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Wu X, Goebbels M, Debski-Antoniak O, Marougka K, Chao L, Smits T, Wennekes T, Kuppeveld FJMV, Vries ED, de Haan CAM. Unraveling dynamics of paramyxovirus-receptor interactions using nanoparticles displaying hemagglutinin-neuraminidase. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012371. [PMID: 39052678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Sialoglycan-binding enveloped viruses often possess receptor-destroying activity to avoid being immobilized by non-functional decoy receptors. Sialic acid (Sia)-binding paramyxoviruses contain a hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein that possesses both Sia-binding and -cleavage activities. The multivalent, dynamic receptor interactions of paramyxovirus particles provide virion motility and are a key determinant of host tropism. However, such multivalent interactions have not been exhaustively analyzed, because such studies are complicated by the low affinity of the individual interactions and the requirement of high titer virus stocks. Moreover, the dynamics of multivalent particle-receptor interactions are difficult to predict from Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. Therefore, we here developed Ni-NTA nanoparticles that multivalently display recombinant soluble HN tetramers via their His tags (HN-NPs). Applying this HN-NP platform to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), we investigated using biolayer interferometry (BLI) the role of important HN residues in receptor-interactions and analyzed long-range effects between the catalytic site and the second Sia binding site (2SBS). The HN-NP system was also applicable to other paramyxoviruses. Comparative analysis of HN-NPs revealed and confirmed differences in dynamic receptor-interactions between type 1 human and murine parainfluenza viruses as well as of lab-adapted and clinical isolates of human parainfluenza virus type 3, which are likely to contribute to differences in tropism of these viruses. We propose this novel platform to be applicable to elucidate the dynamics of multivalent-receptor interactions important for host tropism and pathogenesis, particularly for difficult to grow sialoglycan-binding (paramyxo)viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesheng Wu
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maite Goebbels
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Oliver Debski-Antoniak
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Katherine Marougka
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lemeng Chao
- Department Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tony Smits
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Department Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Section Virology, Division Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Mollel JT, Said JS, Masalu RJ, Hannoun C, Mbunde MVN, Nondo RSO, Bergström T, Trybala E. Anti-respiratory syncytial virus and anti-herpes simplex virus activity of six Tanzanian medicinal plants with extended studies of Erythrina abyssinica stem bark. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115204. [PMID: 35304278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Except for few highly pathogenic viruses, no antiviral drug has been approved for treatment of viral infections in humans. Plant extracts, selected based on their ethno-medical use, represent an important source of compounds for the development of novel candidate antiviral drugs. This especially concerns plants with ethnomedical records on their use in treatment of viral infections. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify and document medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners (THPs) for treatment of respiratory infections and muco-cutaneous lesions in order to study their antiviral activity including identification of active components and elucidation of mode of antiviral activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ethno-medical survey was performed in the Kagera region of Tanzania. The THPs were asked for plants used for treatment of signs and symptoms of respiratory infections and watery muco-cutaneous blisters in oral and genital regions. The plants identified were successively extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water, and the extracts assayed for anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), anti-herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), and anti-human parainfluenza virus 2 (HPIV-2) activity in cultured cells. Antiviral components were separated by ethanol precipitation and CL-6B chromatography, and the mode of antiviral activity elucidated by the time-of-addition assay and selection for the virus variants resistant to antiviral plant extract. RESULTS THPs