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Vienne M, Lopez C, Lulka H, Nevot A, Labrousse G, Dusetti N, Buscail L, Cordelier P. Minute virus of mice shows oncolytic activity against pancreatic cancer cells exhibiting a mesenchymal phenotype. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200780. [PMID: 38596307 PMCID: PMC10941004 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer will soon become the second cause of death by cancer in Western countries. The main barrier to increase the survival of patients with this disease requires the development of novel and efficient therapeutic strategies that better consider tumor biology. In this context, oncolytic viruses emerge as promising therapeutics. Among them, the fibrotropic minute virus of mice prototype (MVMp) preferentially infects migrating and undifferentiated cells that highly resemble poorly differentiated, basal-like pancreatic tumors showing the worst clinical outcome. We report here that MVMp specifically infects, replicates in, and kills pancreatic cancer cells from murine and human origin with a mesenchymal, basal-like profile, while sparing cancer cells with an epithelial phenotype. Remarkably, MVMp infection, at a dose that does not provoke tumor growth inhibition in athymic mice, shows significant antitumoral effect in immune-competent models; extended mouse survival; and promoted the massive infiltration of tumors by innate, myeloid, and cytotoxic T cells that exhibit a less terminally exhausted phenotype. Collectively, we demonstrate herein for the first time that MVMp is specific and oncolytic for pancreatic tumors with mesenchymal, basal-like profile, paving the way for precision-medicine opportunities for the management of the most aggressive and lethal form of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Vienne
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Paris, France
| | - Charlène Lopez
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Paris, France
| | - Hubert Lulka
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Nevot
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Labrousse
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Paris, France
| | - Nelson Dusetti
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Louis Buscail
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Service de gastroentérologie et d’hépatologie, CHU Rangueil, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Cordelier
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Fondation ARC, Paris, France
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Angelova A, Pierrard K, Detje CN, Santiago E, Grewenig A, Nüesch JPF, Kalinke U, Ungerechts G, Rommelaere J, Daeffler L. Oncolytic Rodent Protoparvoviruses Evade a TLR- and RLR-Independent Antiviral Response in Transformed Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040607. [PMID: 37111493 PMCID: PMC10144674 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic rodent protoparvoviruses (PVs) minute virus of mice (MVMp) and H-1 parvovirus (H-1PV) are promising cancer viro-immunotherapy candidates capable of both exhibiting direct oncolytic activities and inducing anticancer immune responses (AIRs). Type-I interferon (IFN) production is instrumental for the activation of an efficient AIR. The present study aims at characterizing the molecular mechanisms underlying PV modulation of IFN induction in host cells. MVMp and H-1PV triggered IFN production in semi-permissive normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but not in permissive transformed/tumor cells. IFN production triggered by MVMp in primary MEFs required PV replication and was independent of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) Toll-like (TLR) and RIG-like (RLR) receptors. PV infection of (semi-)permissive cells, whether transformed or not, led to nuclear translocation of the transcription factors NFĸB and IRF3, hallmarks of PRR signaling activation. Further evidence showed that PV replication in (semi-)permissive cells resulted in nuclear accumulation of dsRNAs capable of activating mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-dependent cytosolic RLR signaling upon transfection into naïve cells. This PRR signaling was aborted in PV-infected neoplastic cells, in which no IFN production was detected. Furthermore, MEF immortalization was sufficient to strongly reduce PV-induced IFN production. Pre-infection of transformed/tumor but not of normal cells with MVMp or H-1PV prevented IFN production by classical RLR ligands. Altogether, our data indicate that natural rodent PVs regulate the antiviral innate immune machinery in infected host cells through a complex mechanism. In particular, while rodent PV replication in (semi-)permissive cells engages a TLR-/RLR-independent PRR pathway, in transformed/tumor cells this process is arrested prior to IFN production. This virus-triggered evasion mechanism involves a viral factor(s), which exert(s) an inhibitory action on IFN production, particularly in transformed/tumor cells. These findings pave the way for the development of second-generation PVs that are defective in this evasion mechanism and therefore endowed with increased immunostimulatory potential through their ability to induce IFN production in infected tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Angelova
- Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy (F230), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Pierrard
- Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Division Viral Transformation Mechanisms (F030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWICNORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Estelle Santiago
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Annabel Grewenig
- Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Division DNA Vectors (F160), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürg P F Nüesch
- Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWICNORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guy Ungerechts
- Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy (F230), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy (F230), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Daeffler
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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3
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Calvo-López T, Grueso E, Sánchez-Martínez C, Almendral JM. Intracellular virion traffic to the endosome driven by cell type specific sialic acid receptors determines parvovirus tropism. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1063706. [PMID: 36756201 PMCID: PMC9899843 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1063706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parvoviruses are promising anticancer and gene therapy agents, but a deep knowledge of the entry process is crucial to exploit their therapeutic potential. We addressed this issue while attempting to retarget the oncolytic parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVMp) to the tumor vasculature. Residues at three functional domains of the icosahedral capsid were substituted by rational design with peptides competing with the vascular endothelial growth factor. Most substitutions impaired virus maturation, though some yielded infectious chimeric virions, and substitutions in a dimple at the twofold axis that allocates sialic acid (SIA) receptors altered viral tropism. One dimple-modified chimeric virion was efficiently attached as MVMp to α2-linked SIA moieties, but the infection was impaired by the binding to some inhibitory α2-3,-6,-8 SIA pseudoreceptors, which hampers intracellular virus traffic to the endosome in a cell type-dependent manner. Infectious from nonproductive traffic could be mechanistically discriminated by an endosomal drastic capsid structural transition comprising the cleavage of some VP2-Nt sequences and its associated VP1-Nt exposure. Correspondingly, neuraminidase removal of inhibitory SIA moieties enhanced the infection quantitatively, correlating to the restored virus traffic to the endosome and the extent of VP2-Nt cleavage/VP1-Nt exposure. This study illustrates (i) structural constraints to retarget parvoviruses with evolutionary adopted narrow grooves allocating small SIA receptors, (ii) the possibility to enhance parvovirus oncolysis by relaxing the glycan network on the cancer cell surface, and (iii) the major role played by the attachment to cell type-specific SIAs in the intracellular virus traffic to the endosome, which may determine parvovirus tropism and host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Calvo-López
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Grueso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Martínez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Almendral
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: José M. Almendral ✉
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Gil-Ranedo J, Gallego-García C, Almendral JM. Viral targeting of glioblastoma stem cells with patient-specific genetic and post-translational p53 deregulations. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109673. [PMID: 34496248 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy urges targeting of malignant subsets within self-renewing heterogeneous stem cell populations. We dissect the genetic and functional heterogeneity of human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) within patients by their innate responses to non-pathogenic mouse parvoviruses that are tightly restrained by cellular physiology. GSC neurospheres accumulate assembled capsids but restrict viral NS1 cytotoxic protein expression by an innate PKR/eIF2α-P response counteractable by electric pulses. NS1 triggers a comprehensive DNA damage response involving cell-cycle arrest, neurosphere disorganization, and bystander disruption of GSC-derived brain tumor architecture in rodent models. GSCs and cancer cell lines permissive to parvovirus genome replication require p53-Ser15 phosphorylation (Pp53S15). NS1 expression is enhanced by exogeneous Pp53S15 induction but repressed by wtp53. Consistently, patient-specific GSC subpopulations harboring p53 gain-of-function mutants and/or Pp53S15 are selective viral targets. This study provides a molecular foundation for personalized biosafe viral therapies against devastating glioblastoma and other cancers with deregulated p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Gil-Ranedo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gallego-García
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Almendral
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
