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Carter MH, Gribble J, Diller JR, Denison MR, Mirza SA, Chappell JD, Halasa NB, Ogden KM. Human Rotaviruses of Multiple Genotypes Acquire Conserved VP4 Mutations during Serial Passage. Viruses 2024; 16:978. [PMID: 38932271 PMCID: PMC11209247 DOI: 10.3390/v16060978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human rotaviruses exhibit limited tropism and replicate poorly in most cell lines. Attachment protein VP4 is a key rotavirus tropism determinant. Previous studies in which human rotaviruses were adapted to cultured cells identified mutations in VP4. However, most such studies were conducted using only a single human rotavirus genotype. In the current study, we serially passaged 50 human rotavirus clinical specimens representing five of the genotypes most frequently associated with severe human disease, each in triplicate, three to five times in primary monkey kidney cells then ten times in the MA104 monkey kidney cell line. From 13 of the 50 specimens, we obtained 25 rotavirus antigen-positive lineages representing all five genotypes, which tended to replicate more efficiently in MA104 cells at late versus early passage. We used Illumina next-generation sequencing and analysis to identify variants that arose during passage. In VP4, variants encoded 28 mutations that were conserved for all P[8] rotaviruses and 12 mutations that were conserved for all five genotypes. These findings suggest there may be a conserved mechanism of human rotavirus adaptation to MA104 cells. In the future, such a conserved adaptation mechanism could be exploited to study human rotavirus biology or efficiently manufacture vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian H. Carter
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jennifer Gribble
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julia R. Diller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Mark R. Denison
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sara A. Mirza
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James D. Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Natasha B. Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristen M. Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Arshad A, Sutcliffe A, Jain V, Alizai N, Rajwal S, Kelly DA, Dhawan A, Sharif K, Gardiner J, Davenport M, Baker A. Reduced Presentation of Biliary Atresia During the COVID-19 Lockdown: A Population Based Observational Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76:424-427. [PMID: 36656748 PMCID: PMC10012840 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether there has been a change in presentations of biliary atresia (BA) in England and Wales during the first and second coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdowns (January-June 2020 and 2021). DESIGN This population study assessed all confirmed cases of BA, from January 2020 to December 2021 across the 3 UK pediatric liver centers originating from England and Wales. Data was then compared to the incidence of confirmed BA cases from January to December 2017, 2018, and 2019. RESULTS During January-June 2020 and 2021, there were only 8 and 12 presenting cases of BA in England and Wales, compared to 16, 13, and 18 for the same time periods in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively. This difference was significant in a two-sided t test for 2020 ( P = 0.035) but not for 2021 ( P = 0.385). There was no difference in the mean days to Kasai procedure in January-June 2020 and 2021 compared to 2017-2019; however average time to Kasai after the lockdown periods was significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant reduction in the presenting cases of BA during the first COVID-19 lockdown, with an increased time for BA referrals after the pandemic lockdowns were lifted in England and Wales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Arshad
- From University College London and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Sutcliffe
- From University College London and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vandana Jain
- the Department of Paediatric Hepatology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naved Alizai
- the Children's Liver Unit, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Rajwal
- the Children's Liver Unit, Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Deidre A Kelly
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anil Dhawan
- the Department of Paediatric Hepatology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Khalid Sharif
- The Liver Unit, Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Gardiner
- From University College London and Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Davenport
- the Department of Paediatric Hepatology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Baker
- the Department of Paediatric Hepatology, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Mohanty SK, Donnelly B, Temple H, Mowery S, Poling H, Meller J, Malik A, McNeal M, Tiao G. Rhesus rotavirus receptor-binding site affects high mobility group box 1 release, altering the pathogenesis of experimental biliary atresia. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2702-2714. [PMID: 35866580 PMCID: PMC9512450 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal inflammatory cholangiopathy that requires surgical intervention by Kasai portoenterostomy to restore biliary drainage. Even with successful portoenterostomy, most patients diagnosed with BA progress to end-stage liver disease, necessitating a liver transplantation for survival. In the murine model of BA, rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infection of neonatal mice induces an inflammatory obstructive cholangiopathy that parallels human BA. The model is triggered by RRV viral protein (VP)4 binding to cholangiocyte cell-surface proteins. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a danger-associated molecular pattern that when released extracellularly moderates innate and adaptive immune response. In this study, we investigated how mutations in three RRV VP4-binding sites, RRVVP4-K187R (sialic acid-binding site), RRVVP4-D308A (integrin α2β1-binding site), and RRVVP4-R446G (heat shock cognate 70 [Hsc70]-binding site), affects infection, HMGB1 release, and the murine model of BA. Newborn pups injected with RRVVP4-K187R and RRVVP4-D308A developed an obstruction within the extrahepatic bile duct similar to wild-type RRV, while those infected with RRVVP4-R446G remained patent. Infection with RRVVP4-R446G induced a lower level of HMGB1 release from cholangiocytes and in the serum of infected pups. RRV infection of HeLa cells lacking Hsc70 resulted in no HMGB1 release, while transfection with wild-type Hsc70 into HeLa Hsc70-deficient cells reestablished HMGB1 release, indicating a mechanistic role for Hsc70 in its release. Conclusion: Binding to Hsc70 contributes to HMGB1 release; therefore, Hsc70 potentially serves as a therapeutic target for BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit K. Mohanty
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Haley Temple
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Sarah Mowery
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Holly M. Poling
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Jaroslaw Meller
- Department of Environmental and Public Health SciencesUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Division of Biomedical InformaticsCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Astha Malik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
- Division of Infectious DiseasesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Greg Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOhioUSA
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Lendahl U, Lui VCH, Chung PHY, Tam PKH. Biliary Atresia - emerging diagnostic and therapy opportunities. EBioMedicine 2021; 74:103689. [PMID: 34781099 PMCID: PMC8604670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary Atresia is a devastating pediatric cholangiopathy affecting the bile ducts of the liver. In this review, we describe recent progress in the understanding of liver development with a focus on cholangiocyte differentiation and how use of technical platforms, including rodent, zebrafish and organoid models, advances our understanding of Biliary Atresia. This is followed by a description of potential pathomechanisms, such as autoimmune responses, inflammation, disturbed apical-basal cell polarity, primary cilia dysfunction as well as beta-amyloid accumulation. Finally, we describe current and emerging diagnostic opportunities and recent translation breakthroughs for Biliary Atresia in the area of emerging therapy development, including immunomodulation and organoid-based systems for liver and bile duct repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Vincent C H Lui
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick H Y Chung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Paul K H Tam
- Dr. Li Dak-Sum Research Centre, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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Malik A, Thanekar U, Mourya R, Shivakumar P. Recent developments in etiology and disease modeling of biliary atresia: a narrative review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 3. [PMID: 33615212 PMCID: PMC7891552 DOI: 10.21037/dmr-20-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare but severe fibroinflammatory disease of the extrahepatic and the intrahepatic bile ducts. Without prompt interventions, BA has fatal outcomes and is the most common indicator for pediatric liver transplantation (LTx). While the mainstay of treatment involves surgically correcting the extrahepatic biliary obstruction via Kasai hepato-portoenterostomy (KHPE), activation of a multitude of biological pathways and yet-to-be-determined etiology in BA continue to foster liver inflammation, cirrhosis and need for LTx. However, important caveats still exist in our understandings of the biliary pathophysiology, the rapidity of liver fibrosis and progression to liver failure, largely due to limited knowledge of the triggers of biliary injury and the inability to accurately model human BA. Although inconclusive, a large body of existing literature points to a potential viral infection in the early peri- or postnatal period as triggers of epithelial injury that perpetuates the downstream biliary disease. Further confounding this issue, are the lack of in-vivo and in-vitro models to efficiently recapitulate the cardinal features of BA, primarily liver fibrosis. To overcome these barriers in BA research, new directions in recent years have enabled (I) identification of additional triggers of biliary injury linked mostly to environmental toxins, (II) development of models to investigate liver fibrogenesis, and (III) translational research using patient-derived organoids. Here, we discuss recent advances that undoubtedly will stimulate future efforts investigating these new and exciting avenues towards mechanistic and drug discovery efforts and disease-preventive measures. The implications of these emerging scientific investigations and disease modeling in severe fibrosing cholangiopathies like BA are enormous and contribute substantially in our understandings of this rare but deadly disease. These findings are also expected to facilitate expeditious identification of translationally targetable pathways and bring us one step closer in treating an infant with BA, a population highly vulnerable to life-long liver related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Malik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Unmesha Thanekar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Reena Mourya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Pranavkumar Shivakumar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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6
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Mohanty SK, Lobeck I, Donnelly B, Dupree P, Walther A, Mowery S, Coots A, Bondoc A, Sheridan RM, Poling HM, Temple H, McNeal M, Sestak K, Bansal R, Tiao G. Rotavirus Reassortant-Induced Murine Model of Liver Fibrosis Parallels Human Biliary Atresia. Hepatology 2020; 71:1316-1330. [PMID: 31442322 PMCID: PMC7384231 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating neonatal cholangiopathy that progresses to fibrosis and end-stage liver disease by 2 years of age. Portoenterostomy may reestablish biliary drainage, but, despite drainage, virtually all afflicted patients develop fibrosis and progress to end-stage liver disease requiring liver transplantation for survival. APPROACH AND RESULTS In the murine model of BA, rhesus rotavirus (RRV) infection of newborn pups results in a cholangiopathy paralleling human BA and has been used to study mechanistic aspects of the disease. Unfortunately, nearly all RRV-infected pups succumb by day of life 14. Thus, in this study we generated an RRV-TUCH rotavirus reassortant (designated as TR(VP2,VP4) ) that when injected into newborn mice causes an obstructive jaundice phenotype with lower mortality rates. Of the mice that survived, 63% developed Ishak stage 3-5 fibrosis with histopathological signs of inflammation/fibrosis and bile duct obstruction. CONCLUSIONS This model of rotavirus-induced neonatal fibrosis will provide an opportunity to study disease pathogenesis and has potential to be used in preclinical studies with an objective to identify therapeutic targets that may alter the course of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit K. Mohanty
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Inna Lobeck
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Phylicia Dupree
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Ashley Walther
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Sarah Mowery
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Abigail Coots
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Alexander Bondoc
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Rachel M. Sheridan
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Holly M. Poling
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Haley Temple
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Monica McNeal
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH,Division of Infectious DiseasesCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Karol Sestak
- Tulane National Primate Research CenterCovingtonLA
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Technical Medical CentreUniversity of TwenteEnschedethe Netherlands
| | - Greg Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
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7
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Ortiz-Perez A, Donnelly B, Temple H, Tiao G, Bansal R, Mohanty SK. Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis of Biliary Atresia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:329. [PMID: 32161597 PMCID: PMC7052372 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating fibro-inflammatory disease characterized by the obstruction of extrahepatic and intrahepatic bile ducts in infants that can have fatal consequences, when not treated in a timely manner. It is the most common indication of pediatric liver transplantation worldwide and the development of new therapies, to alleviate the need of surgical intervention, has been hindered due to its complexity and lack of understanding of the disease pathogenesis. For that reason, significant efforts have been made toward the development of experimental models and strategies to understand the etiology and disease mechanisms and to identify novel therapeutic targets. The only characterized model of BA, using a Rhesus Rotavirus Type A infection of newborn BALB/c mice, has enabled the identification of key cellular and molecular targets involved in epithelial injury and duct obstruction. However, the establishment of an unleashed chronic inflammation followed by a progressive pathological wound healing process remains poorly understood. Like T cells, macrophages can adopt different functional programs [pro-inflammatory (M1) and resolutive (M2) macrophages] and influence the surrounding cytokine environment and the cell response to injury. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunopathogenesis of BA, discuss the implication of innate immunity in the disease pathogenesis and highlight their suitability as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ortiz-Perez
