV‐6 remains when referring to studies where the two species were not distinguished, and as such, the seroprevalence is over 90% in the adult population. HHV‐6B has been detected in up to 100% of infants with the primary infection roseola infantum, but less is known about the primary infection of HHV‐6A. Both viruses are neurotropic and have capacity to establish lifelong latency in cells of the central nervous system, with potential to reactivate and cause complications later in life. HHV‐6A infection has been associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS), whereas HHV‐6B is indicated to be involved in pathogenesis of epilepsy. These two associations show how neurological diseases might be caused by viral infections, but as suggested here, through completely different molecular mechanisms, in an autoimmune disease, such as MS, by triggering an overreaction of the immune system and in epilepsy by hampering internal cellular functions when the immune system fails to eliminate the virus. Understanding the viral mechanisms of primary infection and reactivation and their spectrum of associated symptoms will aid our ability to diagnose, treat and prevent these severe and chronic diseases. This review explores the role of HHV‐6A and HHV‐6B specifically in MS and epilepsy, the evidence to date and the future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Dunn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nastya Kharlamova
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Jhamat N, Niazi A, Guo Y, Chanrot M, Ivanova E, Kelsey G, Bongcam-Rudloff E, Andersson G, Humblot P. LPS-treatment of bovine endometrial epithelial cells causes differential DNA methylation of genes associated with inflammation and endometrial function. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:385. [PMID: 32493210 PMCID: PMC7268755 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin stimulates pro-inflammatory pathways and is a key player in the pathological mechanisms involved in the development of endometritis. This study aimed to investigate LPS-induced DNA methylation changes in bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEECs), which may affect endometrial function. Following in vitro culture, bEECs from three cows were either untreated (0) or exposed to 2 and 8 μg/mL LPS for 24 h. Results DNA samples extracted at 0 h and 24 h were sequenced using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). When comparing DNA methylation results at 24 h to time 0 h, a larger proportion of hypomethylated regions were identified in the LPS-treated groups, whereas the trend was opposite in controls. When comparing LPS groups to controls at 24 h, a total of 1291 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified (55% hypomethylated and 45% hypermethylated). Integration of DNA methylation data obtained here with our previously published gene expression data obtained from the same samples showed a negative correlation (r = − 0.41 for gene promoter, r = − 0.22 for gene body regions, p < 0.05). Differential methylation analysis revealed that effects of LPS treatment were associated with methylation changes for genes involved in regulation of immune and inflammatory responses, cell adhesion, and external stimuli. Gene ontology and pathway analyses showed that most of the differentially methylated genes (DMGs) were associated with cell proliferation and apoptotic processes; and pathways such as calcium-, oxytocin- and MAPK-signaling pathways with recognized roles in innate immunity. Several DMGs were related to systemic inflammation and tissue re-modelling including HDAC4, IRAK1, AKT1, MAP3K6, Wnt7A and ADAMTS17. Conclusions The present results show that LPS altered the DNA methylation patterns of bovine endometrial epithelial cells. This information, combined with our previously reported changes in gene expression related to endometrial function, confirm that LPS activates pro-inflammatory mechanisms leading to perturbed immune balance and cell adhesion processes in the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Jhamat
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Section of Molecular Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.,SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.,Department of Information Technology, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Niazi
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Section of Molecular Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden. .,SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.
