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Trubin P, Azar MM, Kotton CN. The respiratory syncytial virus vaccines are here: Implications for solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2024; 24:897-904. [PMID: 38341028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In 2023, the Food and Drug Administration approved 2 recombinant subunit respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines based on prefusion RSV F glycoproteins for the prevention of RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease. These vaccines were subsequently recommended for individuals ≥60 years of age using shared clinical decision-making by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. The development, deployment, and uptake of respiratory virus vaccines are of particular importance for solid organ recipients who are at higher risk of infectious complications and poor clinical outcomes, including from RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease, compared to patients without immunocompromise. This review aims to summarize what is currently known about the burden of RSV disease in solid organ transplantation, to describe the currently available tools to mitigate the risk, and to highlight considerations regarding the implementation of these vaccines before and after transplantation. We also explore areas of unmet need for organ transplant recipients including questions of RSV vaccine effectiveness and safety, inequities in disease and vaccine access based on race and socioeconomic status, and expansion of coverage to immunocompromised individuals below the age of 60 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Trubin
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marwan M Azar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Camille N Kotton
- Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Li Z, Li B, Chen Z, Xu J, El Sabbagh A, Zhao Y, Du R, Rong L, Tian J, Cui Q. Licochalcone A plays dual antiviral roles by inhibiting RSV and protecting against host damage. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29059. [PMID: 37635463 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes lower respiratory tract diseases and bronchiolitis in children and elderly individuals. There are no effective drugs currently available to treat RSV infection. In this study, we report that Licochalcone A (LCA) can inhibit RSV replication and mitigate RSV-induced cell damage in vitro, and that LCA exerts a protective effect by reducing the viral titer and inflammation in the lungs of infected mice in vivo. We suggest that the mechanism of action occurs through pathways of antioxidant stress and inflammation. Further mechanistic results demonstrate that LCA can induce nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation into the nucleus, activate heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and inhibit reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative stress. LCA also works to reverse the decrease in I-kappa-B-alpha (IкBα) levels caused by RSV, which in turn inhibits inflammation through the associated nuclear factor kappa B and tumor necrosis factor-α signaling pathways. The combined action of the two cross-talking pathways protects hosts from RSV-induced damage. To conclude, our study is the first of its kind to establish evidence of LCA as a viable treatment for RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Baohong Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinse Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zinuo Chen
- Innovative Institute of Chinse Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinke Xu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Asma El Sabbagh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yangang Zhao
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruikun Du
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinse Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jingzhen Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinse Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medicinal Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, China
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3
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Akram T, Gul I, Parveez Zia M, Hassan A, Khatun A, Shah RA, Ahmad SM, Ganai NA, Chikan NA, Kim WI, Shabir N. Ribavirin inhibits the replication of infectious bursal disease virus predominantly through depletion of cellular guanosine pool. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1192583. [PMID: 37601760 PMCID: PMC10433155 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1192583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The antiviral activity of different mutagens against single-stranded RNA viruses is well documented; however, their activity on the replication of double-stranded RNA viruses remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effect of different antivirals on the replication of a chicken embryo fibroblast-adapted Infectious Bursal Disease virus, FVSKG2. This study further explores the antiviral mechanism utilized by the most effective anti-IBDV agent. Methods The cytotoxicity and anti-FVSKG2 activity of different antiviral agents (ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil, 5-azacytidine, and amiloride) were evaluated. The virus was serially passaged in chicken embryo fibroblasts 11 times at sub-cytotoxic concentrations of ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil or amiloride. Further, the possible mutagenic and non-mutagenic mechanisms utilized by the most effective anti-FVSKG2 agent were explored. Results and Discussion Ribavirin was the least cytotoxic on chicken embryo fibroblasts, followed by 5-fluorouracil, amiloride and 5-azacytidine. Ribavirin inhibited the replication of FVSKG2 in chicken embryo fibroblasts significantly at concentrations as low as 0.05 mM. The extinction of FVSKG2 was achieved during serial passage of the virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts at ≥0.05 mM ribavirin; however, the emergence of a mutagen-resistant virus was not observed until the eleventh passage. Further, no mutation was observed in 1,898 nucleotides of the FVSKG2 following its five passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts in the presence of 0.025 mM ribavirin. Ribavarin inhibited the FVSKG2 replication in chicken embryo fibroblasts primarily through IMPDH-mediated depletion of the Guanosine Triphosphate pool of cells. However, other mechanisms like ribavirin-mediated cytokine induction or possible inhibition of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase through its interaction with the enzyme's active sites enhance the anti-IBDV effect. Ribavirin inhibits ds- RNA viruses, likely through IMPDH inhibition and not mutagenesis. The inhibitory effect may, however, be augmented by other non-mutagenic mechanisms, like induction of antiviral cytokines in chicken embryo fibroblasts or interaction of ribavirin with the active sites of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Towseef Akram
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Irfan Gul
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Mahrukh Parveez Zia
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Amreena Hassan
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Amina Khatun
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Riaz Ahmad Shah
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Syed Mudasir Ahmad
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Nazir Ahmad Ganai
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Naveed Anjum Chikan
- Division of Computational Biology, Daskdan Innovations Pvt. Ltd., Srinagar, India
