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Mghezzi-Habellah M, Prochasson L, Jalinot P, Mocquet V. Viral Subversion of the Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 Export Pathway and Its Consequences for the Cell Host. Viruses 2023; 15:2218. [PMID: 38005895 PMCID: PMC10674744 DOI: 10.3390/v15112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the spatial distribution between cytoplasm and nucleus is essential for cell homeostasis. This dynamic distribution is selectively regulated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC), which allows the passive or energy-dependent transport of proteins between these two compartments. Viruses possess many strategies to hijack nucleocytoplasmic shuttling for the benefit of their viral replication. Here, we review how viruses interfere with the karyopherin CRM1 that controls the nuclear export of protein cargoes. We analyze the fact that the viral hijacking of CRM1 provokes are-localization of numerous cellular factors in a suitable place for specific steps of viral replication. While CRM1 emerges as a critical partner for viruses, it also takes part in antiviral and inflammatory response regulation. This review also addresses how CRM1 hijacking affects it and the benefits of CRM1 inhibitors as antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent Mocquet
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Modélisation de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, U1293, UMR5239, 69364 Lyon, France; (M.M.-H.); (L.P.); (P.J.)
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2
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White L, Erbay B, Blair GE. The Cajal body protein p80-coilin forms a complex with the adenovirus L4-22K protein and facilitates the nuclear export of adenovirus mRNA. mBio 2023; 14:e0145923. [PMID: 37795984 PMCID: PMC10653806 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01459-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The architecture of sub-nuclear structures of eucaryotic cells is often changed during the infectious cycle of many animal and plant viruses. Cajal bodies (CBs) form a major sub-nuclear structure whose functions may include the regulation of cellular RNA metabolism. During the lifecycle of human adenovirus 5 (Ad5), CBs are reorganized from their spherical-like structure into smaller clusters termed microfoci. The mechanism of this reorganization and its significance for virus replication has yet to be established. Here we show that the major CB protein, p80-coilin, facilitates the nuclear export of Ad5 transcripts. Depletion of p80-coilin by RNA interference led to lowered levels of viral proteins and infectious virus. p80-coilin was found to form a complex with the viral L4-22K protein in Ad5-infected cells and in some reorganized microfoci. These findings assign a new role for p80-coilin as a potential regulator of infection by a human DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura White
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bilgi Erbay
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - G. Eric Blair
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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3
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Ismail AM, Saha A, Lee JS, Painter DF, Chen Y, Singh G, Condezo GN, Chodosh J, San Martín C, Rajaiya J. RANBP2 and USP9x regulate nuclear import of adenovirus minor coat protein IIIa. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010588. [PMID: 35709296 PMCID: PMC9242475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As intracellular parasites, viruses exploit cellular proteins at every stage of infection. Adenovirus outbreaks are associated with severe acute respiratory illnesses and conjunctivitis, with no specific antiviral therapy available. An adenoviral vaccine based on human adenovirus species D (HAdV-D) is currently in use for COVID-19. Herein, we investigate host interactions of HAdV-D type 37 (HAdV-D37) protein IIIa (pIIIa), identified by affinity purification and mass spectrometry (AP-MS) screens. We demonstrate that viral pIIIa interacts with ubiquitin-specific protease 9x (USP9x) and Ran-binding protein 2 (RANBP2). USP9x binding did not invoke its signature deubiquitination function but rather deregulated pIIIa-RANBP2 interactions. In USP9x-knockout cells, viral genome replication and viral protein expression increased compared to wild type cells, supporting a host-favored mechanism for USP9x. Conversely, RANBP2-knock down reduced pIIIa transport to the nucleus, viral genome replication, and viral protein expression. Also, RANBP2-siRNA pretreated cells appeared to contain fewer mature viral particles. Transmission electron microscopy of USP9x-siRNA pretreated, virus-infected cells revealed larger than typical paracrystalline viral arrays. RANBP2-siRNA pretreatment led to the accumulation of defective assembly products at an early maturation stage. CRM1 nuclear export blockade by leptomycin B led to the retention of pIIIa