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Haley Temple
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Greg Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Sujit Kumar Mohanty
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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8
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Kumar D, Singh A, Kumar P, Uversky VN, Rao CD, Giri R. Understanding the penetrance of intrinsic protein disorder in rotavirus proteome. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 144:892-908. [PMID: 31739058 PMCID: PMC7112477 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of severe acute gastroenteritis in the infants and young children. The past decade has evidenced the role of intrinsically disordered proteins/regions (IDPs)/(IDPRs) in viral and other diseases. In general, (IDPs)/(IDPRs) are considered as dynamic conformational ensembles that devoid of a specific 3D structure, being associated with various important biological phenomena. Viruses utilize IDPs/IDPRs to survive in harsh environments, to evade the host immune system, and to highjack and manipulate host cellular proteins. The role of IDPs/IDPRs in Rotavirus biology and pathogenicity are not assessed so far, therefore, we have designed this study to deeply look at the penetrance of intrinsic disorder in rotavirus proteome consisting 12 proteins encoded by 11 segments of viral genome. Also, for all human rotaviral proteins, we have deciphered molecular recognition features (MoRFs), which are disorder based binding sites in proteins. Our study shows the wide spread of intrinsic disorder in several rotavirus proteins, primarily the nonstructural proteins NSP3, NSP4, and NSP5 that are involved in viral replication, translation, viroplasm formation and/or maturation. This study may serve as a primer for understanding the role of IDPs/MoRFs in rotavirus biology, design of alternative therapeutic strategies, and development of disorder-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Ankur Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Prateek Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - C Durga Rao
- SRM University, AP - Amaravati, Neerukonda, Mangalagiri Mandal Guntur District, Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India.
| | - Rajanish Giri
- Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, VPO Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India; BioX Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Mohanty SK, Donnelly B, Temple H, Tiao GM. A Rotavirus-Induced Mouse Model to Study Biliary Atresia and Neonatal Cholestasis. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1981:259-271. [PMID: 31016660 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9420-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia is a devastating neonatal cholangiopathy that affects both extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts progressing to fibrosis and end-stage liver disease by 2 years of age. Despite re-establishment of biliary drainage following a Kasai portoenterostomy (surgical procedure), many infants develop fibrosis requiring liver transplant. In the murine model of biliary atresia, rhesus rotavirus infection of newborn pups results in a cholangiopathy paralleling human biliary atresia and is used to study mechanistic aspects of the disease. The infected mice displayed histopathological signs similar to human biliary atresia, with bile duct obstruction, bile duct proliferation, and liver inflammation with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit K Mohanty
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Haley Temple
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Gregory M Tiao
- Division of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Centre, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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10
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Averbukh LD, Wu GY. Evidence for Viral Induction of Biliary Atresia: A Review. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2018; 6:410-419. [PMID: 30637219 PMCID: PMC6328731 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2018.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a childhood disease which manifests with abnormal narrowing, blockage or complete absence of bile ducts within the liver. Many possible etiologies have been reported for the development of BA, including congenital, perinatal and acquired conditions. Since the 1970's, there has been increasing evidence linking BA development to viral perinatal infections. The viral vectors most commonly implicated include members of the herpesviridae family (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) as well as those of the reoviridae family (reovirus and rotavirus). While extensive work has been done on a murine model of disease, the current review focuses primarily on evidence from human studies of viral vectors in children afflicted with BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon D. Averbukh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
- *Correspondence to: Leon D. Averbukh, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 236 Farmington Ave., Farmington, CT 06030, USA. Tel: +1-347-306-4752, E-mail:
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An infant with acute gastroenteritis caused by a secondary infection with a Rotarix-derived strain. Eur J Pediatr 2017; 176:1275-1278. [PMID: 28733861 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-017-2963-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rotavirus vaccines have been successful in controlling severe diarrhea and have decreased deaths of young children globally. Rotarix and RotaTeq are the two currently available live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines. The vaccine virus can grow in a recipient's gut and spread from the vaccinee to naïve individuals. The potential for the emergence of revertant viruses is a concern with live-attenuated vaccines. We identified a previously healthy infant with severe acute gastroenteritis that was positive for rotavirus in a non-endemic season. A whole genome sequencing revealed that all of the viral genome segments were highly similar to those of the Rotarix virus, with the exception of five amino acid mutations in viral genes that could be associated with virulence. The younger sibling of this patient was administered Rotarix before the onset of disease in this patient, although no gastrointestinal symptoms were reported. Epidemiological data, circumstantial evidence, and the genome analysis suggest that the vaccine virus was transmitted from the vaccinee to the patient. CONCLUSION This is a severe acute gastroenteritis case most probably attributed to the secondary infection of Rotarix-related virus without underlying diseases. The importance of molecular surveillance of rotavirus infections is discussed. What is Known: • The live-attenuated rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix and RotaTeq, have been successful in controlling severe diarrhea and have decreased deaths of young children globally. • Attenuated vaccine virus can grow in a recipient's gut and spread to naïve individuals and may revert to cause secondary symptomatic infections. What is New: • This is the first report describing a Rotarix-associated secondary infection resulting in severe acute gastroenteritis in an infant without underlying diseases. • Amino acid mutations that might contribute to viral pathogenesis were identified by whole genome sequencing.
