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Matsui Y, Miura Y. Advancements in Cell-Based Therapies for HIV Cure. Cells 2023; 13:64. [PMID: 38201268 PMCID: PMC10778010 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has evolved since the establishment of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the 1990s, providing HIV-infected individuals with approaches that suppress viral replication, prevent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) throughout their lifetime with continuous therapy, and halt HIV transmission. However, despite the success of these regimens, the global HIV epidemic persists, prompting a comprehensive exploration of potential strategies for an HIV cure. Here, we offer a consolidated overview of cell-based therapies for HIV-1, focusing on CAR-T cell approaches, gene editing, and immune modulation. Persistent challenges, including CAR-T cell susceptibility to HIV infection, stability, and viral reservoir control, underscore the need for continued research. This review synthesizes current knowledge, highlighting the potential of cellular therapies to address persistent challenges in the pursuit of an HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsui
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 941578, USA
| | - Yasuo Miura
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan
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Mkhize NN, Yssel AEJ, Kaldine H, van Dorsten RT, Woodward Davis AS, Beaume N, Matten D, Lambson B, Modise T, Kgagudi P, York T, Westfall DH, Giorgi EE, Korber B, Anthony C, Mapengo RE, Bekker V, Domin E, Eaton A, Deng W, DeCamp A, Huang Y, Gilbert PB, Gwashu-Nyangiwe A, Thebus R, Ndabambi N, Mielke D, Mgodi N, Karuna S, Edupuganti S, Seaman MS, Corey L, Cohen MS, Hural J, McElrath MJ, Mullins JI, Montefiori D, Moore PL, Williamson C, Morris L. Neutralization profiles of HIV-1 viruses from the VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) trials. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011469. [PMID: 37384759 PMCID: PMC10337935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The VRC01 Antibody Mediated Prevention (AMP) efficacy trials conducted between 2016 and 2020 showed for the first time that passively administered broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) could prevent HIV-1 acquisition against bnAb-sensitive viruses. HIV-1 viruses isolated from AMP participants who acquired infection during the study in the sub-Saharan African (HVTN 703/HPTN 081) and the Americas/European (HVTN 704/HPTN 085) trials represent a panel of currently circulating strains of HIV-1 and offer a unique opportunity to investigate the sensitivity of the virus to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) being considered for clinical development. Pseudoviruses were constructed using envelope sequences from 218 individuals. The majority of viruses identified were clade B and C; with clades A, D, F and G and recombinants AC and BF detected at lower frequencies. We tested eight bnAbs in clinical development (VRC01, VRC07-523LS, 3BNC117, CAP256.25, PGDM1400, PGT121, 10-1074 and 10E8v4) for neutralization against all AMP placebo viruses (n = 76). Compared to older clade C viruses (1998-2010), the HVTN703/HPTN081 clade C viruses showed increased resistance to VRC07-523LS and CAP256.25. At a concentration of 1μg/ml (IC80), predictive modeling identified the triple combination of V3/V2-glycan/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10-1074/PGDM1400/VRC07-523LS) as the best against clade C viruses and a combination of MPER/V3/CD4bs-targeting bnAbs (10E8v4/10-1074/VRC07-523LS) as the best against clade B viruses, due to low coverage of V2-glycan directed bnAbs against clade B viruses. Overall, the AMP placebo viruses represent a valuable resource for defining the sensitivity of contemporaneous circulating viral strains to bnAbs and highlight the need to update reference panels regularly. Our data also suggests that combining bnAbs in passive immunization trials would improve coverage of global viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anna E. J. Yssel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rebecca T. van Dorsten
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amanda S. Woodward Davis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Beaume
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Matten
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bronwen Lambson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tandile Modise
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Talita York
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dylan H. Westfall
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Elena E. Giorgi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Colin Anthony
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rutendo E. Mapengo
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Valerie Bekker
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth Domin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda Eaton
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allan DeCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Asanda Gwashu-Nyangiwe
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ruwayhida Thebus
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko Ndabambi
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dieter Mielke
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nyaradzo Mgodi
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Myron S. Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North-Carolina, United States of America
| | - John Hural
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Penny L. Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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3