within cell nuclei and hindered pIIIa-RANBP2 interactions. In-vitro binding analyses indicated that USP9x and RANBP2 bind to C-terminus of pIIIa amino acids 386–563 and 386–510, respectively. Surface plasmon resonance testing showed direct pIIIa interaction with recombinant USP9x and RANBP2 proteins, without competition. Using an alternative and genetically disparate adenovirus type (HAdV-C5), we show that the demonstrated pIIIa interaction is also important for a severe respiratory pathogen. Together, our results suggest that pIIIa hijacks RANBP2 for nuclear import and subsequent virion assembly. USP9x counteracts this interaction and negatively regulates virion synthesis. This analysis extends the scope of known adenovirus-host interactions and has potential implications in designing new antiviral therapeutics. The compact genomes of viruses must code for proteins with multiple functions, including those that assist with cell entry, replication, and escape from the host immune defenses. Viruses succeed in every stage of this process by hijacking critical cellular proteins for their propagation. Hence, identifying virus-host protein interactions may permit identifying therapeutic applications that restrict viral processes. Human adenovirus structural proteins link together to produce infectious virions. Protein IIIa is required to assemble fully packaged virions, but its interactions with host factors are unknown. Here, we identify novel host protein interactions of pIIIa with cellular RANBP2 and USP9x. We demonstrate that by interacting with cellular RANBP2, viral pIIIa gains entry to the nucleus for subsequent virion assembly and replication. Reduced RANBP2 expression inhibited pIIIa entry into the nucleus, minimized viral replication and viral protein expression, and led to accumulation of defective assembly products in the infected cells. As a defense against viral infection, USP9x reduces the interaction between pIIIa and RANBP2, resulting in decreased viral propagation. We also show that the identified pIIIa-host interactions are crucial in two disparate HAdV types with diverse disease implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashrafali M. Ismail
- Department of Ophthalmology, Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amrita Saha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ji S. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David F. Painter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gurdeep Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gabriela N. Condezo
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - James Chodosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carmen San Martín
- Department of Macromolecular Structures, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaya Rajaiya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu M, Jiang L, Cao W, Wu J, Chen X. Identification of Inhibitors and Drug Targets for Human Adenovirus Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050959. [PMID: 35632701 PMCID: PMC9144521 DOI: 10.3390/v14050959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses can cause infections in people of all ages at all seasons of the year. Adenovirus infections cause mild to severe illnesses. Children, immunocompromised patients, or those with existing respiratory or cardiac disease are at higher risk. Unfortunately, there are no commercial drugs or vaccines available on the market for adenovirus infections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new antiviral drugs or drug targets for adenovirus infections. To identify potential antiviral agents for adenovirus infections, we screened a drug library containing 2138 compounds, most of which are drugs with known targets and past phase I clinical trials. On a cell-based assay, we identified 131 hits that inhibit adenoviruses type 3 and 5. A secondary screen confirmed the antiviral effects of 59 inhibitors that inhibit the replication of adenoviruses type 3 or 5. Most of the inhibitors target heat shock protein, protein tyrosine kinase, the mTOR signaling pathway, and other host factors, suggesting that these host factors may be essential for replicating adenoviruses. Through this study, the newly identified adenovirus inhibitors may provide a start point for developing new antiviral drugs to treat adenovirus infections. Further validation of the identified drug targets can help the development of new therapeutics against adenovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lefang Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.J.); (W.C.)
| | - Weihua Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.J.); (W.C.)
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.J.); (W.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.C.); Tel.: +86-20-8522-0949 (J.W. & X.C.)
| | - Xulin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
- College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (L.J.); (W.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (X.C.); Tel.: +86-20-8522-0949 (J.W. & X.C.)