identified fifteen plants used for treatment of respiratory infections and muco-cutaneous blisters. The water extract, but not n-hexane or ethyl acetate extracts, of six of these plants including Erythrina abyssinica stem bark, inhibited infectivity of two glycosaminoglycan-binding viruses i.e., RSV and HSV-2 but not the sialic acid binding HPIV-2. An activity-guided separation revealed that antiviral component(s) of water extract of E. abyssinica could be precipitated with ethanol. This sample potently and selectively inhibited RSV and HSV-2 infectivity in cultured cells with IC50 values of 2.1 μg/ml (selectivity index >476) and 0.14 μg/ml (selectivity index >7143) respectively. The sample exhibited inhibitory effect on the virus attachment to and entry into the cells by directly targeting the viral particles. Indeed, 10 consecutive virus passages in HEp-2 cells in the presence of this extract selected for a resistant RSV variant lacking the attachment, viral membrane-associated, G protein due to a stop codon at amino acid residue 33 (Leu33stop). Fractionation of the E. abyssinica extract on a CL-6B column revealed that anti-RSV and HSV-2 activity correlated with carbohydrate content. The most pronounced antiviral activity was associated with a carbohydrate containing ingredient of molecular mass of <5 kDa, which may polymerize to antiviral composites of up to 410 kDa. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, the water extract of six medicinal plants showed anti-RSV and anti-HSV-2 activities. Extended studies of the stem bark of E. abyssinica identified antiviral components that potently and selectively inhibited infectivity of free RSV and HSV-2 particles, a feature of importance in topical treatment of these infections. This observation confirms ethno-medical information concerning the use of E. abyssinica extract for treatment of respiratory infections and herpetic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson T Mollel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Joanna S Said
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Rose J Masalu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Dar es Salaam, P. O. Box 35179, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Charles Hannoun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Mourice V N Mbunde
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Ramadhani S O Nondo
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Edward Trybala
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Section for Clinical Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10 B, SE-413 46, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Roles of conserved residues in the receptor binding sites of human parainfluenza virus type 3 HN protein. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105053. [PMID: 34147587 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (hPIV-3) entry and intrahost spread through membrane fusion are initiated by two envelope glycoproteins, hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) protein. Binding of HN protein to the cellular receptor via its receptor-binding sites triggers conformational changes in the F protein leading to virus-cell fusion. However, little is known about the roles of individual amino acids that comprise the receptor-binding sites in the fusion process. Here, residues R192, D216, E409, R424, R502, Y530 and E549 located within the receptor-binding site Ⅰ, and residues N551 and H552 at the putative site Ⅱ were replaced by alanine with site-directed mutagenesis. All mutants except N551A displayed statistically lower hemadsorption activities ranging from 16.4% to 80.2% of the wild-type (wt) level. With standardization of the number of bound erythrocytes, similarly, other than N551A, all mutants showed reduced fusogenic activity at three successive stages: lipid mixing (hemifusion), content mixing (full fusion) and syncytium development. Kinetic measurements of the hemifusion process showed that the initial hemifusion extent for R192A, D216A, E409A, R424A, R502A, Y530A, E549A and H552A was decreased to 69.9%, 80.6%, 71.3%, 67.3%, 50.6%, 87.4%, 84.9% and 25.1%, respectively, relative to the wt, while the initial rate of hemifusion for the E409A, R424A, R502A and H552A mutants was reduced to 69.0%, 35.4%, 62.3%, 37.0%, respectively. In addition, four mutants with reduced initial hemifusion rates also showed decreased percentages of F protein cleavage from 43.4% to 56.3% of the wt. Taken together, Mutants R192A, D216A, E409A, R424A, R502A, Y530A, E549A and H552A may lead to damage on the fusion activity at initial stage of hemifusion, of which decreased extent and rate may be associated with impaired receptor binding activity resulting in the increased activation barrier of F protein and the cleavage of it, respectively.