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Neulinger-Muñoz M, Schaack D, Grekova SP, Bauer AS, Giese T, Salg GA, Espinet E, Leuchs B, Heller A, Nüesch JPF, Schenk M, Volkmar M, Giese NA. Human Retrotransposons and the Global Shutdown of Homeostatic Innate Immunity by Oncolytic Parvovirus H-1PV in Pancreatic Cancer. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061019. [PMID: 34071585 PMCID: PMC8228339 DOI: 10.3390/v13061019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the oncolytic parvovirus H-1PV has entered clinical trials, predicting therapeutic success remains challenging. We investigated whether the antiviral state in tumor cells determines the parvoviral oncolytic efficacy. The interferon/interferon-stimulated genes (IFN/ISG)-circuit and its major configurator, human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), were evaluated using qRT-PCR, ELISA, Western blot, and RNA-Seq techniques. In pancreatic cancer cell lines, H-1PV caused a late global shutdown of innate immunity, whereby the concomitant inhibition of HERVs and IFN/ISGs was co-regulatory rather than causative. The growth-inhibitory IC50 doses correlated with the power of suppression but not with absolute ISG levels. Moreover, H-1PV was not sensitive to exogenous IFN despite upregulated antiviral ISGs. Such resistance questioned the biological necessity of the oncotropic ISG-shutdown, which instead might represent a surrogate marker for personalized oncolytic efficacy. The disabled antiviral homeostasis may modify the activity of other viruses, as demonstrated by the reemergence of endogenous AluY-retrotransposons. This way of suppression may compromise the interferogenicity of drugs having gemcitabine-like mechanisms of action. This shortcoming in immunogenic cell death induction is however amendable by immune cells which release IFN in response to H-1PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Neulinger-Muñoz
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Dominik Schaack
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Svetlana P. Grekova
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Andrea S. Bauer
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Functional Genome Analysis, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Gabriel A. Salg
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Elisa Espinet
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- HI-STEM—Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine GmbH, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Leuchs
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Tumor Virology, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Anette Heller
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Jürg P. F. Nüesch
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis F170, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Miriam Schenk
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Michael Volkmar
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Molecular Oncology of Gastrointestinal Tumors, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Nathalia A. Giese
- Department of Surgery, European Pancreas Center, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.N.-M.); (S.P.G.); (G.A.S.); (A.H.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Loew L, Goonawardane N, Ratcliff J, Nguyen D, Simmonds P. Use of a small DNA virus model to investigate mechanisms of CpG dinucleotide-induced attenuation of virus replication. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:1202-1218. [PMID: 32783803 PMCID: PMC7879557 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppression of the CpG dinucleotide is widespread in RNA viruses infecting vertebrates and plants, and in the genomes of retroviruses and small mammalian DNA viruses. The functional basis for CpG suppression in the latter was investigated through the construction of mutants of the parvovirus, minute virus of mice (MVM) with increased CpG or TpA dinucleotides in the VP gene. CpG-high mutants displayed extraordinary attenuation in A9 cells compared to wild-type MVM (>six logs), while TpA elevation showed no replication effect. Attenuation was independent of Toll-like receptor 9 and STING-mediated DNA recognition pathways and unrelated to effects on translation efficiency. While translation from codon-optimized VP RNA was enhanced in a cell-free assay, MVM containing this sequence was highly attenuated. Further mutational analysis indicated that this arose through its increased numbers of CpG dinucleotides (7→70) and separately from its increased G+C content (42.3→57.4 %), which independently attenuated replication. CpG-high viruses showed impaired NS mRNA expression by qPCR and reduced NS and particularly VP protein expression detected by immunofluorescence and replication in A549 cells, effects reversed in zinc antiviral protein (ZAP) knockout cells, even though nuclear relocalization of VP remained defective. The demonstrated functional basis for CpG suppression in MVM and potentially other small DNA viruses and the observed intolerance of CpGs in coding sequences, even after codon optimization, has implications for the use of small DNA virus vectors in gene therapy and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Loew
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Present address: Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Old Road, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Niluka Goonawardane
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Dung Nguyen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