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Enhancing HIV-1 Neutralization by Increasing the Local Concentration of Membrane-Proximal External Region-Directed Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. J Virol 2023; 97:e0164722. [PMID: 36541800 PMCID: PMC9888200 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01647-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the gp41 component of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) are characterized by long, hydrophobic, heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3s (HCDR3s) that interact with the MPER and some viral membrane lipids to achieve increased local concentrations. Here, we show that increasing the local concentration of MPER-directed bNAbs at the cell surface via binding to the high-affinity Fc receptor FcγRI potentiates their ability to prevent viral entry in a manner analogous to the previously reported observation wherein the lipid-binding activity of MPER bNAbs increases their concentration at the viral surface membrane. However, binding of MPER-directed bNAb 10E8 to FcγRI abolishes the neutralization synergy that is seen with the N-heptad repeat (NHR)-targeting antibody D5_AR and NHR-targeting small molecule enfuvirtide (T20), possibly due to decreased accessibility of the NHR in the FcγRI-10E8-MPER complex. Taken together, our results suggest that lipid-binding activity and FcγRI-mediated potentiation function in concert to improve the potency of MPER-directed bNAbs by increasing their local concentration near the site of viral fusion. Therefore, lipid binding may not be a strict requirement for potent neutralization by MPER-targeting bNAbs, as alternative methods can achieve similar increases in local concentrations while avoiding potential liabilities associated with immunologic host tolerance. IMPORTANCE The trimeric glycoprotein Env, the only viral protein expressed on the surface of HIV-1, is the target of broadly neutralizing antibodies and the focus of most vaccine development efforts. Broadly neutralizing antibodies targeting the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of Env show lipid-binding characteristics, and modulating this interaction affects neutralization. In this study, we tested the neutralization potencies of variants of the MPER-targeting antibody 10E8 with different viral-membrane-binding and host FcγRI-binding capabilities. Our results suggest that binding to both lipid and FcγRI improves the neutralization potency of MPER-directed antibodies by concentrating the antibodies at sites of viral fusion. As such, lipid binding may not be uniquely required for MPER-targeting broadly neutralizing antibodies, as alternative methods to increase local concentration can achieve similar improvements in potency.
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4
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Vesga AG, Villegas L, Vequi-Suplicy CC, Sorzano COS, Requejo-Isidro J. Quantitative characterization of membrane-protein reversible association using FCS. Biophys J 2023:S0006-3495(23)00042-5. [PMID: 36698316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionally meaningful reversible protein-membrane interactions mediate many biological events. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is increasingly used to quantitatively study the non-reversible binding of proteins to membranes using lipid vesicles in solution. However, the lack of a complete description of the phase and statistical equilibria in the case of reversible protein-membrane partitioning has hampered the application of FCS to quantify the partition coefficient (Kx). In this work, we further extend the theory that describes membrane-protein partitioning to account for spontaneous protein-membrane dissociation and reassociation to the same or a different lipid vesicle. We derive the probability distribution of proteins on lipid vesicles for reversible binding and demonstrate that FCS is a suitable technique for accurate Kx quantification of membrane-protein reversible association. We also establish the limits to Kx determination by FCS studying the Cramer-Rao bound on the variance of the retrieved parameters. We validate the mathematical formulation against reaction-diffusion simulations to study phase and statistical equilibria and compare the Kx obtained from a computational FCS titration experiment with the experimental ground truth. Finally, we demonstrate the application of our methodology studying the association of anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody (10E8-3R) to the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo G Vesga
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Nanobiotecnología, CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lupe Villegas
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Jose Requejo-Isidro
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Nanobiotecnología, CNB-CSIC-IMDEA Nanociencia Associated Unit, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Torralba J, de la Arada I, Partida-Hanon A, Rujas E, Arribas M, Insausti S, Valotteau C, Valle J, Andreu D, Caaveiro JMM, Jiménez MA, Apellániz B, Redondo-Morata L, Nieva JL. Molecular recognition of a membrane-anchored HIV-1 pan-neutralizing epitope. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1265. [DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAntibodies against the carboxy-terminal section of the membrane-proximal external region (C-MPER) of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) are considered as nearly pan-neutralizing. Development of vaccines capable of producing analogous broadly neutralizing antibodies requires deep understanding of the mechanism that underlies C-MPER recognition in membranes. Here, we use the archetypic 10E8 antibody and a variety of biophysical techniques including single-molecule approaches to study the molecular recognition of C-MPER in membrane mimetics. In contrast to the assumption that an interfacial MPER helix embodies the entire C-MPER epitope recognized by 10E8, our data indicate that transmembrane domain (TMD) residues contribute to binding affinity and specificity. Moreover, anchoring to membrane the helical C-MPER epitope through the TMD augments antibody binding affinity and relieves the effects exerted by the interfacial MPER helix on the mechanical stability of the lipid bilayer. These observations support that addition of TMD residues may result in more efficient and stable anti-MPER vaccines.