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Cipollo JF, Parsons LM. Glycomics and glycoproteomics of viruses: Mass spectrometry applications and insights toward structure-function relationships. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:371-409. [PMID: 32350911 PMCID: PMC7318305 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of viral glycomics has paralleled that of the mass spectrometry glycomics toolbox. In some regard the glycoproteins studied have provided the impetus for this advancement. Viral proteins are often highly glycosylated, especially those targeted by the host immune system. Glycosylation tends to be dynamic over time as viruses propagate in host populations leading to increased number of and/or "movement" of glycosylation sites in response to the immune system and other pressures. This relationship can lead to highly glycosylated, difficult to analyze glycoproteins that challenge the capabilities of modern mass spectrometry. In this review, we briefly discuss five general areas where glycosylation is important in the viral niche and how mass spectrometry has been used to reveal key information regarding structure-function relationships between viral glycoproteins and host cells. We describe the recent past and current glycomics toolbox used in these analyses and give examples of how the requirement to analyze these complex glycoproteins has provided the incentive for some advances seen in glycomics mass spectrometry. A general overview of viral glycomics, special cases, mass spectrometry methods and work-flows, informatics and complementary chemical techniques currently used are discussed. © 2020 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cipollo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Lisa M. Parsons
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
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Haab BB, Klamer Z. Advances in Tools to Determine the Glycan-Binding Specificities of Lectins and Antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:224-232. [PMID: 31848260 PMCID: PMC7000120 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r119.001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins that bind carbohydrate structures can serve as tools to quantify or localize specific glycans in biological specimens. Such proteins, including lectins and glycan-binding antibodies, are particularly valuable if accurate information is available about the glycans that a protein binds. Glycan arrays have been transformational for uncovering rich information about the nuances and complexities of glycan-binding specificity. A challenge, however, has been the analysis of the data. Because protein-glycan interactions are so complex, simplistic modes of analyzing the data and describing glycan-binding specificities have proven inadequate in many cases. This review surveys the methods for handling high-content data on protein-glycan interactions. We contrast the approaches that have been demonstrated and provide an overview of the resources that are available. We also give an outlook on the promising experimental technologies for generating new insights into protein-glycan interactions, as well as a perspective on the limitations that currently face the field.
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Sialoglycovirology of Lectins: Sialyl Glycan Binding of Enveloped and Non-enveloped Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:483-545. [PMID: 32306355 PMCID: PMC7165297 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
On the cell sur "face", sialoglycoconjugates act as receptionists that have an important role in the first step of various cellular processes that bridge communication between the cell and its environment. Loss of Sia production can cause the developmental of defects and lethality in most animals; hence, animal cells are less prone to evolution of resistance to interactions by rapidly evolved Sia-binding viruses. Obligative intracellular viruses mostly have rapid evolution that allows escape from host immunity, leading to an epidemic variant, and that allows emergence of a novel strain, occasionally leading to pandemics that cause health-social-economic problems. Recently, much attention has been given to the mutual recognition systems via sialosugar chains between viruses and their host cells and there has been rapid growth of the research field "sialoglycovirology." In this chapter, the structural diversity of sialoglycoconjugates is overviewed, and enveloped and non-enveloped viruses that bind to Sia are reviewed. Also, interactions of viral lectins-host Sia receptors, which determine viral transmission, host range, and pathogenesis, are presented. The future direction of new therapeutic routes targeting viral lectins, development of easy-to-use detection methods for diagnosis and monitoring changes in virus binding specificity, and challenges in the development of suitable viruses to use in virus-based therapies for genetic disorders and cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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Chibanga VP, Dirr L, Guillon P, El-Deeb IM, Bailly B, Thomson RJ, von Itzstein M. New antiviral approaches for human parainfluenza: Inhibiting the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase. Antiviral Res 2019; 167:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Viral Entry Properties Required for Fitness in Humans Are Lost through Rapid Genomic Change during Viral Isolation. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.00898-18. [PMID: 29970463 PMCID: PMC6030562 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00898-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses cause a large burden of human respiratory illness. While much research relies upon viruses grown in cultured immortalized cells, human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV-3) evolves in culture. Cultured viruses differ in their properties compared to clinical strains. We present a genome-wide survey of HPIV-3 adaptations to culture using metagenomic next-generation sequencing of matched pairs of clinical samples and primary culture isolates (zero passage virus). Nonsynonymous changes arose during primary viral isolation, almost entirely in the genes encoding the two surface glycoproteins-the receptor binding protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) or the fusion protein (F). We recovered genomes from 95 HPIV-3 primary culture isolates and 23 HPIV-3 strains directly from clinical samples. HN mutations arising during primary viral isolation resulted in substitutions at HN's dimerization/F-interaction site, a site critical for activation of viral fusion. Alterations in HN dimer interface residues known to favor infection in culture occurred within 4 days (H552 and N556). A novel cluster of residues at a different face of the HN dimer interface emerged (P241 and R242) and imply a role in HPIV-3-mediated fusion. Functional characterization of these culture-associated HN mutations in a clinical isolate background revealed acquisition of the fusogenic phenotype associated with cultured HPIV-3; the HN-F complex showed enhanced fusion and decreased receptor-cleaving activity. These results utilize a method for identifying genome-wide changes associated with brief adaptation to culture to highlight the notion that even brief exposure to immortalized cells may affect key viral properties and underscore the balance of features of the HN-F complex required for fitness by circulating viruses.IMPORTANCE Human parainfluenza virus 3 is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among infants, the immunocompromised, and the elderly. Using deep genomic sequencing of HPIV-3-positive clinical material and its subsequent viral isolate, we discover a number of known and novel coding mutations in the main HPIV-3 attachment protein HN during brief exposure to immortalized cells. These mutations significantly alter function of the fusion complex, increasing fusion promotion by HN as well as generally decreasing neuraminidase activity and increasing HN-receptor engagement. These results show that viruses may evolve rapidly in culture even during primary isolation of the virus and before the first passage and reveal features of fitness for humans that are obscured by rapid adaptation to laboratory conditions.
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Klamer Z, Staal B, Prudden AR, Liu L, Smith DF, Boons GJ, Haab B. Mining High-Complexity Motifs in Glycans: A New Language To Uncover the Fine Specificities of Lectins and Glycosidases. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12342-12350. [PMID: 29058413 PMCID: PMC5700451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Knowledge of lectin
and glycosidase specificities is fundamental
to the study of glycobiology. The primary specificities of such molecules
can be uncovered using well-established tools, but the complex details
of their specificities are difficult to determine and describe. Here
we present a language and algorithm for the analysis and description
of glycan motifs with high complexity. The language uses human-readable
notation and wildcards, modifiers, and logical operators to define
motifs of nearly any complexity. By applying the syntax to the analysis
of glycan-array data, we found that the lectin AAL had higher binding
where fucose groups are displayed on separate branches. The lectin
SNA showed gradations in binding based on the length of the extension
displaying sialic acid and on characteristics of the opposing branches.
A new algorithm to evaluate changes in lectin binding upon treatment
with exoglycosidases identified the primary specificities and potential
fine specificities of an α1–2-fucosidase and an α2–3,6,8-neuraminidase.
The fucosidase had significantly lower action where sialic acid neighbors
the fucose, and the neuraminidase showed statistically lower action
where α1–2 fucose neighbors the sialic acid or is on
the opposing branch. The complex features identified here would have
been inaccessible to analysis using previous methods. The new language
and algorithms promise to facilitate the precise determination and
description of lectin and glycosidase specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Klamer
- Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Ben Staal
- Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Anthony R Prudden
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David F Smith
- Emory Comprehensive Glycomics Core, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia , 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Brian Haab
- Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
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Tsutsui R, Tsukagoshi H, Nagasawa K, Takahashi M, Matsushima Y, Ryo A, Kuroda M, Takami H, Kimura H. Genetic analyses of the fusion protein genes in human parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 among patients with acute respiratory infections in Eastern Japan from 2011 to 2015. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:160-168. [PMID: 28266286 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To genetically explore the fusion protein gene (F) in human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) and type 3 (HPIV3) strains, we analysed them in patients with acute respiratory infections in Eastern Japan from 2011 to 2015. METHODOLOGY We constructed phylogenetic trees based on the HPIV and HPIV3 F gene using the maximum likelihood method and conducted P-distance and selective pressure analyses. We also predicted the linear epitopes of the protein in the prototype strains. Furthermore, we mapped the amino acid substitutions of the proteins. RESULTS Nineteen strains of HPIV1 and 53 strains of HPIV3 were detected among the clinical acute respiratory infection cases. The phylogenetic trees indicated that the HPIV1 and HPIV3 strains were classified into clusters II and III and cluster C, respectively. The P-distance values of the HPIV1 and HPIV3 F genes were <0.03. Two positive selection sites were inferred in the HPIV1 (aa 8 and aa 10), and one positive selection site was inferred in the HPIV3 (aa 108), but over 10 negative selection sites were inferred. Four epitopes were predicted for the HPIV1 prototype strains, while five epitopes were predicted for the HPIV3 prototype strain. A positive selection site (aa 108) or the HPIV3 F protein was involved in the predicted epitope. Additionally, we found that an amino acid substitution (R73K) in the LC76627 HPIV3 strain presumably may affect the resistance to neutralization by antibodies. CONCLUSION The F gene of HPIV1 and HPIV3 was relatively well conserved in the eastern part of Japan during the investigation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Tsutsui