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Antiangiogenic Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Blocking Peptides Displayed on the Capsid of an Infectious Oncolytic Parvovirus: Assembly and Immune Interactions. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00798-19. [PMID: 31315994 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00798-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As many tumor cells synthetize vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) that promote neo-vascularization and metastasis, frontline cancer therapies often administer anti-VEGF (α-VEGF) antibodies. To target the oncolytic parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM) to the tumor vasculature, we studied the functional tolerance, evasion of neutralization, and induction of α-VEGF antibodies of chimeric viruses in which the footprint of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody within the 3-fold capsid spike was replaced by VEGF-blocking peptides: P6L (PQPRPL) and A7R (ATWLPPR). Both peptides allowed viral genome replication and nuclear translocation of chimeric capsid subunits. MVM-P6L efficiently propagated in culture, exposing the heterologous peptide on the capsid surface, and evaded neutralization by the anti-spike monoclonal antibody. In contrast, MVM-A7R yielded low infectious titers and was poorly recognized by an α-A7R monoclonal antibody. MVM-A7R showed a deficient assembly pattern, suggesting that A7R impaired a transitional configuration that the subunits must undergo in the 3-fold axis to close up the capsid shell. The MVM-A7R chimeric virus consistently evolved in culture into a mutant carrying the P6Q amino acid substitution within the A7R sequence, which restored normal capsid assembly and infectivity. Consistent with this finding, anti-native VEGF antibodies were induced in mice by a single injection of MVM-A7R empty capsids, but not by MVM-A7R virions. This fundamental study provides insights to endow an infectious parvovirus with immune antineovascularization and evasion capacities by replacing an antibody footprint in the capsid 3-fold axis with VEGF-blocking peptides, and it also illustrates the evolutionary capacity of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses to overcome engineered capsid structural restrictions.IMPORTANCE Targeting the VEGF signaling required for neovascularization by vaccination with chimeric capsids of oncolytic viruses may boost therapy for solid tumors. VEGF-blocking peptides (VEbp) engineered in the capsid 3-fold axis endowed the infectious parvovirus MVM with the ability to induce α-VEGF antibodies without adjuvant and to evade neutralization by MVM-specific antibodies. However, these properties may be compromised by structural restraints that the capsid imposes on the peptide configuration and by misassembly caused by the heterologous peptides. Significantly, chimeric MVM-VEbp resolved the structural restrictions by selecting mutations within the engineered peptides that restored efficient capsid assembly. These data show the promise of antineovascularization vaccines using chimeric VEbp-icosahedral capsids of oncolytic viruses but also raise safety concerns regarding the genetic stability of manipulated infectious parvoviruses in cancer and gene therapies.
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Angelova A, Rommelaere J. Immune System Stimulation by Oncolytic Rodent Protoparvoviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E415. [PMID: 31060205 PMCID: PMC6563271 DOI: 10.3390/v11050415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodent protoparvoviruses (PVs), parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) in particular, are naturally endowed with oncolytic properties. While being historically described as agents that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells, recent yet growing evidence demonstrates that these viruses are able to reverse tumor-driven immune suppression through induction of immunogenic tumor cell death, and the establishment of antitumorigenic, proinflammatory milieu within the tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the most important preclinical proofs of the interplay and the cooperation between PVs and the host immune system. The molecular mechanisms of PV-induced immunostimulation are also discussed. Furthermore, initial encouraging in-human observations from clinical trials and compassionate virus uses are presented, and speak in favor of further H-1PV clinical development as partner drug in combined immunotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Angelova
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ros C, Bayat N, Wolfisberg R, Almendral JM. Protoparvovirus Cell Entry. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110313. [PMID: 29072600 PMCID: PMC5707520 DOI: 10.3390/v9110313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Protoparvovirus (PtPV) genus of the Parvoviridae family of viruses includes important animal pathogens and reference molecular models for the entire family. Some virus members of the PtPV genus have arisen as promising tools to treat tumoral processes, as they exhibit marked oncotropism and oncolytic activities while being nonpathogenic for humans. The PtPVs invade and replicate within the nucleus making extensive use of the transport, transcription and replication machineries of the host cells. In order to reach the nucleus, PtPVs need to cross over several intracellular barriers and traffic through different cell compartments, which limit their infection efficiency. In this review we summarize molecular interactions, capsid structural transitions and hijacking of cellular processes, by which the PtPVs enter and deliver their single-stranded DNA genome into the host cell nucleus. Understanding mechanisms that govern the complex PtPV entry will be instrumental in developing approaches to boost their anticancer therapeutic potential and improving their safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nooshin Bayat