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Insausti S, Garcia-Porras M, Torralba J, Morillo I, Ramos-Caballero A, de la Arada I, Apellaniz B, Caaveiro JMM, Carravilla P, Eggeling C, Rujas E, Nieva JL. Functional Delineation of a Protein-Membrane Interaction Hotspot Site on the HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibody 10E8. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810767. [PMID: 36142694 PMCID: PMC9504841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody engagement with the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) of HIV-1 constitutes a distinctive molecular recognition phenomenon, the full appreciation of which is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that underlie the broad neutralization of the virus. Recognition of the HIV-1 Env antigen seems to depend on two specific features developed by antibodies with MPER specificity: (i) a large cavity at the antigen-binding site that holds the epitope amphipathic helix; and (ii) a membrane-accommodating Fab surface that engages with viral phospholipids. Thus, besides the main Fab-peptide interaction, molecular recognition of MPER depends on semi-specific (electrostatic and hydrophobic) interactions with membranes and, reportedly, on specific binding to the phospholipid head groups. Here, based on available cryo-EM structures of Fab-Env complexes of the anti-MPER antibody 10E8, we sought to delineate the functional antibody-membrane interface using as the defining criterion the neutralization potency and binding affinity improvements induced by Arg substitutions. This rational, Arg-based mutagenesis strategy revealed the position-dependent contribution of electrostatic interactions upon inclusion of Arg-s at the CDR1, CDR2 or FR3 of the Fab light chain. Moreover, the contribution of the most effective Arg-s increased the potency enhancement induced by inclusion of a hydrophobic-at-interface Phe at position 100c of the heavy chain CDR3. In combination, the potency and affinity improvements by Arg residues delineated a protein-membrane interaction site, whose surface and position support a possible mechanism of action for 10E8-induced neutralization. Functional delineation of membrane-interacting patches could open new lines of research to optimize antibodies of therapeutic interest that target integral membrane epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Insausti
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel Garcia-Porras
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Johana Torralba
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Izaskun Morillo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ander Ramos-Caballero
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Igor de la Arada
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Beatriz Apellaniz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Jose M. M. Caaveiro
- Laboratory of Global Healthcare, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Pablo Carravilla
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., 07745 Jena, Germany
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
- Pharmacokinetic, Nanotechnology and Gene Therapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Microbiology, Infectious Disease, Antimicrobial Agents, and Gene Therapy, Bioaraba, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (J.L.N.)
| | - Jose L. Nieva
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC-UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.R.); (J.L.N.)