- Department of Pathologic Analysis, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1, Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori 036-8564, Japan.,Aomori Prefecture Public Health and Environment Center, 1-1-1, Higashitsukurimichi, Aomori-shi, Aomori 030-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Koo Nagasawa
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Takahashi
- Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health of Iwate Prefecture, 1-11-16, Kitaiioka, Morioka-shi, Iwate 020-0857, Japan
| | - Yuki Matsushima
- Division of Virology, Kawasaki City Institute for Public Health, 3-25-13, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Takami
- Department of Pathologic Analysis, Division of Medical Life Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 66-1, Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori 036-8564, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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Reatini BS, Ensink E, Liau B, Sinha JY, Powers TW, Partyka K, Bern M, Brand RE, Rudd PM, Kletter D, Drake R, Haab BB. Characterizing Protein Glycosylation through On-Chip Glycan Modification and Probing. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11584-11592. [PMID: 27809484 PMCID: PMC5290727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans are critical to protein biology and are useful as disease biomarkers. Many studies of glycans rely on clinical specimens, but the low amount of sample available for some specimens limits the experimental options. Here we present a method to obtain information about protein glycosylation using a minimal amount of protein. We treat proteins that were captured or directly spotted in small microarrays (2.2 mm × 2.2 mm) with exoglycosidases to successively expose underlying features, and then we probe the native or exposed features using a panel of lectins or glycan-binding reagents. We developed an algorithm to interpret the data and provide predictions about the glycan motifs that are present in the sample. We demonstrated the efficacy of the method to characterize differences between glycoproteins in their sialic acid linkages and N-linked glycan branching, and we validated the assignments by comparing results from mass spectrometry and chromatography. The amount of protein used on-chip was about 11 ng. The method also proved effective for analyzing the glycosylation of a cancer biomarker in human plasma, MUC5AC, using only 20 μL of the plasma. A glycan on MUC5AC that is associated with cancer had mostly 2,3-linked sialic acid, whereas other glycans on MUC5AC had a 2,6 linkage of sialic acid. The on-chip glycan modification and probing (on-chip GMAP) method provides a platform for analyzing protein glycosylation in clinical specimens and could complement the existing toolkit for studying glycosylation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliot Ensink
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Brian Liau
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore
| | | | - Thomas W. Powers
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Katie Partyka
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | | | - Randall E. Brand
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Brian B. Haab
- Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Evidence that Receptor Destruction by the Sendai Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein Is Responsible for Homologous Interference. J Virol 2016; 90:7640-6. [PMID: 27279623 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01087-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Receptor destruction has been considered one of the mechanisms of homologous Sendai virus (SeV) interference. However, direct evidence of receptor destruction upon virus infection and its relevance to interference is missing. To investigate a precise mechanism of homologous interference, we established SeV persistently infected cells. The persistently infected cells inhibited superinfection by homologous SeV but supported replication of human parainfluenza virus 2 (hPIV2) and influenza A virus (IAV). We confirmed that SeV particles could not attach to or penetrate the infected cells and that the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of SeV was involved in the interference. Lectin blot assays showed that the α2,3-linked sialic acids were specifically reduced in the SeV-infected cells, but the level of α2,6-linked sialic acids had not changed. As infection with IAV removed both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids, especially α2,3-linked sialic acids, IAV-infected cells inhibited superinfection of SeV. These results provide concrete evidence that destruction of the specific SeV receptor, α2,3-linked sialic acids, is relevant to homologous interference by SeV. IMPORTANCE Viral interference is a classically observed phenomenon, but the precise mechanism is not clear. Using SeV interference, we provide concrete evidence that reduction of the α2,3-linked sialic acid receptor by the HN of SeV is closely related with viral interference. Since SeV infection resulted in decrease of only α2,3-linked sialic acids, IAV, which also utilized α2,6-linked sialic acids to initiate infection, superinfected the SeV-infected cells. In contrast, SeV could not superinfect the IAV-infected cells because both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids were removed. These results indicate that receptor destruction critically contributes to viral interference.