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12
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A Point Mutation in the Rhesus Rotavirus VP4 Protein Generated through a Rotavirus Reverse Genetics System Attenuates Biliary Atresia in the Murine Model. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00510-17. [PMID: 28515290 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00510-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infection is one of the most common causes of diarrheal illness in humans. In neonatal mice, rhesus rotavirus (RRV) can induce biliary atresia (BA), a disease resulting in inflammatory obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary tract and intrahepatic bile ducts. We previously showed that the amino acid arginine (R) within the sequence SRL (amino acids 445 to 447) in the RRV VP4 protein is required for viral binding and entry into biliary epithelial cells. To determine if this single amino acid (R) influences the pathogenicity of the virus, we generated a recombinant virus with a single amino acid mutation at this site through a reverse genetics system. We demonstrated that the RRV mutant (RRVVP4-R446G) produced less symptomatology and replicated to lower titers both in vivo and in vitro than those seen with wild-type RRV, with reduced binding in cholangiocytes. Our results demonstrate that a single amino acid change in the RRV VP4 gene influences cholangiocyte tropism and reduces pathogenicity in mice.IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhea in humans. Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) can also lead to biliary atresia (a neonatal human disease) in mice. We developed a reverse genetics system to create a mutant of RRV (RRVVP4-R446G) with a single amino acid change in the VP4 protein compared to that of wild-type RRV. In vitro, the mutant virus had reduced binding and infectivity in cholangiocytes. In vivo, it produced fewer symptoms and lower mortality in neonatal mice, resulting in an attenuated form of biliary atresia.
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Mohanty SK, Donnelly B, Lobeck I, Walther A, Dupree P, Coots A, Meller J, McNeal M, Sestak K, Tiao G. The SRL peptide of rhesus rotavirus VP4 protein governs cholangiocyte infection and the murine model of biliary atresia. Hepatology 2017; 65:1278-1292. [PMID: 27859498 PMCID: PMC5360466 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal obstructive cholangiopathy that progresses to end-stage liver disease, often requiring transplantation. The murine model of BA, employing rhesus rotavirus (RRV), parallels human disease and has been used to elucidate mechanistic aspects of a virus induced biliary cholangiopathy. We previously reported that the RRV VP4 gene plays an integral role in activating the immune system and induction of BA. Using rotavirus binding and blocking assays, this study elucidated how RRV VP4 protein governs cholangiocyte susceptibility to infection both in vitro and in vivo in the murine model of BA. We identified the amino acid sequence on VP4 and its cholangiocyte binding protein, finding that the sequence is specific to those rotavirus strains that cause obstructive cholangiopathy. Pretreatment of murine and human cholangiocytes with this VP4-derived peptide (TRTRVSRLY) significantly reduced the ability of RRV to bind and infect cells. However, the peptide did not block cholangiocyte binding of TUCH and Ro1845, strains that do not induce murine BA. The SRL sequence within TRTRVSRLY is required for cholangiocyte binding and viral replication. The cholangiocyte membrane protein bound by SRL was found to be Hsc70. Inhibition of Hsc70 by small interfering RNAs reduced RRV's ability to infect cholangiocytes. This virus-cholangiocyte interaction is also seen in vivo in the murine model of BA, where inoculation of mice with TRTRVSRLY peptide significantly reduced symptoms and mortality in RRV-injected mice. CONCLUSION The tripeptide SRL on RRV VP4 binds to the cholangiocyte membrane protein Hsc70, defining a novel binding site governing VP4 attachment. Investigations are underway to determine the cellular response to this interaction to understand how it contributes to the pathogenesis of BA. (Hepatology 2017;65:1278-1292).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit K. Mohanty
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Inna Lobeck
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Ashley Walther
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Phylicia Dupree
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Abigail Coots
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Jaroslaw Meller
- Department of Environmental HealthUniversity of Cincinnati & Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Monica McNeal
- Division of Infectious DiseasesCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
| | - Karol Sestak
- Tulane National Primate Research CenterCovingtonLA
| | - Greg Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic SurgeryCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH
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Abstract
"Rotaviruses represent the most important etiological agents of acute, severe gastroenteritis in the young of many animal species, including humans." This statement, variations of which are a common beginning in articles about rotaviruses, reflects the fact that these viruses have evolved efficient strategies for evading the innate immune response of the host and for successfully replicating in the population. In this review, we summarize what is known about the defense mechanisms that host cells employ to prevent rotavirus invasion and the countermeasures that these viruses have successfully developed to surpass cellular defenses. Rotaviruses use at least two viral multifunctional proteins to directly interact with, and prevent the activation of, the interferon system, and they use at least one other protein to halt the protein synthesis machinery and prevent the expression of most of the transcriptional antiviral program of the cell. Characterization of the confrontation between rotaviruses and their host cells has allowed us to learn about the virus-host coevolution that prevents the damaging effects of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana López
- Departamento de Génetica del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México;
| | - Liliana Sánchez-Tacuba
- Departamento de Génetica del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México;
| | - Joaquin Moreno
- Departamento de Génetica del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México;