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Engineering pan-HIV-1 neutralization potency through multispecific antibody avidity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2112887119. [PMID: 35064083 PMCID: PMC8795538 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112887119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high genetic diversity of HIV-1 continues to be a major barrier to the development of therapeutics for prevention and treatment. Here, we describe the design of an antibody platform that allows assembly of a highly avid, multispecific molecule that targets, simultaneously, the most conserved epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. The combined multivalency and multispecificity translates into extraordinary neutralization potency and pan-neutralization of HIV-1 strains, surpassing that of the most potent anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody cocktails. Deep mining of B cell repertoires of HIV-1–infected individuals has resulted in the isolation of dozens of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Yet, it remains uncertain whether any such bNAbs alone are sufficiently broad and potent to deploy therapeutically. Here, we engineered HIV-1 bNAbs for their combination on a single multispecific and avid molecule via direct genetic fusion of their Fab fragments to the human apoferritin light chain. The resulting molecule demonstrated a remarkable median IC50 value of 0.0009 µg/mL and 100% neutralization coverage of a broad HIV-1 pseudovirus panel (118 isolates) at a 4 µg/mL cutoff—a 32-fold enhancement in viral neutralization potency compared to a mixture of the corresponding HIV-1 bNAbs. Importantly, Fc incorporation on the molecule and engineering to modulate Fc receptor binding resulted in IgG-like bioavailability in vivo. This robust plug-and-play antibody design is relevant against indications where multispecificity and avidity are leveraged simultaneously to mediate optimal biological activity.
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8
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Hori Y, Ohmine K, Katada H, Noguchi Y, Sato K, Nambu T, Adeline LR, Wan GS, Haraya K, Ozeki K, Nanami M, Tachibana T, Sampei Z, Kuramochi T, Nezu J, Hattori K, Igawa T. Elimination of plasma soluble antigen in cynomolgus monkeys by combining pH-dependent antigen binding and novel Fc engineering. MAbs 2022; 14:2068213. [PMID: 35482905 PMCID: PMC9067469 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2068213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A conventional antibody targeting a soluble antigen in circulation typically requires a huge dosage and frequent intravenous administration to neutralize the antigen. This is because antigen degradation is reduced by the formation of antigen–antibody immune complexes, which escape from lysosomal degradation using neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn)-mediated recycling. To address this, we developed an antigen-sweeping antibody that combines pH-dependent antigen binding and Fc engineering to enhance Fc receptor binding. The sweeping antibody actively eliminates the plasma antigens by increasing the cellular uptake of the immune complex and dissociating the antigens in the acidic endosome for degradation. Strong antigen sweeping can reduce the dosage, potentially achieve higher efficacy, and expand the scope of antigen space available for targeting by antibodies. In this study, to further improve the sweeping efficacy, we developed a novel antibody Fc variant by enhancing Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb) binding and modulating charge characteristics for increased cellular uptake of the immune complex, together with enhancing FcRn binding for efficient salvage of the antigen-free antibodies. Our Fc variant achieved strong antigen sweeping in cynomolgus monkeys with antibody pharmacokinetics comparable to a wild-type human IgG1 antibody. The positive-charge substitutions enhanced uptake of the immune complex by FcγRIIb-expressing cells in vitro, which was completely inhibited by an anti-FcγRIIb antibody. This suggests that the strong in vivo sweeping efficacy improved by the charge engineering is more likely achieved by FcγRIIb-dependent uptake of the immune complex rather than nonspecific uptake. We expect this novel Fc engineering can maximize the antigen sweeping efficacy even in humans and create novel therapeutic antibodies that meet unmet medical needs for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Hori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Ken Ohmine
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Noguchi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Kenta Haraya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ozeki
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nanami
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | - Zenjiro Sampei
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Taichi Kuramochi
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Gotemba, Japan
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Hattori
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Kamakura, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Rujas E, Leaman DP, Insausti S, Carravilla P, García-Porras M, Largo E, Morillo I, Sánchez-Eugenia R, Zhang L, Cui H, Iloro I, Elortza F, Julien JP, Eggeling C, Zwick MB, Caaveiro JM, Nieva JL. Focal accumulation of aromaticity at the CDRH3 loop mitigates 4E10 polyreactivity without altering its HIV neutralization profile. iScience 2021; 24:102987. [PMID: 34505005 PMCID: PMC8413895 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 are frequently associated with the presence of autoreactivity/polyreactivity, a property that can limit their use as therapeutic agents. The bnAb 4E10, targeting the conserved Membrane proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1, displays almost pan-neutralizing activity across globally circulating HIV-1 strains but exhibits nonspecific off-target interactions with lipid membranes. The hydrophobic apex of the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDRH3) loop, which is essential for viral neutralization, critically contributes to this detrimental effect. Here, we have replaced the aromatic/hydrophobic residues from the apex of the CDRH3 of 4E10 with a single aromatic molecule through chemical modification to generate a variant that preserves the neutralization potency and breadth of 4E10 but with reduced autoreactivity. Collectively, our study suggests that the localized accumulation of aromaticity by chemical modification provides a pathway to ameliorate the adverse effects triggered by the CDRH3 of anti-HIV-1 MPER bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Rujas