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13
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McCombs JE, Diaz JP, Luebke KJ, Kohler JJ. Glycan specificity of neuraminidases determined in microarray format. Carbohydr Res 2016; 428:31-40. [PMID: 27131125 PMCID: PMC4885666 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidases hydrolytically remove sialic acids from glycoconjugates. Neuraminidases are produced by both humans and their pathogens, and function in normal physiology and in pathological events. Identification of neuraminidase substrates is needed to reveal their mechanism of action, but high-throughput methods to determine glycan specificity of neuraminidases are limited. Here we use two glycan labeling reactions to monitor neuraminidase activity toward glycan substrates. While both periodate oxidation and aniline-catalyzed oxime ligation (PAL) and galactose oxidase and aniline-catalyzed oxime ligation (GAL) can be used to monitor neuraminidase activity toward glycans in microtiter plates, only GAL accurately measured neuraminidase activity toward glycans displayed on a commercial glass slide microarray. Using GAL, we confirm known linkage specificities of three pneumococcal neuraminidases and obtain new information about underlying glycan specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E McCombs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jason P Diaz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin J Luebke
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jennifer J Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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14
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He Y, Yang Y, Iyer SS. Neuraminidase Resistant Sialosides for the Detection of Influenza Viruses. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1509-17. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun He
- Petit Science Center, Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302 United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Petit Science Center, Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302 United States
| | - Suri S. Iyer
- Petit Science Center, Department
of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302 United States
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15
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Takahashi T, Takano M, Kurebayashi Y, Agarikuchi T, Suzuki C, Fukushima K, Takahashi S, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Minami A, Suzuki T. Rapid Fluorescent Detection Assay for Human Parainfluenza Viruses. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1214-9. [PMID: 26235585 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV1) does not form clear plaque by the conventional plaque formation assay because of slightly a cytopathic effects in many cell lines infected with hPIV1, thus making in virus titration, isolation and inhibitor evaluation difficult. We have succeeded in fluorescent histochemical visualization of sialidase activities of influenza A and B viruses, Newcastle disease virus and Sendai virus by using a novel fluorescent sialidase substrate, 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-4-bromophenyl 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-α-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosidonic acid (BTP3-Neu5Ac). In this study, we applied the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay for rapid detection of hPIV1 and hPIV type 3. The BTP3-Neu5Ac assay could histochemically visualize dot-blotted hPIVs on a membrane and hPIV-infected cells as local fluorescence under UV irradiation. We succeeded in distinct fluorescent visualization of hPIV1-infected cells in only 3 d using the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay. Due to there being no fixation, hPIV1 was isolated directly from fluorescent stained focus cells by the BTP3-Neu5Ac assay. Establishment of a sensitive, easy, and rapid fluorescent focus detection assay for hPIV, hPIV1 in particular will contribute greatly to progress in hPIV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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16
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Gulati S, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Air GM. Glycan array analysis of influenza H1N1 binding and release. Cancer Biomark 2015; 14:43-53. [PMID: 24643041 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-130376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses initiate infection by attaching to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells. It has been recognized for some time that avian influenza viruses usually bind to terminal sialic acid that is linked in the α2-3 configuration to the next sugar while human viruses show preference for α2-6 linked sialic acid. With developments in synthetic chemistry and chemo-enzymatic methods of synthesizing quite complex glycans, it has become clear that the binding specificity extends beyond the sialic acid, and this has led to considerable interest in developing glycan reagents that could be used either as a diagnostic tool for particular influenza viruses, or to identify cells that are susceptible to infection by certain influenza viruses. Here we describe the use of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics Glycan Array to investigate binding specificity of influenza hemagglutinin and cleavage by neuraminidase, using seasonal and pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses as examples, and compare the results with published data using other array methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, OK, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, OK, USA