| | - Carlos F Arias
- Departamento de Génetica del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, México;
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Walther A, Mohanty SK, Donnelly B, Coots A, Lages CS, Lobeck I, Dupree P, Meller J, McNeal M, Sestak K, Tiao G. Rhesus rotavirus VP4 sequence-specific activation of mononuclear cells is associated with cholangiopathy in murine biliary atresia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26206856 PMCID: PMC4572408 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00079.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA), a neonatal obstructive cholangiopathy, remains the most common indication for pediatric liver transplantation in the United States. In the murine model of BA, Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) VP4 surface protein determines biliary duct tropism. In this study, we investigated how VP4 governs induction of murine BA. Newborn mice were injected with 16 strains of rotavirus and observed for clinical symptoms of BA and mortality. Cholangiograms were performed to confirm bile duct obstruction. Livers and bile ducts were harvested 7 days postinfection for virus titers and histology. Flow cytometry assessed mononuclear cell activation in harvested cell populations from the liver. Cytotoxic NK cell activity was determined by the ability of NK cells to kill noninfected cholangiocytes. Of the 16 strains investigated, the 6 with the highest homology to the RRV VP4 (>87%) were capable of infecting bile ducts in vivo. Although the strain Ro1845 replicated to a titer similar to RRV in vivo, it caused no symptoms or mortality. A Ro1845 reassortant containing the RRV VP4 induced all BA symptoms, with a mortality rate of 89%. Flow cytometry revealed that NK cell activation was significantly increased in the disease-inducing strains and these NK cells demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of cytotoxicity against noninfected cholangiocytes. Rotavirus strains with >87% homology to RRV's VP4 were capable of infecting murine bile ducts in vivo. Development of murine BA was mediated by RRV VP4-specific activation of mononuclear cells, independent of viral titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Walther
- 1Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Sujit K. Mohanty
- 1Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- 1Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Abigail Coots
- 1Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Celine S. Lages
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Inna Lobeck
- 1Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Phylicia Dupree
- 1Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Jaroslaw Meller
- 3Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Monica McNeal
- 4Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Karol Sestak
- 5Tulane National Primate Research Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Greg Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;
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Structural basis for 2'-5'-oligoadenylate binding and enzyme activity of a viral RNase L antagonist. J Virol 2015; 89:6633-45. [PMID: 25878106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00701-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Synthesis of 2'-5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A) by oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) is an important innate cellular response that limits viral replication by activating the latent cellular RNase, RNase L, to degrade single-stranded RNA. Some rotaviruses and coronaviruses antagonize the OAS/RNase L pathway through the activity of an encoded 2H phosphoesterase domain that cleaves 2-5A. These viral 2H phosphoesterases are phylogenetically related to the cellular A kinase anchoring protein 7 (AKAP7) and share a core structure and an active site that contains two well-defined HΦ(S/T)Φ (where Φ is a hydrophobic residue) motifs, but their mechanism of substrate binding is unknown. Here, we report the structures of a viral 2H phosphoesterase, the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the group A rotavirus (RVA) VP3 protein, both alone and in complex with 2-5A. The domain forms a compact fold, with a concave β-sheet that contains the catalytic cleft, but it lacks two α-helical regions and two β-strands observed in AKAP7 and other 2H phosphoesterases. The cocrystal structure shows significant conformational changes in the R loop upon ligand binding. Bioinformatics and biochemical analyses reveal that conserved residues and residues required for catalytic activity and substrate binding comprise the catalytic motifs and a region on one side of the binding cleft. We demonstrate that the VP3 CTD of group B rotavirus, but not that of group G, cleaves 2-5A. These findings suggest that the VP3 CTD is a streamlined version of a 2H phosphoesterase with a ligand-binding mechanism that is shared among 2H phosphodiesterases that cleave 2-5A. IMPORTANCE The C-terminal domain (CTD) of rotavirus VP3 is a 2H phosphoesterase that cleaves 2'-5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A), potent activators of an important innate cellular antiviral pathway. 2H phosphoesterase superfamily proteins contain two conserved catalytic motifs and a proposed core structure. Here, we present structures of a viral 2H phosphoesterase, the rotavirus VP3 CTD, alone and in complex with its substrate, 2-5A. The domain lacks two α-helical regions and β-strands present in other 2H phosphoesterases. A loop of the protein undergoes significant structural changes upon substrate binding. Together with our bioinformatics and biochemical findings, the crystal structures suggest that the RVA VP3 CTD domain is a streamlined version of a cellular enzyme that shares a ligand-binding mechanism with other 2H phosphodiesterases that cleave 2-5A but differs from those of 2H phosphodiesterases that cleave other substrates. These findings may aid in the future design of antivirals targeting viral phosphodiesterases with cleavage specificity for 2-5A.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhao
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Dai Long