| | - Yongzhi Guo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Metasu Chanrot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.,Faculty of Veterinary Science, Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 802 40, Thailand
| | - Elena Ivanova
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gavin Kelsey
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erik Bongcam-Rudloff
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Section of Molecular Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.,SLU-Global Bioinformatics Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Section of Molecular Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden.,Centre for Reproductive Biology in Uppsala, CRU, P.O. Box 7054, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrice Humblot
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 750 07, Sweden
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Bannister S, Messina NL, Novakovic B, Curtis N. The emerging role of epigenetics in the immune response to vaccination and infection: a systematic review. Epigenetics 2020; 15:555-593. [PMID: 31914857 PMCID: PMC7574386 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1712814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research has highlighted the role of infection-induced epigenetic events in the development of cancer. More recently, attention has focused on the ability of non-carcinogenic infections, as well as vaccines, to modify the human epigenome and modulate the immune response. This review explores this rapidly evolving area of investigation and outlines the many and varied ways in which vaccination and natural infection can influence the human epigenome from modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response, to biological ageing and modification of disease risk. The implications of these epigenetic changes on immune regulation and their potential application to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic infection and vaccine development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Bannister
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Messina
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Epigenetics Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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8
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Zhu Z, Li Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Cao RY. Acute enterovirus infections significantly alter host cellular DNA methylation status. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Asadi-Pooya AA, Bartolini L. Prevention and treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy: lessons from hepatitis B story! Int J Neurosci 2020; 130:1151-1155. [PMID: 32053411 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1730370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of drug-resistant epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the most common pathological substrate of TLE. Considering the significant consequences of uncontrolled seizures (e.g. increased morbidity and mortality), epilepsy prevention remains a necessity that potentially could save many lives. Human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) has been linked to TLE in humans. The relationship between HHV-6 and HS-TLE could be attributed to a neuro-inflammatory cascade triggered by the infection, involving direct neuronal damage and production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines under certain conditions that are still incompletely understood. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is another chronic viral infection with a life-long latency. HBV infection is linked to various clinical conditions, including liver cirrhosis. There are currently three ways to fight HBV infection and its consequences; primary prevention (by vaccination), secondary prevention (by drug therapy), and tertiary prevention (by liver transplantation). Considering the similarities between the natural histories of HHV-6 and HBV infections, and also the successful strategies which are currently available to fight HBV infection and its long-term consequences, here, we propose three strategies to fight HHV-6 and its possible long-term consequence (i.e. HS-TLE): Primary prevention: by developing vaccines to prevent HHV-6 infection; Secondary prevention: by considering trials of antiviral drugs to treat HHV-6 infection, when it happens in the childhood to hopefully prevent its long-term consequences; and, Tertiary prevention: by stem cell therapy for drug-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Asadi-Pooya
- Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luca Bartolini
- Hasbro Children's Hospital/Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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10
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Differential gene expression in bovine endometrial epithelial cells after challenge with LPS; specific implications for genes involved in embryo maternal interactions. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222081. [PMID: 31487323 PMCID: PMC6728075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) expressed on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria activates pro-inflammatory pathways, dys-regulates the function of endometrial cells and is a key player in the mechanisms involved in endometritis. This study aimed to investigate the effects of LPS on bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEEC) from whole transcriptome with a special focus on genes involved in embryo-maternal interactions. Following in vitro culture, bEEC from three cows were exposed to 0, 2, and 8 μg/mL LPS for 24h. RNA samples extracted at 0 and 24 hours were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). At 24h, 2035 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between controls and samples treated with 2 μg/mL LPS. Gene ontology analysis showed that over-expressed DEGs were associated to immune response, response to stress and external stimuli, catalytic activity, and cell cycle. Genes associated with cell membrane and cell adhesion pathways were under-expressed. LPS induced changes in expression of specific genes related to embryo-maternal interactions including under-expression of eight members of the cadherin superfamily, over-expression of six members of the mucin family, and differential expression of a large set of genes binding the above molecules and of more than 20 transcripts coding for cytokines and their receptors. Type I interferon-τ dependent genes were also over-expressed. From a sub-set of 19 genes, (biological replicates of bEEC from cows taken at time 6 (n = 3), 24 (n = 6) and 48 hours (n = 3), and 2 technical replicates per sample) differential gene expression was confirmed by RT2-qPCR (r2 between fold changes at 24 hours by RT2-qPCR and RNA-seq = 0.97). These results indicate that LPS affects the function of bEEC in many ways by differential transcription, glycolytic metabolism and oxidative stress. Many transcriptomic signatures related to implantation and embryo maternal interactions were strongly affected by LPS. These results pave the way for further studies to investigate the duration of these changes and their possible impact on endometrial function and fertility.
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11
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Fan K, Gravemeyer J, Ritter C, Rasheed K, Gambichler T, Moens U, Shuda M, Schrama D, Becker JC. MCPyV Large T Antigen-Induced Atonal Homolog 1 Is a Lineage-Dependency Oncogene in Merkel Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:56-65.e3. [PMID: 31283928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the transcription factor ATOH1 is a master regulator of Merkel cell development, its role in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) carcinogenesis remains controversial. Here, we provide several lines of evidence that ATOH1 is a lineage-dependent oncogene in MCC. Luciferase assays revealed binding of ATOH1 and subsequent activation to the promoter of miR-375, which is one of the most abundant microRNAs in MCCs. Overexpression of ATOH1 in variant MCC cell lines and fibroblasts induced miR-375 expression, whereas ATOH1 knockdown in classical MCC cell lines reduced miR-375 expression. Moreover, ATOH1 overexpression in these cells changed their growth characteristics from adherent to suspension and/orspheroidal growth, that is, resembling the neuroendocrine growth pattern of classical MCC cell lines. Notably, ectopic expression of different Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV)-derived truncated large T antigens induced ATOH1 expression in fibroblasts, which was paralleled by miR-375 expression and similar morphologic changes. In summary, MCPyV-associated carcinogenesis is likely to induce the characteristic neuroendocrine features of MCC via induction of ATOH1; thus, ATOH1 can be regarded as a lineage-dependent oncogene in MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiji Fan
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jan Gravemeyer
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cathrin Ritter
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kashif Rasheed
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Thilo Gambichler
- Department of Dermatology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Masahiro Shuda
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen C Becker
- Department of Translational Skin Cancer Research, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.