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raphael Wolfisberg
- Copenhagen Hepatitis C Program (CO-HEP), Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Research Centre, Hvidovre Hospital and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - José M Almendral
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Sosnovtceva A, Grinenko N, Lipatova A, Chumakov P, Chekhonin V. Oncolytic viruses for therapy of malignant glioma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 62:376-90. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166204376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment of malignant brain tumors is still an open problem. Location of tumor in vital areas of the brain significantly limits capasities of surgical treatment. The presence of tumor stem cells resistant to radiation and anticancer drugs in brain tumor complicates use of chemoradiotherapy and causes a high rate of disease recurrence. A technological improvement in bioselection and production of recombinant resulted in creation of viruses with potent oncolytic properties against glial tumors. Recent studies, including clinical trials, showed, that majority of oncolytic viruses are safe. Despite the impressive results of the viral therapy in some patients, the treatment of other patients is not effective; therefore, further improvement of the methods of oncolytic virotherapy is necessary. High genetic heterogeneity of glial tumor cells even within a single tumor determines differences in individual sensitivity of tumor cells to oncolytic viruses. This review analyses the most successful oncolytic virus strains, including those which had reached clinical trials, and discusses the prospects for new approaches to virotherapy of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Sosnovtceva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N.F. Grinenko
- Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Narcology and Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A.V. Lipatova
- Engelhardt institute of molecular biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - P.M. Chumakov
- Engelhardt institute of molecular biology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - V.P. Chekhonin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Narcology and Psychiatry, Moscow, Russia
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Rincón V, Rodríguez-Huete A, Mateu MG. Different functional sensitivity to mutation at intersubunit interfaces involved in consecutive stages of foot-and-mouth disease virus assembly. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2595-2606. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rincón
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez-Huete
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio G. Mateu
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘Severo Ochoa’ (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Induction of an embryonic mouse innate immune response following inoculation in utero with minute virus of mice. J Virol 2014; 89:2182-91. [PMID: 25473047 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02908-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We used an embryonic-infection model system to show that MVMp, the prototypic minute virus of mice (MVM) serotype and a member of the genus Protoparvovirus, triggers a comprehensive innate immune response in the developing mouse embryo. Direct inoculation of the midtrimester embryo in utero with MVMp results in a widespread, productive infection. During a 96-h infection course, embryonic beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-γ transcription were induced 90- and 60-fold, respectively. IFN-β levels correlated with the embryo viral burden, while IFN-γ levels first increased and then decreased. Production of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), also increased, but by smaller amounts, approximately 7-fold each. We observed increased levels of downstream antiviral effector molecules, PKR and phosphorylated STAT2. Finally, we showed that there is an immune cell response to the virus infection. Infected tissues in the embryo exhibited an increased density of mature leukocytes compared to the same tissues in uninfected embryos. The responses we observed were almost completely restricted to the infected embryos. Uninfected littermates routinely exhibited small increases in innate immune components that rarely reached statistical significance compared to negative controls. Similarly, the placentae of infected embryos did not show any significant increase in transcription of innate immune cytokines. Since the placenta has both embryonic and maternal components, we suggest there is minimal involvement of the dam in the response to infection. IMPORTANCE Interaction between the small single-stranded vertebrate DNA viruses, the protoparvoviruses, and the host innate immune system has been unclear. The issue is important practically given the potential use of these viruses as oncotherapeutic agents. The data reported here stand in contrast to studies of innate immune response during protoparvovirus infection of adult hosts, which invariably reported no or minimal and sporadic induction of an interferon response during infection. We conclude that under conditions of robust and productive MVM infection, a normal murine host is able to mount a significant and broad innate immune response.