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Silverman RH, Weiss SR. Viral phosphodiesterases that antagonize double-stranded RNA signaling to RNase L by degrading 2-5A. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:455-63. [PMID: 24905202 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The host interferon (IFN) antiviral response involves a myriad of diverse biochemical pathways that disrupt virus replication cycles at many different levels. As a result, viruses have acquired and evolved genes that antagonize the host antiviral proteins. IFNs inhibit viral infections in part through the 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase (OAS)/RNase L pathway. OAS proteins are pathogen recognition receptors that exist at different basal levels in different cell types and that are IFN inducible. Upon activation by the pathogen-associated molecular pattern viral double-stranded RNA, certain OAS proteins synthesize 2-5A from ATP. 2-5A binds to the antiviral enzyme RNase L causing its dimerization and activation. Recently, disparate RNA viruses, group 2a betacoronaviruses, and group A rotaviruses, have been shown to produce proteins with 2',5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities that eliminate 2-5A thereby evading the antiviral activity of the OAS/RNase L pathway. These viral proteins are members of the eukaryotic-viral LigT-like group of 2H phosphoesterases, so named for the presence of 2 conserved catalytic histidine residues. Here, we will review the biochemistry, biology, and implications of viral and cellular 2',5'-PDEs that degrade 2-5A. In addition, we discuss alternative viral and cellular strategies for limiting the activity of OAS/RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Silverman
- 1 Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute , Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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19
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Morelli M, Ogden KM, Patton JT. Silencing the alarms: Innate immune antagonism by rotavirus NSP1 and VP3. Virology 2015; 479-480:75-84. [PMID: 25724417 PMCID: PMC4940189 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune response involves a broad array of pathogen sensors that stimulate the production of interferons (IFNs) to induce an antiviral state. Rotavirus, a significant cause of childhood gastroenteritis and a member of the Reoviridae family of segmented, double-stranded RNA viruses, encodes at least two direct antagonists of host innate immunity: NSP1 and VP3. NSP1, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, mediates the degradation of cellular factors involved in both IFN induction and downstream signaling. VP3, the viral capping enzyme, utilizes a 2H-phosphodiesterase domain to prevent activation of the cellular oligoadenylate synthase (OAS)/RNase L pathway. Computational, molecular, and biochemical studies have provided key insights into the structural and mechanistic basis of innate immune antagonism by NSP1 and VP3 of group A rotaviruses (RVA). Future studies with non-RVA isolates will be essential to understand how other rotavirus species evade host innate immune responses. Rotavirus NSP1 and VP3 directly antagonize host innate immune pathways. NSP1, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, mediates turnover of multiple immune factors. VP3, the viral capping enzyme, has phosphodiesterase activity to block OAS/RNase L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Morelli
- Rotavirus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen M Ogden
- Rotavirus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John T Patton
- Rotavirus Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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VP7 of Rhesus monkey rotavirus RRV contributes to diabetes acceleration in association with an elevated anti-rotavirus antibody response. Virology 2014; 468-470:504-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Predicted structure and domain organization of rotavirus capping enzyme and innate immune antagonist VP3. J Virol 2014; 88:9072-85. [PMID: 24899176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00923-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rotaviruses and orbiviruses are nonturreted Reoviridae members. The rotavirus VP3 protein is a multifunctional capping enzyme and antagonist of the interferon-induced cellular oligoadenylate synthetase-RNase L pathway. Despite mediating important processes, VP3 is the sole protein component of the rotavirus virion whose structure remains unknown. In the current study, we used sequence alignment and homology modeling to identify features common to nonturreted Reoviridae capping enzymes and to predict the domain organization, structure, and active sites of rotavirus VP3. Our results suggest that orbivirus and rotavirus capping enzymes share a domain arrangement similar to that of the bluetongue virus capping enzyme. Sequence alignments revealed conserved motifs and suggested that rotavirus and orbivirus capping enzymes contain a variable N-terminal domain, a central guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain that contains an additional inserted domain, and a C-terminal guanylyltransferase and RNA 5'-triphosphatase domain. Sequence conservation and homology modeling suggested that the insertion in the guanine-N7-methyltransferase domain is a ribose-2'-O-methyltransferase domain for most rotavirus species. Our analyses permitted putative identification of rotavirus VP3 active-site residues, including those that form the ribose-2'-O-methyltransferase catalytic tetrad, interact with S-adenosyl-l-methionine, and contribute to autoguanylation. Previous reports have indicated that group A rotavirus VP3 contains a C-terminal 2H-phosphodiesterase domain that can cleave 2'-5' oligoadenylates, thereby preventing RNase L activation. Our results suggest that a C-terminal phosphodiesterase domain is present in the capping enzymes from two additional rotavirus species. Together, these findings provide insight into a poorly understood area of rotavirus biology and are a springboard for future biochemical and structural studies of VP3. IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses are an important cause of severe diarrheal disease. The rotavirus VP3 protein caps viral mRNAs and helps combat cellular innate antiviral defenses, but little is known about its structure or enzymatic mechanisms. In this study, we used sequence- and structure-based alignments with related proteins to predict the structure of VP3 and identify enzymatic domains and active sites therein. This work provides insight into the mechanisms of rotavirus transcription and evasion of host innate immune defenses. An improved understanding of these processes may aid our ability to develop rotavirus vaccines and therapeutics.
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, CHU Sainte-Justine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Montreal, Canada.