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara Insausti
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pablo Carravilla
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Miguel García-Porras
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eneko Largo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Izaskun Morillo
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rubén Sánchez-Eugenia
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Félix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), CIBERehd, ProteoRed-ISCIII, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 9DS Oxford, UK
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose M.M. Caaveiro
- Laboratory of Global Healthcare, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - José L. Nieva
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Caillat C, Guilligay D, Torralba J, Friedrich N, Nieva JL, Trkola A, Chipot CJ, Dehez FL, Weissenhorn W. Structure of HIV-1 gp41 with its membrane anchors targeted by neutralizing antibodies. eLife 2021; 10:65005. [PMID: 33871352 PMCID: PMC8084527 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 gp120/gp41 trimer undergoes a series of conformational changes in order to catalyze gp41-induced fusion of viral and cellular membranes. Here, we present the crystal structure of gp41 locked in a fusion intermediate state by an MPER-specific neutralizing antibody. The structure illustrates the conformational plasticity of the six membrane anchors arranged asymmetrically with the fusion peptides and the transmembrane regions pointing into different directions. Hinge regions located adjacent to the fusion peptide and the transmembrane region facilitate the conformational flexibility that allows high-affinity binding of broadly neutralizing anti-MPER antibodies. Molecular dynamics simulation of the MPER Ab-stabilized gp41 conformation reveals a possible transition pathway into the final post-fusion conformation with the central fusion peptides forming a hydrophobic core with flanking transmembrane regions. This suggests that MPER-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies can block final steps of refolding of the fusion peptide and the transmembrane region, which is required for completing membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Caillat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Guilligay
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Johana Torralba
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jose L Nieva
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe J Chipot
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT), University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire International Associé, CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - François L Dehez
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT), University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Laboratoire International Associé, CNRS and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
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11
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Caillat C, Guilligay D, Sulbaran G, Weissenhorn W. Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting HIV-1 gp41. Viruses 2020; 12:E1210. [PMID: 33114242 PMCID: PMC7690876 DOI: 10.3390/v12111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine research has obtained an enormous boost since the discovery of many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting all accessible sites on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). This in turn facilitated high-resolution structures of the Env glycoprotein in complex with bnAbs. Here we focus on gp41, its highly conserved heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), the fusion peptide (FP) and the membrane-proximal external region (MPER). Notably, the broadest neutralizing antibodies target MPER. Both gp41 HR1 and MPER are only fully accessible once receptor-induced conformational changes have taken place, although some studies suggest access to MPER in the close to native Env conformation. We summarize the data on the structure and function of neutralizing antibodies targeting gp41 HR1, FP and MPER and we review their access to Env and their complex formation with gp41 HR1, MPER peptides and FP within native Env. We further discuss MPER bnAb binding to lipids and the role of somatic mutations in recognizing a bipartite epitope composed of the conserved MPER sequence and membrane components. The problematic of gp41 HR1 access and MPER bnAb auto- and polyreactivity is developed in the light of inducing such antibodies by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Caillat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Guilligay
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guidenn Sulbaran
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
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12