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13
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Garcin PO, Panté N. Cell migration is another player of the minute virus of mice infection. Virology 2014; 468-470:150-159. [PMID: 25173091 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The parvovirus minute virus of mice, prototype strain (MVMp), preferentially infects and kills cancer cells. This intrinsic MVMp oncotropism may depend in part on the early stages of MVMp infection. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the early events of MVMp infection in mouse LA9 fibroblasts and a highly invasive mouse mammary tumor cell line derived from polyomavirus middle T antigen-mediated transformation. Using a combination of fluorescence and electron microscopy, we found that various parameters of the cell migration process affect MVMp infection. We show that, after binding to the plasma membrane, MVMp particles rapidly cluster at the leading edge of migrating cells, which exhibit higher levels of MVMp uptake than non-motile cells. Moreover, promoting cell migration on a fibronectin matrix increased MVMp infection, and induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition allowed MVMp replication in non-permissive epithelial cells. Hence, we propose that cell migration influences the early stages of MVMp infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre O Garcin
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Nelly Panté
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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14
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Complementary induction of immunogenic cell death by oncolytic parvovirus H-1PV and gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. J Virol 2014; 88:5263-76. [PMID: 24574398 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03688-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Novel therapies employing oncolytic viruses have emerged as promising anticancer modalities. The cure of particularly aggressive malignancies requires induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), coupling oncolysis with immune responses via calreticulin, ATP, and high-mobility group box protein B1 (HMGB1) release from dying tumor cells. The present study shows that in human pancreatic cancer cells (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [PDAC] cells n=4), oncolytic parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) activated multiple interconnected death pathways but failed to induce calreticulin exposure or ATP release. In contrast, H-1PV elevated extracellular HMGB1 levels by 4.0±0.5 times (58%±9% of total content; up to 100 ng/ml) in all infected cultures, whether nondying, necrotic, or apoptotic. An alternative secretory route allowed H-1PV to overcome the failure of gemcitabine to trigger HMGB1 release, without impeding cytotoxicity or other ICD activities of the standard PDAC medication. Such broad resistance of H-1PV-induced HMGB1 release to apoptotic blockage coincided with but was uncoupled from an autocrine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) loop. That and the pattern of viral determinants maintained in gemcitabine-treated cells suggested the activation of an inflammasome/caspase 1 (CASP1) platform alongside DNA detachment and/or nuclear exclusion of HMGB1 during early stages of the viral life cycle. We concluded that H-1PV infection of PDAC cells is signaled through secretion of the alarmin HMGB1 and, besides its own oncolytic effect, might convert drug-induced apoptosis into an ICD process. A transient arrest of cells in the cyclin A1-rich S phase would suffice to support compatibility of proliferation-dependent H-1PV with cytotoxic regimens. These properties warrant incorporation of the oncolytic virus H-1PV, which is not pathogenic in humans, into multimodal anticancer treatments. IMPORTANCE The current therapeutic concepts targeting aggressive malignancies require an induction of immunogenic cell death characterized by exposure of calreticulin (CRT) as well as release of ATP and HMGB1 from dying cells. In pancreatic tumor cells (PDAC cells) infected with the oncolytic parvovirus H-1PV, only HMGB1 was released by all infected cells, whether nondying, necrotic, or succumbing to one of the programmed death pathways, including contraproductive apoptosis. Our data suggest that active secretion of HMGB1 from PDAC cells is a sentinel reaction emerging during early stages of the viral life cycle, irrespective of cell death, that is compatible with and complements cytotoxic regimens. Consistent induction of HMGB1 secretion raised the possibility that this reaction might be a general "alarming" phenomenon characteristic of H-1PV's interaction with the host cell; release of IL-1β points to the possible involvement of a danger-sensing inflammasome platform. Both provide a basis for further virus-oriented studies.