| | | | - Gillian M Air
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
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17
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Mizuta K, Tsukagoshi H, Ikeda T, Aoki Y, Abiko C, Itagaki T, Nagano M, Noda M, Kimura H. Molecular evolution of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene in human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolates from children with acute respiratory illness in Yamagata prefecture, Japan. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:570-577. [PMID: 24464692 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.068189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted detailed genetic analyses of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene in 272 human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) isolates from children with acute respiratory illness during the period 2002-2009 in Yamagata prefecture, Japan. A phylogenetic tree reconstructed by the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method showed that the strains diversified at around 1946 and that the rate of molecular evolution was 1.10×10(-3) substitutions per site per year. Identity was high among the present strains (<90 %) and the pairwise-distances were short. Furthermore, we found four positive selection sites and some key amino acid substitutions in active/catalytic sites of the HN protein. The results suggest that the HN gene of HPIV3 in the present strains evolved rapidly, similarly to other virus genes such as the G gene of respiratory syncytial virus. However, the biological functions and detailed structures of the HN glycoprotein in some of these strains may have been altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsukagoshi
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, 378 Kamioki-machi, Maebashi-shi, Gunma 371-0052, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ikeda
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Chieko Abiko
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Toka-machi, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Itagaki
- Yamanobe Pediatric Clinic, 2908-14 Yamanobe-machi, Higashimurayama-gun, Yamagata 990-0301, Japan
| | - Manami Nagano
- Technical Support, Life Technologies Japan Ltd, 4-2-8 Shibaura, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Infectious Diseases Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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18
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Gulati S, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Couch RB, Griesemer SB, St. George K, Webster RG, Air GM. Human H3N2 Influenza Viruses Isolated from 1968 To 2012 Show Varying Preference for Receptor Substructures with No Apparent Consequences for Disease or Spread. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66325. [PMID: 23805213 PMCID: PMC3689742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that human influenza viruses bind glycans containing sialic acid linked α2–6 to the next sugar, that avian influenza viruses bind glycans containing the α2–3 linkage, and that mutations that change the binding specificity might change the host tropism. We noted that human H3N2 viruses showed dramatic differences in their binding specificity, and so we embarked on a study of representative human H3N2 influenza viruses, isolated from 1968 to 2012, that had been isolated and minimally passaged only in mammalian cells, never in eggs. The 45 viruses were grown in MDCK cells, purified, fluorescently labeled and screened on the Consortium for Functional Glycomics Glycan Array. Viruses isolated in the same season have similar binding specificity profiles but the profiles show marked year-to-year variation. None of the 610 glycans on the array (166 sialylated glycans) bound to all viruses; the closest was Neu5Acα2–6(Galβ1–4GlcNAc)3 in either a linear or biantennary form, that bound 42 of the 45 viruses. The earliest human H3N2 viruses preferentially bound short, branched sialylated glycans while recent viruses bind better to long polylactosamine chains terminating in sialic acid. Viruses isolated in 1996, 2006, 2010 and 2012 bind glycans with α2–3 linked sialic acid; for 2006, 2010 and 2012 viruses this binding was inhibited by oseltamivir, indicating binding of α2–3 sialylated glycans by neuraminidase. More significantly, oseltamivir inhibited virus entry of 2010 and 2012 viruses into MDCK cells. All of these viruses were representative of epidemic strains that spread around the world, so all could infect and transmit between humans with high efficiency. We conclude that the year-to-year variation in receptor binding specificity is a consequence of amino acid sequence changes driven by antigenic drift, and that viruses with quite different binding specificity and avidity are equally fit to infect and transmit in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - David F. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Couch