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Rujas E, Insausti S, Leaman DP, Carravilla P, González-Resines S, Monceaux V, Sánchez-Eugenia R, García-Porras M, Iloro I, Zhang L, Elortza F, Julien JP, Saéz-Cirión A, Zwick MB, Eggeling C, Ojida A, Domene C, Caaveiro JMM, Nieva JL. Affinity for the Interface Underpins Potency of Antibodies Operating In Membrane Environments. Cell Rep 2020; 32:108037. [PMID: 32814041 PMCID: PMC7861656 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of membrane interfacial interactions to recognition of membrane-embedded antigens by antibodies is currently unclear. This report demonstrates the optimization of this type of antibodies via chemical modification of regions near the membrane but not directly involved in the recognition of the epitope. Using the HIV-1 antibody 10E8 as a model, linear and polycyclic synthetic aromatic compounds are introduced at selected sites. Molecular dynamics simulations predict the favorable interactions of these synthetic compounds with the viral lipid membrane, where the epitope of the HIV-1 glycoprotein Env is located. Chemical modification of 10E8 with aromatic acetamides facilitates the productive and specific recognition of the native antigen, partially buried in the crowded environment of the viral membrane, resulting in a dramatic increase of its capacity to block viral infection. These observations support the harnessing of interfacial affinity through site-selective chemical modification to optimize the function of antibodies that target membrane-proximal epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edurne Rujas
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sara Insausti
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Daniel P Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pablo Carravilla
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain; Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Rubén Sánchez-Eugenia
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Miguel García-Porras
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ibon Iloro
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Félix Elortza
- Proteomics Platform, CIC bioGUNE, Parque Tecnológico de Vizcaya, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Asier Saéz-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Michael B Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743 Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Akio Ojida
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Carmen Domene
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AX, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TF, UK
| | - Jose M M Caaveiro
- Laboratory of Global Health Care, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - José L Nieva
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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13
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Torralba J, de la Arada I, Carravilla P, Insausti S, Rujas E, Largo E, Eggeling C, Arrondo JLR, Apellániz B, Nieva JL. Cholesterol Constrains the Antigenic Configuration of the Membrane-Proximal Neutralizing HIV-1 Epitope. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2155-2168. [PMID: 32584020 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The envelope glycoprotein (Env) enables HIV-1 cell entry through fusion of host-cell and viral membranes induced by the transmembrane subunit gp41. Antibodies targeting the C-terminal sequence of the membrane-proximal external region (C-MPER) block the fusogenic activity of gp41 and achieve neutralization of divergent HIV-1 strains and isolates. Thus, recreating the structure that generates broadly neutralizing C-MPER antibodies during infection is a major goal in HIV vaccine development. Here, we have reconstituted a peptide termed CpreTM-TMD in a membrane environment. This peptide contains the C-MPER epitope and the minimum TMD residues required for the anchorage of the Env glycoprotein to the viral membrane. In addition, we have used antibody 10E8 variants to gauge the antigenic configuration attained by CpreTM-TMD as a function of the membrane cholesterol content, a functional determinant of the HIV envelope and liposome-based vaccines. Differential binding of the 10E8 variants and the trend of the IgG responses recovered from rabbits immunized with liposome-peptide formulations, suggested that cholesterol may restrict 10E8 accessibility to the C-MPER epitope. Our data ruled out the destabilization of the lipid bilayer architecture in CpreTM-TMD-containing membranes, and pointed to the perturbation of the helical conformation by lipid packing as the cause of the antigenic configuration loss induced by cholesterol. Overall, our results provide additional insights into the structural basis of the Env complex anchoring to membranes, and suggest new approaches to the design of effective immunogens directed against the near pan-neutralizing HIV-1 epitope C-MPER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Torralba
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Igor de la Arada
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pablo Carravilla
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sara Insausti
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eneko Largo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Medicine and Odontology Faculty, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Christian Eggeling
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Headley Way, OX3 9DS Oxford, U.K
| | - José L R Arrondo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Beatriz Apellániz
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad, 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - José L Nieva
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), PO Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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14