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15
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Autonomous parvoviruses neither stimulate nor are inhibited by the type I interferon response in human normal or cancer cells. J Virol 2014; 88:4932-42. [PMID: 24554651 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03508-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Members of the genus Parvovirus are small, nonenveloped single-stranded DNA viruses that are nonpathogenic in humans but have potential utility as cancer therapeutics. Because the innate immune response to parvoviruses has received relatively little attention, we compared the response to parvoviruses to that of several other types of viruses in human cells. In normal human glia, fibroblasts, or melanocytes, vesicular stomatitis virus evoked robust beta interferon (IFN-β) responses. Cytomegalovirus, pseudorabies virus, and Sindbis virus all evoked a 2-log-unit or greater upregulation of IFN-β in glia; in contrast, LuIII and MVMp parvoviruses did not evoke a detectable IFN-β or interferon-stimulated gene (ISG; MX1, oligoadenylate synthetase [OAS], IFIT-1) response in the same cell types. The lack of response raised the question of whether parvoviral infection can be attenuated by IFN; interestingly, we found that IFN did not decrease parvovirus (MVMp, LuIII, and H-1) infectivity in normal human glia, fibroblasts, or melanocytes. The same was true in human cancers, including glioma, sarcoma, and melanoma. Similarly, IFN failed to attenuate transduction by the dependovirus vector adeno-associated virus type 2. Progeny production of parvoviruses was also unimpaired by IFN in both glioma and melanoma, whereas vesicular stomatitis virus replication was blocked. Sarcoma cells with upregulated IFN signaling that show high levels of resistance to other viruses showed strong infection by LuIII. Unlike many other oncolytic viruses, we found no evidence that impairment of innate immunity in cancer cells plays a role in the oncoselectivity of parvoviruses in human cells. Parvoviral resistance to the effects of IFN in cancer cells may constitute an advantage in the virotherapy of some tumors. IMPORTANCE Understanding the interactions between oncolytic viruses and the innate immune system will facilitate employing these viruses as therapeutic agents in cancer patients. The cancer-selective nature of some oncolytic viruses is based on the impaired innate immunity of many cancer cells. The parvoviruses H-1, LuIII, and MVM target cancer cells; however, their relationship with the innate immune system is relatively uncharacterized. Surprisingly, we found that these parvoviruses do not evoke an interferon response in normal human fibroblasts, glia, or melanocytes. Furthermore, unlike most other types of virus, we found that parvovirus infectivity is unaffected by interferon treatment of human normal or tumor cells. Finally, parvoviral replication was unimpaired by interferon in four human tumor types, including those with residual interferon functionality. We conclude that deficits in the interferon antiviral response of cancer cells do not contribute to parvoviral oncoselectivity in human cells. The interferon-resistant phenotype of parvoviruses may give them an advantage over interferon-sensitive oncolytic viruses in tumors showing residual interferon functionality.
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Mattei LM, Cotmore SF, Tattersall P, Iwasaki A. Parvovirus evades interferon-dependent viral control in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Virology 2013; 442:20-7. [PMID: 23676303 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of innate viral sensors elicits a robust antiviral program via the induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Innate defense mechanisms against ssDNA viruses are not well defined. Here, we examine type I IFN induction and effectiveness in controlling a ssDNA virus. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we found that a murine parvovirus, minute virus of mice (MVMp), induced a delayed but significant IFN response. MEFs deficient in mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) mounted a wild-type IFN response to MVMp infection, indicating that RIG-I-dependent RNA intermediate recognition is not required for innate sensing of this virus. However, MVMp-induced IFNs, as well recombinant type I IFNs, were unable to inhibit viral replication. Finally, MVMp infected cells became unresponsive to Poly (I:C) stimulation. Together, these data suggest that the MVMp efficiently evades antiviral immune mechanisms imposed by type I IFNs, which may in part explain their efficient transmission between mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Mattei
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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17
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del Pino J, Jiménez JL, Ventoso I, Castelló A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, de Haro C, Berlanga JJ. GCN2 has inhibitory effect on human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein synthesis and is cleaved upon viral infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47272. [PMID: 23110064 PMCID: PMC3479103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible phosphorylation of the alpha-subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2alpha) is a well-characterized mechanism of translational control in response to a wide variety of cellular stresses, including viral infection. Beside PKR, the eIF2alpha kinase GCN2 participates in the cellular response against viral infection by RNA viruses with central nervous system tropism. PKR has also been involved in the antiviral response against HIV-1, although this antiviral effect is very limited due to the distinct mechanisms evolved by the virus to counteract PKR action. Here we report that infection of human cells with HIV-1 conveys the proteolytic cleavage of GCN2 and that purified HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases produce direct proteolysis of GCN2 in vitro, abrogating the activation of GCN2 by HIV-1 RNA. Transfection of distinct cell lines with a plasmid encoding an HIV-1 cDNA clone competent for a single round of replication resulted in the activation of GCN2 and the subsequent eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Moreover, transfection of GCN2 knockout cells or cells with low levels of phosphorylated eIF2alpha with the same HIV-1 cDNA clone resulted in a marked increase of HIV-1 protein synthesis. Also, the over-expression of GCN2 in cells led to a diminished viral protein synthesis. These findings suggest that viral RNA produced during HIV-1 infection activates GCN2 leading to inhibition of viral RNA translation, and that HIV-1 protease cleaves GCN2 to overcome its antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier del Pino
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Jiménez
- Plataforma de Laboratorio, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván Ventoso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Castelló
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - César de Haro
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Berlanga
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: .