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara B. Griesemer
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Kirsten St. George
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Webster
- St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gillian M. Air
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Quantitative comparison of human parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase receptor binding and receptor cleavage. J Virol 2013; 87:8962-70. [PMID: 23740997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00739-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The human parainfluenza virus (hPIV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein binds (H) oligosaccharide receptors that contain N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and cleaves (N) Neu5Ac from these oligosaccharides. In order to determine if one of HN's two functions is predominant, we measured the affinity of H for its ligands by a solid-phase binding assay with two glycoprotein substrates and by surface plasmon resonance with three monovalent glycans. We compared the dissociation constant (Kd) values from these experiments with previously determined Michaelis-Menten constants (Kms) for the enzyme activity. We found that glycoprotein substrates and monovalent glycans containing Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc bind HN with Kd values in the 10 to 100 μM range. Km values for HN were previously determined to be on the order of 1 mM (M. M. Tappert, D. F. Smith, and G. M. Air, J. Virol. 85:12146-12159, 2011). A Km value greater than the Kd value indicates that cleavage occurs faster than the dissociation of binding and will dominate under N-permissive conditions. We propose, therefore, that HN is a neuraminidase that can hold its substrate long enough to act as a binding protein. The N activity can therefore regulate binding by reducing virus-receptor interactions when the concentration of receptor is high.
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20
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A mutation in the stalk of the newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein prevents triggering of the F protein despite allowing efficient HN-F complex formation. J Virol 2013; 87:8813-5. [PMID: 23740987 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01066-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced membrane fusion requires formation of a complex between the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and fusion (F) proteins. Substitutions for NDV HN stalk residues A89, L90, and L94 block fusion by modulating formation of the HN-F complex. Here, we demonstrate that a nearby L97A substitution, though previously shown to block fusion, allows efficient HN-F complex formation and likely acts by preventing changes in the HN stalk required for triggering of the bound F protein.
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21
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Individual N-glycans added at intervals along the stalk of the Nipah virus G protein prevent fusion but do not block the interaction with the homologous F protein. J Virol 2013; 87:3119-29. [PMID: 23283956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03084-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The promotion of membrane fusion by most paramyxoviruses requires an interaction between the viral attachment and fusion (F) proteins to enable receptor binding by the former to trigger the activation of the latter for fusion. Numerous studies demonstrate that the F-interactive sites on the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (H) proteins reside entirely within the stalk regions of those proteins. Indeed, stalk residues of NDV HN and MV H that likely mediate the F interaction have been identified. However, despite extensive efforts, the F-interactive site(s) on the Nipah virus (NiV) G attachment glycoprotein has not been identified. In this study, we have introduced individual N-linked glycosylation sites at several positions spaced at intervals along the stalk of the NiV G protein. Five of the seven introduced sites are utilized as established by a retardation of electrophoretic mobility. Despite surface expression, ephrinB2 binding, and oligomerization comparable to those of the wild-type protein, four of the five added N-glycans completely eliminate the ability of the G protein to complement the homologous F protein in the promotion of fusion. The most membrane-proximal added N-glycan reduces fusion by 80%. However, unlike similar NDV HN and MV H mutants, the NiV G glycosylation stalk mutants retain the ability to bind F, indicating that the fusion deficiency of these mutants is not due to prevention of the G-F interaction. These findings suggest that the G-F interaction is not mediated entirely by the stalk domain of G and may be more complex than that of HN/H-F.
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