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12
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Flamand L. Chromosomal Integration by Human Herpesviruses 6A and 6B. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1045:209-226. [PMID: 29896669 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7230-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Upon infection and depending on the infected cell type, human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) can replicate or enter a state of latency. HHV-6A and HHV-6B can integrate their genomes into host chromosomes as one way to establish latency. Viral integration takes place near the subtelomeric/telomeric junction of chromosomes. When HHV-6 infection and integration occur in gametes, the virus can be genetically transmitted. Inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6)-positive individuals carry one integrated HHV-6 copy per somatic cell. The prevalence of iciHHV-6+ individuals varies between 0.6% and 2%, depending on the geographical region sampled. In this chapter, the mechanisms leading to viral integration and reactivation from latency, as well as some of the biological and medical consequences associated with iciHHV-6, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Flamand
- Division of Infectious and Immune Diseases, CHU de Québec Research Center, QC, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, QC, Quebec, Canada.
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13
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Eliassen E, Lum E, Pritchett J, Ongradi J, Krueger G, Crawford JR, Phan TL, Ablashi D, Hudnall SD. Human Herpesvirus 6 and Malignancy: A Review. Front Oncol 2018; 8:512. [PMID: 30542640 PMCID: PMC6277865 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to determine the role of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in human disease, several confounding factors, including methods of detection, types of controls, and the ubiquitous nature of the virus, must be considered. This is particularly problematic in the case of cancer, in which rates of detection vary greatly among studies. To determine what part, if any, HHV-6 plays in oncogenesis, a review of the literature was performed. There is evidence that HHV-6 is present in certain types of cancer; however, detection of the virus within tumor cells is insufficient for assigning a direct role of HHV-6 in tumorigenesis. Findings supportive of a causal role for a virus in cancer include presence of the virus in a large proportion of cases, presence of the virus in most tumor cells, and virus-induced in-vitro cell transformation. HHV-6, if not directly oncogenic, may act as a contributory factor that indirectly enhances tumor cell growth, in some cases by cooperation with other viruses. Another possibility is that HHV-6 may merely be an opportunistic virus that thrives in the immunodeficient tumor microenvironment. Although many studies have been carried out, it is still premature to definitively implicate HHV-6 in several human cancers. In some instances, evidence suggests that HHV-6 may cooperate with other viruses, including EBV, HPV, and HHV-8, in the development of cancer, and HHV-6 may have a role in such conditions as nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma, gastrointestinal cancer, glial tumors, and oral cancers. However, further studies will be required to determine the exact contributions of HHV-6 to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Eliassen
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Emily Lum
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Joshua Pritchett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joseph Ongradi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gerhard Krueger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas- Houston Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, University of California San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Tuan L Phan
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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14
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Engdahl E, Niehusmann P, Fogdell-Hahn A. The effect of human herpesvirus 6B infection on the MAPK pathway. Virus Res 2018; 256:134-141. [PMID: 30130603 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a neurotropic virus that has been repeatedly associated with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). However, the mechanism behind this suggested association is not known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate what genes were affected by HHV-6B, possibly revealing HHV-6B induced disease causing mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHOD First, gene expression in MTLE tissue positive for HHV-6B DNA (n = 10) and negative for HHV-6B DNA (n = 14) was compared using the Affymetrix® Human Gene 2.1 ST Array. Secondly, in vitro experiments were conducted where Molt-3 T cells were infected with HHV-6B and gene expression of MAP2K4 (MKK4) and 89 other genes in the MAPK signaling pathway was investigated using qPCR. In addition, phosphorylated MKK4 was assessed using IFA and the DNA methylation investigated with Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. RESULTS MAP2K4 was one of the most differently expressed genes in the Affymetrix array, suggesting an upregulation by HHV-6B infection in MTLE tissue. No gene reached statistical significance but MAP2K4 was selected for further investigation in vitro, where it was clearly upregulated by HHV-6B infection both on gene expression and protein expression level. Further investigating expression of genes in the MAPK pathways in vitro revealed that several genes were affected by HHV-6B infection, but none of these genes displayed viral induced changes in DNA methylation. CONCLUSIONS As the MAPK pathways are involved in transforming different stimuli (like stress) into a cellular responses (like apoptosis or inflammation), it may not be surprising that genes in these pathways are affected by virus infection. This is the first report of HHV-6B's effect on these signaling cascades and given that both dysregulation of the MAPK pathways and an association with HHV-6B have been previously observed in epilepsy, a possible link of infection induced dysregulation of MAPK in epilepsy warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Engdahl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pitt Niehusmann