| | - Won-Il Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nadeem Shabir
- Division of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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4
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Piedra FA, Henke D, Rajan A, Muzny DM, Doddapaneni H, Menon VK, Hoffman KL, Ross MC, Javornik Cregeen SJ, Metcalf G, Gibbs RA, Petrosino JF, Avadhanula V, Piedra PA. Modeling nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus (NNSV) transcription with ejective polymerase collisions and biased diffusion. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 9:1095193. [PMID: 36699700 PMCID: PMC9868645 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1095193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (NNSV) are widely thought to entail gradient gene expression from the well-established existence of a single promoter at the 3' end of the viral genome and the assumption of constant transcriptional attenuation between genes. But multiple recent studies show viral mRNA levels in infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a major human pathogen and member of NNSV, that are inconsistent with a simple gradient. Here we integrate known and newly predicted phenomena into a biophysically reasonable model of NNSV transcription. Our model succeeds in capturing published observations of respiratory syncytial virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) mRNA levels. We therefore propose a novel understanding of NNSV transcription based on the possibility of ejective polymerase-polymerase collisions and, in the case of RSV, biased polymerase diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe-Andrés Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States,*Correspondence: Felipe-Andrés Piedra,
| | - David Henke
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Anubama Rajan
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Harsha Doddapaneni
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Vipin K. Menon
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Kristi L. Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Matthew C. Ross
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Sara J. Javornik Cregeen
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Ginger Metcalf
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Joseph F. Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, Unites States
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5
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Stevaert A, Groaz E, Naesens L. Nucleoside analogs for management of respiratory virus infections: mechanism of action and clinical efficacy. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 57:101279. [PMID: 36403338 PMCID: PMC9671222 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of nucleoside analogs to treat respiratory virus infections, with remdesivir being the first compound to receive worldwide authorization and three other nucleoside analogs (i.e. favipiravir, molnupiravir, and bemnifosbuvir) in the pipeline. Here, we summarize the current knowledge concerning their clinical efficacy in suppressing the virus and reducing the need for hospitalization or respiratory support. We also mention trials of favipiravir and lumicitabine, for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively. Besides, we outline how nucleoside analogs interact with the polymerases of respiratory viruses, to cause lethal virus mutagenesis or disturbance of viral RNA synthesis. In this way, we aim to convey the key findings on this rapidly evolving class of respiratory virus medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Stevaert
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1041, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 1043, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Donovan-Banfield I, Milligan R, Hall S, Gao T, Murphy E, Li J, Shawli GT, Hiscox J, Zhuang X, McKeating JA, Fearns R, Matthews DA. Direct RNA sequencing of respiratory syncytial virus infected human cells generates a detailed overview of RSV polycistronic mRNA and transcript abundance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276697. [PMID: 36355791 PMCID: PMC9648745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize species of viral mRNA transcripts generated during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, human fibroblast-like MRC-5 lung cells were infected with subgroup A RSV for 6, 16 and 24 hours. In addition, we characterised the viral transcriptome in infected Calu-3 lung epithelial cells at 48 hours post infection. Total RNA was harvested and polyadenylated mRNA was enriched and sequenced by direct RNA sequencing using an Oxford nanopore device. This platform yielded over 450,000 direct mRNA transcript reads which were mapped to the viral genome and analysed to determine the relative mRNA levels of viral genes using our in-house ORF-centric pipeline. We examined the frequency of polycistronic readthrough mRNAs were generated and assessed the length of the polyadenylated tails for each group of transcripts. We show a general but non-linear decline in gene transcript abundance across the viral genome, as predicted by the model of RSV gene transcription. However, the decline in transcript abundance is not uniform. The polyadenylate tails generated by the viral polymerase are similar in length to those generated by the host polyadenylation machinery and broadly declined in length for most transcripts as the infection progressed. Finally, we observed that the steady state abundance of transcripts with very short polyadenylate tails less than 20 nucleotides is less for N, SH and G transcripts in both cell lines compared to NS1, NS2, P, M, F and M2 which may reflect differences in mRNA stability and/or translation rates within and between the cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- I’ah Donovan-Banfield
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Milligan
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Hall
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tianyi Gao
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Murphy
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Li
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ghada T. Shawli
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiome, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DAM); (RF)
| | - David A. Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DAM); (RF)
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7
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Way H, Roh J, Venteicher B, Chandra S, Thomas AA. Synthesis of ribavirin 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazolyl analogs with changes at the amide and cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 42:38-64. [PMID: 35929908 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2107218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and cytotoxicity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells of novel 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazolyl analogs of ribavirin. We modified ribavirin's carboxamide moiety to test the effects of lipophilic groups. 1-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared using Click Chemistry, whereas an unprecedented application of a prior 1,2,4-triazole ring synthesis was used for 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole analogs. Though cytotoxicity was mediocre and there was no correlation with lipophilicity, we discovered that a structurally similar concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) inhibitor was modestly cytotoxic (MCF-7 IC50 of 42 µM). These syntheses could be used to efficiently investigate variation in the nucleobase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Way