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Lagadec F, Carlon-Andres I, Ragues J, Port S, Wodrich H, Kehlenbach RH. CRM1 Promotes Capsid Disassembly and Nuclear Envelope Translocation of Adenovirus Independently of Its Export Function. J Virol 2022; 96:e0127321. [PMID: 34757845 PMCID: PMC8826800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01273-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
After receptor-mediated endocytosis and endosomal escape, adenoviral capsids can travel via microtubule organizing centers to the nuclear envelope. Upon capsid disassembly, viral genome import into nuclei of interphase cells then occurs through nuclear pore complexes, involving the nucleoporins Nup214 and Nup358. Import also requires the activity of the classic nuclear export receptor CRM1, as it is blocked by the selective inhibitor leptomycin B. We have now used artificially enucleated as well as mitotic cells to analyze the role of an intact nucleus in different steps of the viral life cycle. In enucleated U2OS cells, viral capsids traveled to the microtubule organizing center, whereas their removal from this complex was blocked, suggesting that this step required nuclear factors. In mitotic cells, on the other hand, CRM1 promoted capsid disassembly and genome release, suggesting a role of this protein that does not require intact nuclear envelopes or nuclear pore complexes and is distinct from its function as a nuclear export receptor. Similar to enucleation, inhibition of CRM1 by leptomycin B also leads to an arrest of adenoviral capsids at the microtubule organizing center. In a small-scale screen using leptomycin B-resistant versions of CRM1, we identified a mutant, CRM1 W142A P143A, that is compromised with respect to adenoviral capsid disassembly in both interphase and mitotic cells. Strikingly, this mutant is capable of exporting cargo proteins out of the nucleus of living cells or digitonin-permeabilized cells, pointing to a role of the mutated region that is not directly linked to nuclear export. IMPORTANCE A role of nucleoporins and of soluble transport factors in adenoviral genome import into the nucleus of infected cells in interphase has previously been established. The nuclear export receptor CRM1 promotes genome import, but its precise function is not known. Using enucleated and mitotic cells, we showed that CRM1 does not simply function by exporting a crucial factor out of the nucleus that would then trigger capsid disassembly and genome import. Instead, CRM1 has an export-independent role, a notion that is also supported by a mutant, CRM1 W142A P143A, which is export competent but deficient in viral capsid disassembly, in both interphase and mitotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Lagadec
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Irene Carlon-Andres
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Ragues
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Port
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Wodrich
- CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ralph H. Kehlenbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Göttingen Center of Biosciences (GZMB), Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Shen Q, Wang YE, Palazzo AF. Crosstalk between nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and the innate immune response to viral infection. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100856. [PMID: 34097873 PMCID: PMC8254040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex is the sole gateway connecting the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. In humans, the nuclear pore complex is one of the largest multiprotein assemblies in the cell, with a molecular mass of ∼110 MDa and consisting of 8 to 64 copies of about 34 different nuclear pore proteins, termed nucleoporins, for a total of 1000 subunits per pore. Trafficking events across the nuclear pore are mediated by nuclear transport receptors and are highly regulated. The nuclear pore complex is also used by several RNA viruses and almost all DNA viruses to access the host cell nucleoplasm for replication. Viruses hijack the nuclear pore complex, and nuclear transport receptors, to access the nucleoplasm where they replicate. In addition, the nuclear pore complex is used by the cell innate immune system, a network of signal transduction pathways that coordinates the first response to foreign invaders, including viruses and other pathogens. Several branches of this response depend on dynamic signaling events that involve the nuclear translocation of downstream signal transducers. Mounting evidence has shown that these signaling cascades, especially those steps that involve nucleocytoplasmic trafficking events, are targeted by viruses so that they can evade the innate immune system. This review summarizes how nuclear pore proteins and nuclear transport receptors contribute to the innate immune response and highlights how viruses manipulate this cellular machinery to favor infection. A comprehensive understanding of nuclear pore proteins in antiviral innate immunity will likely contribute to the development of new antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtang Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Yifan E Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander F Palazzo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Pied N, Wodrich H. Imaging the adenovirus infection cycle. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:3419-3448. [PMID: 31758703 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Incoming adenoviruses seize control of cytosolic transport mechanisms to relocate their genome from the cell periphery to specialized sites in the nucleoplasm. The nucleus is the site for viral gene expression, genome replication, and the production of progeny for the next round of infection. By taking control of the cell, adenoviruses also suppress cell-autonomous immunity responses. To succeed in their production cycle, adenoviruses rely on well-coordinated steps, facilitated by interactions between viral proteins and cellular factors. Interactions between virus and host can impose remarkable morphological changes in the infected cell. Imaging adenoviruses has tremendously influenced how we delineate individual steps in the viral life cycle, because it allowed the development of specific optical markers to label these morphological changes in space and time. As technology advances, innovative imaging techniques and novel tools for specimen labeling keep uncovering previously unseen facets of adenovirus biology emphasizing why imaging adenoviruses is as attractive today as it was in the past. This review will summarize past achievements and present developments in adenovirus imaging centered on fluorescence microscopy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Pied