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23
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Homologous 2',5'-phosphodiesterases from disparate RNA viruses antagonize antiviral innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:13114-9. [PMID: 23878220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1306917110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and productive virus infection often requires viral countermeasures that block innate immunity. The IFN-inducible 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetases (OASs) and ribonuclease (RNase) L are components of a potent host antiviral pathway. We previously showed that murine coronavirus (MHV) accessory protein ns2, a 2H phosphoesterase superfamily member, is a phosphodiesterase (PDE) that cleaves 2-5A, thereby preventing activation of RNase L. The PDE activity of ns2 is required for MHV replication in macrophages and for hepatitis. Here, we show that group A rotavirus (RVA), an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide, encodes a similar PDE. The RVA PDE forms the carboxy-terminal domain of the minor core protein VP3 (VP3-CTD) and shares sequence and predicted structural homology with ns2, including two catalytic HxT/S motifs. Bacterially expressed VP3-CTD exhibited 2',5'-PDE activity, which cleaved 2-5A in vitro. In addition, VP3-CTD expressed transiently in mammalian cells depleted 2-5A levels induced by OAS activation with poly(rI):poly(rC), preventing RNase L activation. In the context of recombinant chimeric MHV expressing inactive ns2, VP3-CTD restored the ability of the virus to replicate efficiently in macrophages or in the livers of infected mice, whereas mutant viruses expressing inactive VP3-CTD (H718A or H798R) were attenuated. In addition, chimeric viruses expressing either active ns2 or VP3-CTD, but not nonfunctional equivalents, were able to protect ribosomal RNA from RNase L-mediated degradation. Thus, VP3-CTD is a 2',5'-PDE able to functionally substitute for ns2 in MHV infection. Remarkably, therefore, two disparate RNA viruses encode proteins with homologous 2',5'-PDEs that antagonize activation of innate immunity.
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Hertel PM, Crawford SE, Bessard BC, Estes MK. Prevention of cholestasis in the murine rotavirus-induced biliary atresia model using passive immunization and nonreplicating virus-like particles. Vaccine 2013; 31:5778-84. [PMID: 23887039 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal cholangiopathy of unknown etiology that results in obliteration of bile ducts and is the primary indication for liver transplant in children. A murine model of BA, which involves infecting newborn mice with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) and leads to development of an obstructive cholangiopathy, has provided a model to assess measures to prevent and treat BA. We used this mouse model of RRV-induced BA to determine if passive immunization of pups using maternal immunization [injection of dams with non-replicating rotavirus (RV) virus-like particles (VLPs) or live RRV] or injection of pups with RV immune serum would protect these RRV-infected neonates from developing BA (measured using cholestasis). Parenteral immunization of mouse dams with two formulations of VLPs (containing viral proteins 2/6 or 2/6/7) resulted in a significant increase in serum RV antibody, and pups born to these immunized dams were protected from developing cholestasis following neonatal infection with RRV. Serum RV-specific antibody with titers of ≥400-800 in dams significantly protected pups from developing cholestasis, and a significant trend of increasing protection with high titers was observed (p<0.0001). Cholestatic pups had lower levels of RV serum antibody and higher serum (p<0.01) and liver (p<0.05) RV antigen compared to healthy pups. Passive transfer of low-titer (1600; p<0.05) or high-titer (25,600; p<0.01) RV immune serum to neonatal pups prior to RRV infection also protected them from developing cholestasis. Together, these findings indicate that passively acquired, neutralizing or non-neutralizing RV serum antibody attenuates viral replication and protects pups against disease in the RRV BA model. Early reduction of viral load by clearance with RV-specific antibody is likely a critical determinant of disease in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Hertel
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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25
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Permissive replication of homologous murine rotavirus in the mouse intestine is primarily regulated by VP4 and NSP1. J Virol 2013; 87:8307-16. [PMID: 23698306 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00619-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous rotaviruses (RV) are, in general, more virulent and replicate more efficiently than heterologous RV in the intestine of the homologous host. The genetic basis for RV host range restriction is not fully understood and is likely to be multigenic. In previous studies, RV genes encoding VP3, VP4, VP7, nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1), and NSP4 have all been implicated in strain- and host species-specific infection. These studies used different RV strains, variable measurements of host range, and different animal hosts, and no clear consensus on the host range restriction determinants emerged. We used a murine model to demonstrate that enteric replication of murine RV EW is 1,000- to 10,000-fold greater than that of a simian rotavirus (RRV) in suckling mice. Intestinal replication of a series of EW × RRV reassortants was used to identify several RV genes that influenced RV replication in the intestine. The role of VP4 (encoded by gene 4) in enteric infection was strain specific. RRV VP4 reduced murine RV infectivity only slightly; however, a reassortant expressing VP4 from a bovine RV strain (UK) severely restricted intestinal replication in the suckling mice. The homologous murine EW NSP1 (encoded by gene 5) was necessary but not sufficient for promoting efficient enteric growth. Efficient enteric replication required a constellation of murine genes encoding VP3, NSP2, and NSP3 along with NSP1.