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Vascon F, Gasparotto M, Giacomello M, Cendron L, Bergantino E, Filippini F, Righetto I. Protein electrostatics: From computational and structural analysis to discovery of functional fingerprints and biotechnological design. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:1774-1789. [PMID: 32695270 PMCID: PMC7355722 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Computationally driven engineering of proteins aims to allow them to withstand an extended range of conditions and to mediate modified or novel functions. Therefore, it is crucial to the biotechnological industry, to biomedicine and to afford new challenges in environmental sciences, such as biocatalysis for green chemistry and bioremediation. In order to achieve these goals, it is important to clarify molecular mechanisms underlying proteins stability and modulating their interactions. So far, much attention has been given to hydrophobic and polar packing interactions and stability of the protein core. In contrast, the role of electrostatics and, in particular, of surface interactions has received less attention. However, electrostatics plays a pivotal role along the whole life cycle of a protein, since early folding steps to maturation, and it is involved in the regulation of protein localization and interactions with other cellular or artificial molecules. Short- and long-range electrostatic interactions, together with other forces, provide essential guidance cues in molecular and macromolecular assembly. We report here on methods for computing protein electrostatics and for individual or comparative analysis able to sort proteins by electrostatic similarity. Then, we provide examples of electrostatic analysis and fingerprints in natural protein evolution and in biotechnological design, in fields as diverse as biocatalysis, antibody and nanobody engineering, drug design and delivery, molecular virology, nanotechnology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Vascon
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Gasparotto
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Marta Giacomello
- Bioenergetic Organelles Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Cendron
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bergantino
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Filippini
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Irene Righetto
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padua, Italy
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15
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Liu Y, Cao W, Sun M, Li T. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV-1: efficacies, challenges and opportunities. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:194-206. [PMID: 31985356 PMCID: PMC7040474 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1713707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is effective but not curative, and no successful vaccine is currently available for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) provide a new approach to HIV-1 prevention and treatment, and these promising candidates advancing into clinical trials have shown certain efficacies in infected individuals. In addition, bNAbs have the potential to kill HIV-1-infected cells and to affect the course of HIV-1 infection by directly engaging host immunity. Nonetheless, challenges accompany the use of bNAbs, including transient suppression of viraemia, frequent emergence of resistant viruses in rebound viraemia, suboptimal efficacy in virus cell-to-cell transmission, and unclear effects on the cell-associated HIV-1 reservoir. In this review, we discuss opportunities and potential strategies to address current challenges to promote the future use of immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, People’s Republic of China, Ming Sun Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research & Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Taisheng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Tsinghua University Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China,Taisheng Li Department of Infectious diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Zhang L, Irimia A, He L, Landais E, Rantalainen K, Leaman DP, Vollbrecht T, Stano A, Sands DI, Kim AS, Poignard P, Burton DR, Murrell B, Ward AB, Zhu J, Wilson IA, Zwick MB. An MPER antibody neutralizes HIV-1 using germline features shared among donors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5389. [PMID: 31772165 PMCID: PMC6879610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) can be targeted by neutralizing antibodies of exceptional breadth. MPER antibodies usually have long, hydrophobic CDRH3s, lack activity as inferred germline precursors, are often from the minor IgG3 subclass, and some are polyreactive, such as 4E10. Here we describe an MPER broadly neutralizing antibody from the major IgG1 subclass, PGZL1, which shares germline V/D-region genes with 4E10, has a shorter CDRH3, and is less polyreactive. A recombinant sublineage variant pan-neutralizes a 130-isolate panel at 1.4 μg/ml (IC50). Notably, a germline revertant with mature CDR3s neutralizes 12% of viruses and still binds MPER after DJ reversion. Crystal structures of lipid-bound PGZL1 variants and cryo-EM reconstruction of an Env-PGZL1 complex reveal how these antibodies recognize MPER and viral membrane. Discovery of common genetic and structural elements among MPER antibodies from different patients suggests that such antibodies could be elicited using carefully designed immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- CTK Biotech, Inc., 3855 Stowe Drive, Poway, California, 92064, USA
| | - Adriana Irimia
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Lingling He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Elise Landais
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, 10004, USA
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel P Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Thomas Vollbrecht
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
| | - Armando Stano
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Daniel I Sands
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Pascal Poignard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, 10004, USA
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachussetts, 02114, USA
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, 92093, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and the Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
| | - Michael B Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037, USA.