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joshua Roh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Brooklynn Venteicher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Surabhi Chandra
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
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8
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Doan PTK, Low WY, Ren Y, Tearle R, Hemmatzadeh F. Newcastle disease virus genotype VII gene expression in experimentally infected birds. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5249. [PMID: 35347193 PMCID: PMC8960812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus genotype VII (NDV-GVII) is a highly contagious pathogen responsible for pandemics that have caused devastating economic losses in the poultry industry. Several features in the transcription of NDV mRNA, including differentially expressed genes across the viral genome, are shared with that for other single, non-segmented, negative-strand viruses. Previous studies measuring viral gene expression using northern blotting indicated that the NDV transcription produced non-equimolar levels of viral mRNAs. However, deep high-throughput sequencing of virus-infected tissues can provide a better insight into the patterns of viral transcription. In this report, the transcription pattern of virulent NDV-GVII was analysed using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR. This study revealed the transcriptional profiling of these highly pathogenic NDV-GVII genes: NP:P:M:F:HN:L, in which there was a slight attenuation at the NP:P and HN:L gene boundaries. Our result also provides a fully comprehensive qPCR protocol for measuring viral transcript abundance that may be more convenient for laboratories where accessing RNA-seq is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Thi Kim Doan
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
| | - Wai Yee Low
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yan Ren
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rick Tearle
- Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Farhid Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Davies Research Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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9
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Luo J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Li J, He H, Luo Y, Huang S, Guo X. Artesunate and Dihydroartemisinin Inhibit Rabies Virus Replication. Virol Sin 2021; 36:721-729. [PMID: 33661488 PMCID: PMC7930525 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is caused by infection of rabies virus (RABV) and remains a serious threat to the global public health. Except for the requirement for cold chain and high cost of human rabies immune globulin, no small molecule drugs are currently available for clinical treatment of rabies. So, it is of great importance to identify novel compounds that can effectively inhibit RABV infection. Artesunate (ART) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA), two derivatives of artemisinin, are widely used for treatment of malaria in adults and children, showing high safety. In this study, we found that both ART and DHA were able to inhibit RABV replication in host cells at a low concentration (0.1 μmol/L). The antiviral effects of ART and DHA were independent of viral strains and cell lines. Pre-treatment with ART or DHA for 2 h in vitro did not affect the viral replication in host cells, implying that ART and DHA neither reduced the viability of RABV directly nor inhibited the binding and entrance of the virus to host cells. Further studies revealed that ART and DHA inhibited RABV genomic RNA synthesis and viral gene transcription. Treatment with ART or DHA (5 mg/kg) by intramuscular injection improved, to some extent, the survival rate of RABV-challenged mice. Combination treatment with derivatives of artemisinin and mannitol significantly improved the survival rate of RABV-challenged mice. The results suggest that ART and DHA have a great potential to be explored as new anti-rabies agents for treatment of rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiesen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongling He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA. .,Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130-3932, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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10
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Dong X, Munoz-Basagoiti J, Rickett NY, Pollakis G, Paxton WA, Günther S, Kerber R, Ng LFP, Elmore MJ, Magassouba N, Carroll MW, Matthews DA, Hiscox JA. Variation around the dominant viral genome sequence contributes to viral load and outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease. Genome Biol 2020; 21:238. [PMID: 32894206 PMCID: PMC7475720 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral load is a major contributor to outcome in patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD), with high values leading to a fatal outcome. Evidence from the 2013-2016 Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak indicated that different genotypes of the virus can have different phenotypes in patients. Additionally, due to the error-prone nature of viral RNA synthesis in an individual patient, the EBOV genome exists around a dominant viral genome sequence. The minor variants within a patient may contribute to the overall phenotype in terms of viral protein function. To investigate the effects of these minor variants, blood samples from patients with acute EVD were deeply sequenced. RESULTS We examine the minor variant frequency between patients with acute EVD who survived infection with those who died. Non-synonymous differences in viral proteins were identified that have implications for viral protein function. The greatest frequency of substitution was identified at three codon sites in the L gene-which encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Recapitulating this in an assay for virus replication, these substitutions result in aberrant viral RNA synthesis and correlate with patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings support the notion that in patients who survived EVD, in some cases, the genetic variability of the virus resulted in deleterious mutations that affected viral protein function, leading to reduced viral load. Such mutations may also lead to persistent strains of the virus and be associated with recrudescent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dong
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jordana Munoz-Basagoiti
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Natasha Y Rickett
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - William A Paxton
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Romy Kerber
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK.,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - N'faly Magassouba
- Laboratoire des fièvres hémorragiques en Guinée, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Miles W Carroll
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK.,Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - David A Matthews