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Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is an infantile obstructive cholangiopathy of unknown etiology with suboptimal therapy, which is responsible for 40 to 50% of all pediatric liver transplants. Although the etiology of bile duct injury in BA in unknown, it is postulated that a pre- or perinatal viral infection initiates cholangiocyte apoptosis and release of antigens that trigger a Th1 immune response that leads to further bile duct injury, inflammation, and obstructive fibrosis. Humoral immunity and activation of the innate immune system may also play key roles in this process. Moreover, recent investigations from the murine BA model and human data suggest that regulatory T cells and genetic susceptibility factors may orchestrate autoimmune mechanisms. What controls the coordination of these events, why the disease only occurs in the first few months of life, and why a minority of infants with perinatal viral infections develop BA are remaining questions to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L. Mack
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Amy G. Feldman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ronald J. Sokol
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Moreira RK, Cabral R, Cowles RA, Lobritto SJ. Biliary atresia: a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 136:746-60. [PMID: 22742548 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0623-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Biliary atresia is an inflammatory cholangiopathy of infancy that results in progressive fibrosis and obliteration of bile ducts and represents the main indication for liver transplant in young children. In spite of extensive investigation, its etiology has remained poorly understood. Timely surgical intervention (Kasai procedure) may result in significant benefit to these patients and represents the final goal of an accurate diagnostic evaluation. OBJECTIVE To present an overview of biliary atresia, including clinical and surgical approaches to this disease, with emphasis on the histopathologic evaluation. DATA SOURCES Review of relevant literature indexed in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine). CONCLUSION A well-coordinated multidisciplinary approach is required in the assessment of suspected cases of biliary atresia. Pathologic examination of biopsy specimens is an integral part of the diagnostic algorithm and, therefore, plays a pivotal role in the diagnostic evaluation of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Klein Moreira
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Genetics and reverse genetics of rotavirus. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:399-407. [PMID: 22749758 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is a member of the family Reoviridae, which have genomes consisting of 10-12 double-stranded RNA segments. The functions of proteins encoded by each segment of the rotavirus genome have been studied extensively by several methods including reassortants, temperature-sensitive mutants, isolates with rearranged RNA segments, RNAi analysis, and other procedures. However, as found for most RNA viruses, the technique of reverse genetics is required for precise genotype/phenotype correlation, for the analysis of the role of specific mutation in replication process and pathogenesis, and for the development of vectors and vaccines. In 2006, we presented the first description of a reverse genetics system for rotavirus, although a helper virus and a selection system are required. Since then, two other approaches have been reported for rotavirus reverse genetics, both requiring the presence of a helper virus. A tractable, helper virus-free reverse genetics system for rotavirus has not been developed so far, in contrast to the recent developments of plasmid only-based reverse genetics systems for other members of the Reoviridae.
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Coots A, Donnelly B, Mohanty SK, McNeal M, Sestak K, Tiao G. Rotavirus infection of human cholangiocytes parallels the murine model of biliary atresia. J Surg Res 2012; 177:275-81. [PMID: 22785360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biliary atresia (BA) is the leading indication for liver transplantation in the pediatric population. The murine model of BA supports a viral etiology, because infection of neonatal mice with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) results in biliary obstruction. Viral infection targets the biliary epithelium and development of the model is viral strain dependent. No study has yet determined whether human cholangiocytes are also susceptible to rotaviral infection. We established an in vitro human model using an immortalized human cholangiocyte cell line and primary human cholangiocytes obtained from explanted livers to determine human cholangiocyte susceptibility to rotavirus infection. METHODS Replication and binding assays were performed on immortalized mouse (mCL) and human (H69) cells using six different strains of rotavirus. Primary human cholangiocytes were isolated from cadaveric livers, characterized in culture, and infected with RRV, which causes BA in mice, and another simian strain, TUCH, which does not cause BA in mice. RESULTS Immortalized mouse and human cholangiocytes demonstrated similar patterns of infectivity and binding with different strains of rotavirus. Both cell lines produced a significantly higher viral yield with RRV infection than with the other strains tested. In primary human cholangiocytes, which maintained their epithelial characteristics, as demonstrated by cytokeratin staining, RRV replicated to a yield 1000-fold higher than TUCH. CONCLUSIONS Both immortalized and primary human cholangiocytes are susceptible to RRV infection in a fashion similar to murine cholangiocytes. These novel findings suggest rotavirus infection could have a potential role in the pathogenesis of human BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Coots
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Angel J, Franco MA, Greenberg HB. Rotavirus immune responses and correlates of protection. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:419-25. [PMID: 22677178 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selected topics in the field of rotavirus immunity are reviewed focusing on recent developments that may improve efficacy and safety of current and future vaccines. Rotaviruses (RVs) have developed multiple mechanisms to evade interferon (IFN)-mediated innate immunity. Compared to more developed regions of the world, protection induced by natural infection and vaccination is reduced in developing countries where, among other factors, high viral challenge loads are common and where infants are infected at an early age. Studies in developing countries indicate that rotavirus-specific serum IgA levels are not an optimal correlate of protection following vaccination, and better correlates need to be identified. Protection against rotavirus following vaccination is substantially heterotypic; nonetheless, a role for homotypic immunity in selection of circulating postvaccination strains needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juana Angel
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW New knowledge on rotavirus infection in children and well established mouse models has renewed interest in whether rotavirus could cause biliary atresia, an idiopathic, obliterative infantile disease of bile ducts that is the primary indication for liver transplant in children. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in the rotavirus mouse model of biliary atresia indicate that infection of biliary epithelium is an inaugural event leading to biliary inflammation and obstruction, which is preceded by systemic spread of rotavirus, which also occurs during human rotavirus enteric infections. Viral factors, including rotavirus gene 4, are important for biliary infection and biliary atresia in mice. Specific host factors related to inflammatory processes (natural killer and T cells, interferon) are also critical, and a paucity of regulatory T cells in neonates may play a key role in pathogenesis in experimental biliary atresia. Rotavirus vaccination has substantially decreased rotavirus diarrheal disease worldwide and might enable demonstration of a cause-effect relationship between rotavirus infection and biliary atresia in humans. SUMMARY Rotavirus can be detected in the serum of mice and children and causes biliary atresia in neonatal mice. Approaches to re-examine whether rotavirus causes biliary atresia in children are discussed based on concepts from the mouse model of biliary atresia and rotavirus vaccination programs.
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