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17
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Dubrovskaya V, Tran K, Ozorowski G, Guenaga J, Wilson R, Bale S, Cottrell CA, Turner HL, Seabright G, O'Dell S, Torres JL, Yang L, Feng Y, Leaman DP, Vázquez Bernat N, Liban T, Louder M, McKee K, Bailer RT, Movsesyan A, Doria-Rose NA, Pancera M, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Zwick MB, Crispin M, Mascola JR, Ward AB, Wyatt RT. Vaccination with Glycan-Modified HIV NFL Envelope Trimer-Liposomes Elicits Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies to Multiple Sites of Vulnerability. Immunity 2019; 51:915-929.e7. [PMID: 31732167 PMCID: PMC6891888 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer remains a major vaccine challenge. Most cross-conserved protein determinants are occluded by self-N-glycan shielding, limiting B cell recognition of the underlying polypeptide surface. The exceptions to the contiguous glycan shield include the conserved receptor CD4 binding site (CD4bs) and glycoprotein (gp)41 elements proximal to the furin cleavage site. Accordingly, we performed heterologous trimer-liposome prime:boosting in rabbits to drive B cells specific for cross-conserved sites. To preferentially expose the CD4bs to B cells, we eliminated proximal N-glycans while maintaining the native-like state of the cleavage-independent NFL trimers, followed by gradual N-glycan restoration coupled with heterologous boosting. This approach successfully elicited CD4bs-directed, cross-neutralizing Abs, including one targeting a unique glycan-protein epitope and a bNAb (87% breadth) directed to the gp120:gp41 interface, both resolved by high-resolution cryoelectron microscopy. This study provides proof-of-principle immunogenicity toward eliciting bNAbs by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Dubrovskaya
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karen Tran
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Javier Guenaga
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard Wilson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shridhar Bale
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gemma Seabright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan L Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lifei Yang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Feng
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel P Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Néstor Vázquez Bernat
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Tyler Liban
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Mark Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arlette Movsesyan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Michael B Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center at The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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18
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Carravilla P, Chojnacki J, Rujas E, Insausti S, Largo E, Waithe D, Apellaniz B, Sicard T, Julien JP, Eggeling C, Nieva JL. Molecular recognition of the native HIV-1 MPER revealed by STED microscopy of single virions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30622256 PMCID: PMC6325134 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07962-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against the Membrane-Proximal External Region (MPER) of the Env gp41 subunit neutralize HIV-1 with exceptional breadth and potency. Due to the lack of knowledge on the MPER native structure and accessibility, different and exclusive models have been proposed for the molecular mechanism of MPER recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here, accessibility of antibodies to the native Env MPER on single virions has been addressed through STED microscopy. STED imaging of fluorescently labeled Fabs reveals a common pattern of native Env recognition for HIV-1 antibodies targeting MPER or the surface subunit gp120. In the case of anti-MPER antibodies, the process evolves with extra contribution of interactions with the viral lipid membrane to binding specificity. Our data provide biophysical insights into the recognition of the potent and broadly neutralizing MPER epitope on HIV virions, and as such is of importance for the design of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Carravilla
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jakub Chojnacki
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Edurne Rujas
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sara Insausti
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eneko Largo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dominic Waithe
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Beatriz Apellaniz
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
- Institute of Applied Optics Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien Platz 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - José L Nieva
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
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19
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Abstract
A large array of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV have been isolated and described, particularly in the last decade. This continually expanding array of bnAbs has crucially led to the identification of novel epitopes on the HIV envelope protein via which antibodies can block a broad range of HIV strains. Moreover, these studies have produced high-resolution understanding of these sites of vulnerability on the envelope protein. They have also clarified the mechanisms of action of bnAbs and provided detailed descriptions of B cell ontogenies from which they arise. However, it is still not possible to predict which HIV-infected individuals will go onto develop breath nor is it possible to induce neutralization breadth by immunization in humans. This review aims to discuss the major insights gained so far and also to evaluate the requirement to continue isolating and characterizing new bnAbs. While new epitopes may remain to be uncovered, a clearer probable benefit of further bnAb characterization is a greater understanding of key decision points in bnAb development within the anti-HIV immune response. This in turn may lead to new insights into how to trigger bnAbs by immunization and more clearly define the challenges to using bnAbs as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCoy
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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