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute for Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. .,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK. .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Kalergis AM, Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Andrade CA, Fernandez A, Bohmwald K, Bueno SM. Pharmacological management of human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:2293-2303. [PMID: 32808830 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1806821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the primary viral cause of respiratory diseases, leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia in vulnerable populations. The only current treatment against this virus is palliative, and no efficient and specific vaccine against this pathogen is available. AREAS COVERED The authors describe the disease symptoms caused by hRSV, the economic and social impact of this infection worldwide, and how this infection can be modulated using pharmacological treatments, preventing and limiting its dissemination. The authors discuss the use of antibodies as prophylactic tools -such as palivizumab- and the use of nonspecific drugs to decrease the symptoms associated with the infection -such as bronchodilators, corticoids, and antivirals. They also discuss current vaccine candidates, new prophylactic treatments, and new antivirals options, which are currently being tested. EXPERT OPINION Today, many researchers are focused on developing different strategies to modulate the symptoms induced by hRSV. However, to achieve this, understanding how current treatments are working and their shortcomings needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Departamento De Endocrinología, Facultad De Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernandez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
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12
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Piedra FA, Qiu X, Teng MN, Avadhanula V, Machado AA, Kim DK, Hixson J, Bahl J, Piedra PA. Non-gradient and genotype-dependent patterns of RSV gene expression. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227558. [PMID: 31923213 PMCID: PMC6953876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus (NSV) and a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and the elderly. Transcription of the ten RSV genes proceeds sequentially from the 3’ promoter and requires conserved gene start (GS) and gene end (GE) signals. Previous studies using the prototypical GA1 genotype Long and A2 strains have indicated a gradient of gene transcription extending across the genome, with the highest level of mRNA coming from the most promoter-proximal gene, the first nonstructural (NS1) gene, and mRNA levels from subsequent genes dropping until reaching a minimum at the most promoter-distal gene, the polymerase (L) gene. However, recent reports show non-gradient levels of mRNA, with higher than expected levels from the attachment (G) gene. It is unknown to what extent different transcript stabilities might shape measured mRNA levels. It is also unclear whether patterns of RSV gene expression vary, or show strain- or genotype-dependence. To address this, mRNA abundances from five RSV genes were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in three cell lines and in cotton rats infected with RSV isolates belonging to four genotypes (GA1, ON, GB1, BA). Relative mRNA levels reached steady-state between four and 24 hours post-infection. Steady-state patterns were non-gradient and genotype-specific, where mRNA levels from the G gene exceeded those from the more promoter-proximal nucleocapsid (N) gene across isolates. Transcript stabilities could not account for the non-gradient patterns observed, indicating that relative mRNA levels more strongly reflect transcription than decay. Our results indicate that gene expression from a small but diverse set of RSV genotypes is non-gradient and genotype-dependent. We propose novel models of RSV transcription that can account for non-gradient transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe-Andrés Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xueting Qiu
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Teng
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Vasanthi Avadhanula
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Annette A. Machado
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Do-Kyun Kim
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - James Hixson
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Pedro A. Piedra
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Tsunekuni R, Tanikawa T, Nakaya T, Saito T. Improvement of a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 vectored vaccine by the addition of untranslated regions. Vaccine 2019; 38:822-829. [PMID: 31718900 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously developed a recombinant avian avulavirus serotype 10 (rAAvV-10/HA) expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) as an emergency vaccine for poultry. rAAvV-10/HA can overcome the activity of the anti-AAvV-1 (Newcastle disease virus) antibody acquired by commercial chickens upon routine vaccination. Most chickens do not have the anti-AAvV-10 antibody, which could interfere with the vaccine efficacy. However, the vaccine efficacy of rAAvV-10/HA is not satisfactory in chickens even though it affords protection against an HPAIV challenge. In the present study, we improved the rAAvV-10/HA vaccine by enhancing the expression of the exogenous HA protein. METHODS The 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTR) of each AAvV-10 gene were flanked with the exogenous HA gene cassette to modify rAAvV-10/HA, yielding different rAAv10-UTRs. As a control, rAAv10-nonUTR that did not contain any UTRs was generated. The effects of UTRs on mRNA transcription, HA protein expression, and vaccine efficacy were then examined using embryonated chicken eggs and white leghorn chickens. RESULTS The proportion of the HA gene mRNA among the vector-derived mRNAs (1.55-1.84-fold increase vs. the control) and HA protein levels (148-1151-fold increase vs. the control) in cells infected with rAAv10-UTRs were higher than in those infected with rAAv10-nonUTR. In vivo, vaccination of chickens with rAAv10-UTRs resulted in 100% protection against an HPAIV challenge. No chickens vaccinated with rAAv10-NP-UTR, rAAv10-F-UTR, or rAAv10-HN-UTR shed the virus in the throat and cloaca swabs. By contrast, rAAv10-nonUTR vaccination offered 70% protection, with 50% of chickens shedding the virus in the cloaca or throat swabs after the challenge. We conclude that the AAvV-10 UTRs can enhance the expression of the exogenous HA gene, resulting in improved efficacy of the rAAvV-10/HA vector vaccine. This improvement aids in the protection of flocks worldwide from the highly pathogenic avian influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tsunekuni
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan.
| | - Taichiro Tanikawa
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Takehiko Saito
- Division of Transboundary Animal Disease, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0854, Japan; United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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14