- Department of Neurology/Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway; Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Fogdell-Hahn
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Li R, Zhou S, Li Y, Shen X, Wang Z, Chen B. Comparative Methylome Analysis Reveals Perturbation of Host Epigenome in Chestnut Blight Fungus by a Hypovirus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1026. [PMID: 29875746 PMCID: PMC5974932 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic genomes, DNA methylation is an important type of epigenetic modification that plays crucial roles in many biological processes. To investigate the impact of a hypovirus infection on the methylome of Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) was employed to generate single-base resolution methylomes of the fungus with/without hypovirus infection. The results showed that hypovirus infection alters methylation in all three contexts (CG, CHG, and CHH), especially in gene promoters. A total of 600 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified, of which 144 could be annotated to functional genes. RNA-seq analysis revealed that DNA methylation in promoter is negatively correlated with gene expression. Among DMRs, four genes were shown to be involved in conidiation, orange pigment production, and virulence. Taken together, our DNA methylomes analysis provide valuable insights into the understanding of the relationship between DNA methylation and hypovirus infection, as well as phenotypic traits in C. parasitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Sisi Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yongbing Li
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaorui Shen
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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16
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ALV Integration-Associated Hypomethylation at the TERT Promoter Locus. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020074. [PMID: 29439385 PMCID: PMC5850381 DOI: 10.3390/v10020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a simple retrovirus that can induce B-cell lymphoma in chicken(s) and other birds by insertional mutagenesis. The promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) has been identified as an important integration site for tumorigenesis. Tumors with TERT promoter integrations are associated with increased TERT expression. The mechanism of this activation is still under investigation. We asked whether insertion of proviral DNA perturbs the epigenome of the integration site and, subsequently, impacts the regulation of neighboring genes. DNA cytosine methylation, which generally acts to suppress transcription, is one major form of epigenetic regulation. In this study, we examine allele-specific methylation patterns of genomic DNA from chicken tumors by bisulfite sequencing. We observed that alleles with TERT promoter integrations are associated with decreased methylation in the host genome near the site of integration. Our observations suggest that insertion of ALV in the TERT promoter region may induce expression of TERT through inhibition of maintenance methylation in the TERT promoter region.
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17
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Wipfler P, Dunn N, Beiki O, Trinka E, Fogdell-Hahn A. The Viral Hypothesis of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy – Is Human Herpes Virus-6 the Missing Link? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Seizure 2018; 54:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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18
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Pinto EM, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Pounds SB, Wang L, Clay MR, Neale G, Garfinkle EAR, Lam CG, Levy CF, Pappo AS, Zambetti GP, Ribeiro RC. Identification of Clinical and Biologic Correlates Associated With Outcome in Children With Adrenocortical Tumors Without Germline TP53 Mutations: A St Jude Adrenocortical Tumor Registry and Children's Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:3956-3963. [PMID: 29058986 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.74.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The clinical features, pathogenesis, and outcomes in children with adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) without germline TP53 mutations have not been systematically studied. Herein, we describe these correlates and analyze their association with outcome. Patients and Methods Genomic DNA was analyzed for TP53, CTNNB1, CDKN1C, ATRX, and chromosome 11p15 abnormalities. β-catenin expression and Ki-67 labeling index (LI) were evaluated by immunostaining. Primary end points were progression-free (PFS) and overall survival. Results Median age of 42 girls and 18 boys was 3.3 years (range, 0.25 to 21.7 years). Complete resection (stages I and II) was achieved in 32 patients, and 28 patients had stage III or IV disease. Constitutional abnormalities of chromosome 11p15 occurred in nine of 40 patients, with six patients not showing phenotype of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Three-year PFS and overall survival for all patients were 71.4% and 80.5%, respectively. In single-predictor Cox regression analysis, age, disease stage, tumor weight, somatic TP53 mutations, and Ki-67 LI were associated with prognosis. Ki-67 LI and age remained significantly associated with PFS after adjusting for stage and tumor weight. Three-year PFS for 27 patients with Ki-67 LI ≥ 15% was 48.5% compared with 96.2% for 29 patients with Ki-67 LI < 15% (log-rank P = .002), and the rate of relapse increased by 24% with each 1-year increase in age at diagnosis (hazard ratio, 1.24; P = .0057). Conclusion Clinicopathologic features and outcomes of children with ACTs without germline TP53 mutations overlapped those reported for children with germline TP53 mutations. Our findings highlight the central role of genetic or epigenetic alterations on chromosome 11p15 in pediatric ACTs. Ki-67 LI is a strong prognostic indicator and should be investigated to improve the histologic classification of pediatric ACTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Modolo Pinto