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18
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Adaptive changes in alphavirus mRNA translation allowed colonization of vertebrate hosts. J Virol 2012; 86:9484-94. [PMID: 22761388 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01114-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Alphavirus genus are arboviruses that alternate replication in mosquitoes and vertebrate hosts. In vertebrate cells, the alphavirus resists the activation of antiviral RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) by the presence of a prominent RNA structure (downstream loop [DLP]) located in viral 26S transcripts, which allows an eIF2-independent translation initiation of these mRNAs. This article shows that DLP structure is essential for replication of Sindbis virus (SINV) in vertebrate cell lines and animals but is dispensable for replication in insect cells, where no ortholog of the vertebrate PKR gene has been found. Sequence comparisons and structural RNA analysis revealed the evolutionary conservation of DLP in SINV and predicted the existence of equivalent DLP structures in many members of the Alphavirus genus. A mutant SINV lacking the DLP structure evolved in murine cells to recover a wild-type phenotype by creating an alternative structure in the RNA that restored the translational independence for eIF2. Genetic, phylogenetic, and biochemical data presented here support an evolutionary scenario for the natural history of alphaviruses, in which the acquisition of DLP structure in their mRNAs probably allowed the colonization of vertebrate host and the consequent geographic expansion of some of these viruses worldwide.
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Abstract
Twenty years of oncolytic virus development have created a field that is driven by the potential promise of lasting impact on our cancer treatment repertoire. With the field constantly expanding-more than 20 viruses have been recognized as potential oncolytic viruses-new virus candidates continue to emerge even as established viruses reach clinical trials. They all share the defining commonalities of selective replication in tumors, subsequent tumor cell lysis, and dispersion within the tumor. Members from diverse virus classes with distinctly different biologies and host species have been identified. Of these viruses, 15 have been tested on human glioblastoma multiforme. So far, 20 clinical trials have been conducted or initiated using attenuated strains of 7 different oncolytic viruses against glioblastoma multiforme. In this review, we present an overview of viruses that have been developed or considered for glioblastoma multiforme treatment. We outline the principles of tumor targeting and selective viral replication, which include mechanisms of tumor-selective binding, and molecular elements usurping cellular biosynthetic machinery in transformed cells. Results from clinical trials have clearly established the proof of concept and have confirmed the general safety of oncolytic virus application in the brain. The moderate clinical efficacy has not yet matched the promising preclinical lab results; next-generation oncolytic viruses that are either "armed" with therapeutic genes or embedded in a multimodality treatment regimen should enhance the clinical results.
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20
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Nüesch JPF, Lacroix J, Marchini A, Rommelaere J. Molecular pathways: rodent parvoviruses--mechanisms of oncolysis and prospects for clinical cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:3516-23. [PMID: 22566376 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Rodent parvoviruses (PV) are recognized for their intrinsic oncotropism and oncolytic activity, which contribute to their natural oncosuppressive effects. Although PV uptake occurs in most host cells, some of the subsequent steps leading to expression and amplification of the viral genome and production of progeny particles are upregulated in malignantly transformed cells. By usurping cellular processes such as DNA replication, DNA damage response, and gene expression, and/or by interfering with cellular signaling cascades involved in cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular integrity, cell survival, and death, PVs can induce cytostasis and cytotoxicity. Although productive PV infections normally culminate in cytolysis, virus spread to neighboring cells and secondary rounds of infection, even abortive infection or the sole expression of the PV nonstructural protein NS1, is sufficient to cause significant tumor cell death, either directly or indirectly (through activation of host immune responses). This review highlights the molecular pathways involved in tumor cell targeting by PVs and in PV-induced cell death. It concludes with a discussion of the relevance of these pathways to the application of PVs in cancer therapy, linking basic knowledge of PV-host cell interactions to preclinical assessment of PV oncosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg P F Nüesch
- Infection and Cancer Program, Division F010, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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