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Aljabr W, Armstrong S, Rickett NY, Pollakis G, Touzelet O, Cloutman-Green E, Matthews DA, Hiscox JA. High Resolution Analysis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection In Vivo. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100926. [PMID: 31658630 PMCID: PMC6832471 DOI: 10.3390/v11100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major cause of pediatric infection and also causes disease in the elderly and those with underlying respiratory problems. There is no vaccine for HRSV and anti-viral therapeutics are not broadly applicable. To investigate the effect of HRSV biology in children, nasopharyngeal aspirates were taken from children with different viral loads and a combined high throughput RNAseq and label free quantitative proteomics approach was used to characterize the nucleic acid and proteins in these samples. HRSV proteins were identified in the nasopharyngeal aspirates from infected children, and their abundance correlated with viral load (Ct value), confirming HRSV infection. Analysis of the HRSV genome indicated that the children were infected with sub-group A virus and that minor variants in nucleotide frequency occurred in discrete clusters along the HRSV genome, and within a patient clustered distinctly within the glycoprotein gene. Data from the samples were binned into four groups; no-HRSV infection (control), high viral load (Ct < 20), medium viral load (Ct = 20-25), and low viral load (Ct > 25). Cellular proteins associated with the anti-viral response (e.g., ISG15) were identified in the nasopharyngeal aspirates and their abundance was correlated with viral load. These combined approaches have not been used before to study HRSV biology in vivo and can be readily applied to the study the variation of virus host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Aljabr
- King Fahad Medical City, Research Center, 59046 Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Stuart Armstrong
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Natasha Y Rickett
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Olivier Touzelet
- School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
| | | | - David A Matthews
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
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15
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Analysis of Paramyxovirus Transcription and Replication by High-Throughput Sequencing. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00571-19. [PMID: 31189700 PMCID: PMC6694822 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00571-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of virus-infected cells can be used to study in great detail the patterns of virus transcription and replication. For paramyxoviruses, and by analogy for all other negative-strand RNA viruses, we show that directional sequencing must be used to distinguish between genomic RNA and mRNA/antigenomic RNA because significant amounts of genomic RNA copurify with poly(A)-selected mRNA. We found that the best method is directional sequencing of total cell RNA, after the physical removal of rRNA (and mitochondrial RNA), because quantitative information on the abundance of both genomic RNA and mRNA/antigenomes can be simultaneously derived. Using this approach, we revealed new details of the kinetics of virus transcription and replication for parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 2, PIV3, PIV5, and mumps virus, as well as on the relative abundance of the individual viral mRNAs. We have developed a high-throughput sequencing (HTS) workflow for investigating paramyxovirus transcription and replication. We show that sequencing of oligo(dT)-selected polyadenylated mRNAs, without considering the orientation of the RNAs from which they had been generated, cannot accurately be used to analyze the abundance of viral mRNAs because genomic RNA copurifies with the viral mRNAs. The best method is directional sequencing of infected cell RNA that has physically been depleted of ribosomal and mitochondrial RNA followed by bioinformatic steps to differentiate data originating from genomes from viral mRNAs and antigenomes. This approach has the advantage that the abundance of viral mRNA (and antigenomes) and genomes can be analyzed and quantified from the same data. We investigated the kinetics of viral transcription and replication during infection of A549 cells with parainfluenza virus type 2 (PIV2), PIV3, PIV5, or mumps virus and determined the abundances of individual viral mRNAs and readthrough mRNAs. We found that the mRNA abundance gradients differed significantly between all four viruses but that for each virus the pattern remained relatively stable throughout infection. We suggest that rapid degradation of non-poly(A) mRNAs may be primarily responsible for the shape of the mRNA abundance gradient in parainfluenza virus 3, whereas a combination of this factor and disengagement of RNA polymerase at intergenic sequences, particularly those at the NP:P and P:M gene boundaries, may be responsible in the other viruses. IMPORTANCE High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of virus-infected cells can be used to study in great detail the patterns of virus transcription and replication. For paramyxoviruses, and by analogy for all other negative-strand RNA viruses, we show that directional sequencing must be used to distinguish between genomic RNA and mRNA/antigenomic RNA because significant amounts of genomic RNA copurify with poly(A)-selected mRNA. We found that the best method is directional sequencing of total cell RNA, after the physical removal of rRNA (and mitochondrial RNA), because quantitative information on the abundance of both genomic RNA and mRNA/antigenomes can be simultaneously derived. Using this approach, we revealed new details of the kinetics of virus transcription and replication for parainfluenza virus (PIV) type 2, PIV3, PIV5, and mumps virus, as well as on the relative abundance of the individual viral mRNAs.
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16
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No Incongruity in Respiratory Syncytial Virus M2-1 Protein Remaining Bound to Viral mRNAs during Their Entire Life Time. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00187-19. [PMID: 31064823 PMCID: PMC6509182 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00187-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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17
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Suppression of oncogenic protein translation via targeting eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E overcomes chemo-resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:902-907. [PMID: 30929914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to adjuvant chemotherapy remains therapeutic challenge in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In this work, we demonstrate that targeting eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a potential sensitizing strategy to overcome chemoresistance in NPC. We observe the aberrant activation of eIF4E and translational upregulation of eIF4E-regulated oncogenes in NPC cell after pro-longed exposure of cisplatin. Functional analysis demonstrates that eIF4E depletion effectively inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant NPC cells. Consistently, eIF4E knockdown significantly enhances cisplatin efficacy in cisplatin-sensitive cells. We identify eIF4E as a therapeutically actionable targets by showing that ribavirin, an anti-viral drug, phenocopies the effects of eIF4E knockdown in NPC. We further demonstrate that ribavirin acts on chemoresistant NPC cells through suppressing eIF4E activity and oncogenic protein translation. Using two independent NPC xenograft mouse models, we show that ribavirin not only is effective in inhibiting chemoresistant NPC growth but also significantly augments the inhibitory effects of cisplatin efficacy in vivo without causing significant toxicity in mice. Taken together, our work shows an activation of eIF4E-mediated growth and survival mechanisms in response to chemotherapy and suggests that inhibition of eIF4E activity represents an attractive sensitizing strategy for NPC treatment. Our findings also suggest that ribavirin is a useful addition to the treatment armamentarium for NPC.