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stanley B Pounds
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Lei Wang
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael R Clay
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth A R Garfinkle
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Catherine G Lam
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Carolyn Fein Levy
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Alberto S Pappo
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Gerard P Zambetti
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Raul C Ribeiro
- Emilia Modolo Pinto, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Stanley B. Pounds, Lei Wang, Michael R. Clay, Geoffrey Neale, Catherine G. Lam, Alberto S. Pappo, Gerard P. Zambetti, and Raul C. Ribeiro, St Jude Children's Research Hospital; Elizabeth A.R. Garfinkle, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN; and Carolyn Fein Levy, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, New York, NY
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Pantry SN, Medveczky PG. Latency, Integration, and Reactivation of Human Herpesvirus-6. Viruses 2017; 9:v9070194. [PMID: 28737715 PMCID: PMC5537686 DOI: 10.3390/v9070194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus-6B (HHV-6B) are two closely related viruses that infect T-cells. Both HHV-6A and HHV-6B possess telomere-like repeats at the terminal regions of their genomes that facilitate latency by integration into the host telomeres, rather than by episome formation. In about 1% of the human population, human herpes virus-6 (HHV-6) integration into germline cells allows the viral genome to be passed down from one generation to the other; this condition is called inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). This review will cover the history of HHV-6 and recent works that define the biological differences between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Additionally, HHV-6 integration and inheritance, the capacity for reactivation and superinfection of iciHHV-6 individuals with a second strain of HHV-6, and the role of hypomethylation of human chromosomes during integration are discussed. Overall, the data suggest that integration of HHV-6 in telomeres represent a unique mechanism of viral latency and offers a novel tool to study not only HHV-6 pathogenesis, but also telomere biology. Paradoxically, the integrated viral genome is often defective especially as seen in iciHHV-6 harboring individuals. Finally, gaps in the field of HHV-6 research are presented and future studies are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shara N Pantry
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC Box 7, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Life Sciences and Technology Park, 1951 NW 7th Avenue Ste. 270, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Peter G Medveczky
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC Box 7, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Outcomes of hematopoietic cell transplantation using donors or recipients with inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6. Blood 2017; 130:1062-1069. [PMID: 28596425 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-03-775759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) species have a unique ability to integrate into chromosomal telomeres. Mendelian inheritance via gametocyte integration results in HHV-6 in every nucleated cell. The epidemiology and clinical effect of inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6) in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients is unclear. We identified 4319 HCT donor-recipient pairs (8638 subjects) who received an allogeneic HCT and had archived pre-HCT peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples. We screened these samples for iciHHV-6 and compared characteristics of HCT recipients and donors with iciHHV-6 with those of recipients and donors without iciHHV-6, respectively. We calculated Kaplan-Meier probability estimates and Cox proportional hazards models for post-HCT outcomes based on recipient and donor iciHHV-6 status. We identified 60 HCT recipients (1.4%) and 40 donors (0.9%) with iciHHV-6; both recipient and donor harbored iciHHV-6 in 13 HCTs. Thus, there were 87 HCTs (2%) in which the recipient, donor, or both harbored iciHHV-6. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) grades 2-4 was more frequent when recipients or donors had iciHHV-6 (adjusted hazard ratios, 1.7-1.9; P = .004-.001). Cytomegalovirus viremia (any and high-level) was more frequent among recipients with iciHHV-6 (adjusted HRs, 1.7-3.1; P = .001-.040). Inherited ciHHV-6 status did not significantly affect risk for chronic GVHD, hematopoietic cell engraftment, overall mortality, or nonrelapse mortality. Screening for iciHHV-6 could guide donor selection and post-HCT risk stratification and treatment. Further study is needed to replicate these findings and identify potential mechanisms.
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