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18
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Chen J, Xu X, Chen J. Clinically relevant concentration of anti-viral drug ribavirin selectively targets pediatric osteosarcoma and increases chemosensitivity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:604-610. [PMID: 30454696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ribavirin is an anti-viral drug but has recently gained attention as a potential candidate for cancer treatment. In line with these efforts, our work is the first to demonstrate that ribavirin, at clinically relevant concentration, selectively targets pediatric osteosarcoma and increases chemosensitivity. Using preclinical osteosarcoma cell and xenograft models, we found that ribavirin is active against osteosarcoma bulk and subpopulations with highly proliferative and invasive properties via inhibiting growth, inducing apoptosis and suppressing colony formation. At the same concentrations, ribavirin either did not or affected human normal osteoblastic cell and fibroblast cells in a less extent than osteosarcoma cells. Notably, the combination of ribavirin with doxorubicin resulted in greater efficacy than single drug alone. The combination completely arrested the osteosarcoma growth in vivo throughout the whole duration of drug treatment. We further showed that ribavirin acted on osteosarcoma largely via targeting eIF4E. In addition to eIF4E, ribavirin also modulated phosphorylation of Erk and expression of EZH2 and Snail without affecting Akt and mTOR. Lastly, we found that eIF4E expression and phosphorylation were elevated in osteosarcoma compared to normal cells, which might explain the selective anti-osteosarcoma activity of ribavirin. eIF4E depletion mimics the inhibitory effects of ribavirin, further confirm that eIF4E is the essential target of ribavirin in osteosarcoma. Our work provides fundamental evidence of repurposing ribavirin for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Our findings also highlight the therapeutic value of inhibiting eIF4E in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjun Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jingzhou, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
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19
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Selvaraj M, Yegambaram K, Todd EJAA, Richard CA, Dods RL, Pangratiou GM, Trinh CH, Moul SL, Murphy JC, Mankouri J, Éléouët JF, Barr JN, Edwards TA. The Structure of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus M2-1 Protein Bound to the Interaction Domain of the Phosphoprotein P Defines the Orientation of the Complex. mBio 2018; 9:e01554-18. [PMID: 30425144 PMCID: PMC6234862 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01554-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a negative-stranded RNA virus that causes a globally prevalent respiratory infection, which can cause life-threatening illness, particularly in the young, elderly, and immunocompromised. HRSV multiplication depends on replication and transcription of the HRSV genes by the virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). For replication, this complex comprises the phosphoprotein (P) and the large protein (L), whereas for transcription, the M2-1 protein is also required. M2-1 is recruited to the RdRp by interaction with P and also interacts with RNA at overlapping binding sites on the M2-1 surface, such that binding of these partners is mutually exclusive. The molecular basis for the transcriptional requirement of M2-1 is unclear, as is the consequence of competition between P and RNA for M2-1 binding, which is likely a critical step in the transcription mechanism. Here, we report the crystal structure at 2.4 Å of M2-1 bound to the P interaction domain, which comprises P residues 90 to 110. The P90-110 peptide is alpha helical, and its position on the surface of M2-1 defines the orientation of the three transcriptase components within the complex. The M2-1/P interface includes ionic, hydrophobic, and hydrogen bond interactions, and the critical contribution of these contacts to complex formation was assessed using a minigenome assay. The affinity of M2-1 for RNA and P ligands was quantified using fluorescence anisotropy, which showed high-affinity RNAs could outcompete P. This has important implications for the mechanism of transcription, particularly the events surrounding transcription termination and synthesis of poly(A) sequences.IMPORTANCE Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of respiratory illness, particularly in the young, elderly, and immunocompromised, and has also been linked to the development of asthma. HRSV replication depends on P and L, whereas transcription also requires M2-1. M2-1 interacts with P and RNA at overlapping binding sites; while these interactions are necessary for transcriptional activity, the mechanism of M2-1 action is unclear. To better understand HRSV transcription, we solved the crystal structure of M2-1 in complex with the minimal P interaction domain, revealing molecular details of the M2-1/P interface and defining the orientation of M2-1 within the tripartite complex. The M2-1/P interaction is relatively weak, suggesting high-affinity RNAs may displace M2-1 from the complex, providing the basis for a new model describing the role of M2-1 in transcription. Recently, the small molecules quercetin and cyclopamine have been used to validate M2-1 as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muniyandi Selvaraj
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kavestri Yegambaram
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor J A A Todd
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Charles-Adrien Richard
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rachel L Dods
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Georgia M Pangratiou
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chi H Trinh
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L Moul
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - James C Murphy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamel Mankouri
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-François Éléouët
- Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires (UR892), INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - John N Barr
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A Edwards
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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González-Parra G, Dobrovolny HM. Modeling of fusion inhibitor treatment of RSV in African green monkeys. J Theor Biol 2018; 456:62-73. [PMID: 30048719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a respiratory infection that can cause serious illness, particularly in infants. In this study, we test four different model implementations for the effect of a fusion inhibitor, including one model that combines different drug effects, by fitting the models to data from a study of TMC353121 in African green monkeys. We use mathematical modeling to estimate the drug efficacy parameters, εmax, the maximum efficacy of the drug, and EC50, the drug concentration needed to achieve half the maximum effect. We find that if TMC353121 is having multiple effects on viral kinetics, more detailed data, using different treatment delays, is needed to detect this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto González-Parra
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2800 S University Dr. Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA; Department of Mathematics, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM, USA
| | - Hana M Dobrovolny
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Christian University, 2800 S University Dr. Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA.
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21
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Xi C, Wang L, Yu J, Ye H, Cao L, Gong Z. Inhibition of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E is effective against chemo-resistance in colon and cervical cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2286-2292. [PMID: 29959920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although cancer patients initially respond well to chemotherapy, they eventually develop resistance and relapse. In this work, we demonstrate that eIF4E-targeting therapy is a potential sensitizing strategy for overcoming chemoresistance and progression in cancer. We show that ribavirin, an anti-viral drug and pharmacological eIF4E inhibitor, effectively inhibits proliferation and decreases viability of paclitaxel-resistant cervical cancer and 5-FU-resistant colon cancer cells while is less toxic to human fibroblast cells. Importantly, oral administration of ribavirin significantly inhibits paclitaxel-resistant colon and 5-FU-resistant cervical cancer growth in xenograft mouse cancer model without causing significant toxicity in mice. Consistently, combination of ribavirin with paclitaxel or 5-FU sensitizes colon and cervical cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents treatment in vitro and in vivo. We further confirm that the mechanism of the action of ribavirin in chemoresistant cancer cells is through suppressing eIF4E function. In addition, specific eIF4E knockdown via two independent siRNA mimics the effects of ribavirin in chemoresistant colon and cervical cancer cells. Cell cycle analysis indicate that ribavirin enhances the anti-proliferative effect of 5-FU by additionally arresting cells at G2/M phase via increasing cyclin B1, p-histone H3(Ser10) and Mad2 levels. Our work demonstrates that eIF4E inhibition using inhibitor or siRNA, either as single agent or in combination, could sensitize chemoresistant cancer cells to paclitaxel or 5-FU treatment and thereby improving the efficacy of chemodrug. Our findings demonstrate the therapeutic value of inhibiting eIF4E, particularly in chemoresistant cancers. Our findings also suggest ribavirin as a promising sensitizing drug for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlei Xi
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Longlei Cao
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, China
| | - Zhilin Gong
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Jingzhou Central Hospital, Jingzhou, China.
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22
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Goya S, Valinotto LE, Tittarelli E, Rojo GL, Nabaes Jodar MS, Greninger AL, Zaiat JJ, Marti MA, Mistchenko AS, Viegas M. An optimized methodology for whole genome sequencing of RNA respiratory viruses from nasopharyngeal aspirates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199714. [PMID: 29940028 PMCID: PMC6016902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the number of viral genome sequences deposited in available databases has grown exponentially. However, sequencing methodology vary widely and many published works have relied on viral enrichment by viral culture or nucleic acid amplification with specific primers rather than through unbiased techniques such as metagenomics. The genome of RNA viruses is highly variable and these enrichment methodologies may be difficult to achieve or may bias the results. In order to obtain genomic sequences of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) from positive nasopharyngeal aspirates diverse methodologies were evaluated and compared. A total of 29 nearly complete and complete viral genomes were obtained. The best performance was achieved with a DNase I treatment to the RNA directly extracted from the nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), sequence-independent single-primer amplification (SISPA) and library preparation performed with Nextera XT DNA Library Prep Kit with manual normalization. An average of 633,789 and 1,674,845 filtered reads per library were obtained with MiSeq and NextSeq 500 platforms, respectively. The higher output of NextSeq 500 was accompanied by the increasing of duplicated reads percentage generated during SISPA (from an average of 1.5% duplicated viral reads in MiSeq to an average of 74% in NextSeq 500). HRSV genome recovery was not affected by the presence or absence of duplicated reads but the computational demand during the analysis was increased. Considering that only samples with viral load ≥ E+06 copies/ml NPA were tested, no correlation between sample viral loads and number of total filtered reads was observed, nor with the mapped viral reads. The HRSV genomes showed a mean coverage of 98.46% with the best methodology. In addition, genomes of human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human rhinovirus (HRV) and human parainfluenza virus types 1–3 (HPIV1-3) were also obtained with the selected optimal methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Goya
- Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura E. Valinotto
- Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estefania Tittarelli
- Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel L. Rojo
- Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes S. Nabaes Jodar
- Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Ministerio de Salud de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jonathan J. Zaiat
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Argentine Bioinformatic Platform (BIA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo A. Marti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Argentine Bioinformatic Platform (BIA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia S. Mistchenko
- Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas (CIC), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Viegas
- Ricardo Gutiérrez Children’s Hospital, Ciudad Autónoma Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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23
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CpG in Combination with an Inhibitor of Notch Signaling Suppresses Formalin-Inactivated Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Enhanced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Inflammation by Inhibiting Th17 Memory Responses and Promoting Tissue-Resident Memory Cells in Lungs. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02111-16. [PMID: 28275186 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02111-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of childhood hospitalizations. The formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) has been an obstacle to the development of a safe and effective killed RSV vaccine. Agonists of Toll-like receptor (TLR) have been shown to regulate immune responses induced by FI-RSV. Notch signaling plays critical roles during the differentiation and effector function phases of innate and adaptive immune responses. Cross talk between TLR and Notch signaling pathways results in fine-tuning of TLR-triggered innate inflammatory responses. We evaluated the impact of TLR and Notch signaling on ERD in a murine model by administering CpG, an agonist of TLR9, in combination with L685,458, an inhibitor of Notch signaling during FI-RSV immunization. Activation with CpG or deficiency of MyD88-dependent TLR signaling did not alleviate airway inflammation in FI-RSV-immunized mice. Activation or inhibition of Notch signaling with Dll4, one of the Notch ligands, or L685,458 did not suppress FI-RSV-enhanced airway inflammation either. However, the CpG together with L685,458 markedly inhibited FI-RSV-enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness, weight loss, and lung inflammation. Interestingly, CpG plus L685,458 completely inhibited FI-RSV-associated Th17 and Th17-associated proinflammatory chemokine responses in lungs following RSV challenge but not Th1 or Th2, memory responses. In addition, FI-RSV plus CpG plus L685,458 promoted protective CD8+ lung tissue-resident memory (TRM) cells. These results indicate that activation of TLR signaling combined with inhibition of Notch signaling prevent FI-RSV ERD, and the mechanism appears to involve suppressing proinflammatory Th17 memory responses and promoting protective TRM in lungs.IMPORTANCE RSV is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants. The FI-RSV-enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) is a major impediment to the development of a safe and effective killed RSV vaccine. Using adjuvants to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses could be an effective method to prevent ERD. We evaluated the impact of TLR and Notch signaling on ERD by administering CpG, an agonist of TLR9, in combination with L685,458, an inhibitor of Notch signaling, during FI-RSV immunization. The data showed that treatment of TLR or Notch signaling alone did not suppress FI-RSV-enhanced airway inflammation, while CpG plus L685,458 markedly inhibited ERD. The mechanism appears to involve suppressing Th17 memory responses and promoting tissue-resident memory cells. Moreover, these results suggest that regulation of lung immune memory with adjuvant compounds containing more than one immune-stimulatory molecule may be a good strategy to prevent FI-RSV ERD.
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24
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A comparison of host gene expression signatures associated with infection in vitro by the Makona and Ecran (Mayinga) variants of Ebola virus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43144. [PMID: 28240256 PMCID: PMC5327407 DOI: 10.1038/srep43144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus (EBOV) variant Makona (which emerged in 2013) was the causative agent of the largest outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease recorded. Differences in virus-host interactions between viral variants have potential consequences for transmission, disease severity and mortality. A detailed profile of the cellular changes induced by the Makona variant compared with other Ebola virus variants was lacking. In this study, A549 cells, a human cell line with a robust innate response, were infected with the Makona variant or with the Ecran variant originating from the 1976 outbreak in Central Africa. The abundance of viral and cellular mRNA transcripts was profiled using RNASeq and differential gene expression analysis performed. Differences in effects of each virus on the expression of interferon-stimulated genes were also investigated in A549 NPro cells where the type 1 interferon response had been attenuated. Cellular transcriptomic changes were compared with those induced by human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), a virus with a similar genome organisation and replication strategy to EBOV. Pathway and gene ontology analysis revealed differential expression of functionally important genes; including genes involved in the inflammatory response, cell proliferation, leukocyte extravasation and cholesterol biosynthesis. Whilst there was overlap with HRSV, there was unique commonality to the EBOV variants.
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25
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Fearns R, Plemper RK. Polymerases of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses. Virus Res 2017; 234:87-102. [PMID: 28104450 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The paramyxo- and pneumoviruses are members of the order Mononegavirales, a group of viruses with non-segmented, negative strand RNA genomes. The polymerases of these viruses are multi-functional complexes, capable of transcribing subgenomic capped and polyadenylated mRNAs and replicating the genome. Although there is no native structure available for any complete paramyxo- or pneumovirus polymerase, functional and structural studies of a fragment of a pneumovirus polymerase protein and mutation analyses and resistance profiling of small-molecule inhibitors have generated a wealth of mechanistic information. This review integrates these data with the structure of a related polymerase, identifying similarities, differences, gaps in knowledge, and avenues for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, United States.
| | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States
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26
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Dai D, Chen H, Tang J, Tang Y. Inhibition of mTOR/eIF4E by anti-viral drug ribavirin effectively enhances the effects of paclitaxel in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:1259-1264. [PMID: 27932243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of eIF4E is associated with poor clinical outcome in many human cancers and represents a potential therapeutic target. However, the function of eIF4E remains unknown in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). In this work, we show that ribavirin, an anti-viral drug, effectively augments sensitivity of OTSCC cells to paclitaxel via inhibiting mTOR/eIF4E signaling pathway. Ribavirin dose-dependently inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in SCC-9 and CAL27 cells. Combination of ribavirin and paclitaxel are more effective in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in OTSCC cells. Importantly, the in vivo efficacy of ribavirin and its synergism with paclitaxel is confirmed by two independent OTSCC xenograft mouse models. Mechanistically, ribavirin significantly decreases mTOR/eIF4E signaling pathway in OTSCC cells via suppressing phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, 4EBP1 and eIF4E. Overexpression of the phosphor-mimetic form of eIF4E (eIF4E S209D) but not the nonphosphorylatable form (eIF4E S209A) reverses the effects of ribavirin, confirming that eIF4E inhibition is the mechanism of action of ribavirin in OTSCC cells. In addition, eIF4E depletion significantly enhances the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of paclitaxel, demonstrating the critical role of eIF4E in OTSCC cell response to paclitaxel. Our work is the first to demonstrate the efficacy of ribavirin as a single agent and synergism as combination with paclitaxel in OTSCC in vitro and in vivo. Our findings also demonstrate the therapeutic value of inhibiting eIF4E in OTSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Dai
- Department of Stomatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hujie Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Stomatology, Jingzhou Central Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Fearns R, Deval J. New antiviral approaches for respiratory syncytial virus and other mononegaviruses: Inhibiting the RNA polymerase. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:63-76. [PMID: 27575793 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. No vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. RSV is a member of the non-segmented, negative-strand (NNS) group of RNA viruses and relies on its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to transcribe and replicate its genome. Because of its essential nature and unique properties, the RSV polymerase has proven to be a good target for antiviral drugs, with one compound, ALS-8176, having already achieved clinical proof-of-concept efficacy in a human challenge study. In this article, we first provide an overview of the role of the RSV polymerase in viral mRNA transcription and genome replication. We then review past and current approaches to inhibiting the RSV polymerase, including use of nucleoside analogs and non-nucleoside inhibitors. Finally, we consider polymerase inhibitors that hold promise for treating infections with other NNS RNA viruses, including measles and Ebola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Fearns
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jerome Deval
- Alios BioPharma, Inc., Part of the Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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