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - Harald Wodrich
- CNRS UMR 5234, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université de Bordeaux, France
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8
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Widman DG, Gornisiewicz S, Shacham S, Tamir S. In vitro toxicity and efficacy of verdinexor, an exportin 1 inhibitor, on opportunistic viruses affecting immunocompromised individuals. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200043. [PMID: 30332435 PMCID: PMC6192554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of immunocompromised individuals with normally benign opportunistic viruses is a major health burden globally. Infections with viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Kaposi's sarcoma virus (KSHV), adenoviruses (AdV), BK virus (BKPyV), John Cunningham virus (JCPyV), and human papillomavirus (HPV) are significant concerns for the immunocompromised, including when these viruses exist as a co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These viral infections are more complicated in patients with a weakened immune system, and often manifest as malignancies resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is not an attractive option for these immune compromised individuals due to defects in their adaptive immune response. Verdinexor is part of a novel class of small molecules known as SINE (Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export) compounds. These small molecules demonstrate specificity for the nuclear export protein XPO1, to which they bind and block function, resulting in sequestration of XPO1-dependent proteins in the nucleus of the cell. In antiviral screening, verdinexor demonstrated varying levels of efficacy against all of the aforementioned viruses including previously with HIV. Studies by other labs have discussed likely mechanisms of action for verdinexor (ie. XPO1-dependence) against each virus. GLP toxicology studies suggest that anti-viral activity can be achieved at a tolerable dose range, based on the safety profile of a previous phase 1 clinical trial of verdinexor in healthy human volunteers. Taken together, these results indicate verdinexor has the potential to be a broad spectrum antiviral for immunocompromised subjects for which vaccination is a poor option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G. Widman
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Department of Neurofegenerative and Infectious Diseases, Newton, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Savanna Gornisiewicz
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Department of Neurofegenerative and Infectious Diseases, Newton, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Sharon Shacham
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Department of Neurofegenerative and Infectious Diseases, Newton, Massachussets, United States of America
| | - Sharon Tamir
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Department of Neurofegenerative and Infectious Diseases, Newton, Massachussets, United States of America
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Saribas AS, Coric P, Hamazaspyan A, Davis W, Axman R, White MK, Abou-Gharbia M, Childers W, Condra JH, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Emerging From the Unknown: Structural and Functional Features of Agnoprotein of Polyomaviruses. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2115-27. [PMID: 26831433 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Agnoprotein is an important regulatory protein of polyomaviruses, including JCV, BKV, and SV40. In the absence of its expression, these viruses are unable to sustain their productive life cycle. It is a highly basic phosphoprotein that localizes mostly to the perinuclear area of infected cells, although a small amount of the protein is also found in nucleus. Much has been learned about the structure and function of this important regulatory protein in recent years. It forms highly stable dimers/oligomers in vitro and in vivo through its Leu/Ile/Phe-rich domain. Structural NMR studies revealed that this domain adopts an alpha-helix conformation and plays a critical role in the stability of the protein. It associates with cellular proteins, including YB-1, p53, Ku70, FEZ1, HP1α, PP2A, AP-3, PCNA, and α-SNAP; and viral proteins, including small t antigen, large T antigen, HIV-1 Tat, and JCV VP1; and significantly contributes the viral transcription and replication. This review summarizes the recent advances in the structural and functional properties of this important regulatory protein. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2115-2127, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, 4 av. de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Anahit Hamazaspyan
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Axman
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Magid Abou-Gharbia
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wayne Childers
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jon H Condra
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, 4 av. de l'Observatoire, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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Nuclear export of human hepatitis B virus core protein and pregenomic RNA depends on the cellular NXF1-p15 machinery. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106683. [PMID: 25360769 PMCID: PMC4215830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein (HBc) can shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. Cytoplasm-predominant HBc is clinically associated with severe liver inflammation. Previously, we found that HBc arginine-rich domain (ARD) can associate with a host factor NXF1 (TAP) by coimmunoprecipitation. It is well known that NXF1-p15 heterodimer can serve as a major export receptor of nuclear mRNA as a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). In the NXF1-p15 pathway, TREX (transcription/export) complex plays an important role in coupling nuclear pre-mRNA processing with mRNA export in mammalian cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis whether HBc and HBV specific RNA can be exported via the TREX and NXF1-p15 mediated pathway. We demonstrated here that HBc can physically and specifically associate with TREX components, and the NXF1-p15 export receptor by coimmunoprecipitation. Accumulation of HBc protein in the nucleus can be induced by the interference with TREX and NXF1-p15 mediated RNA export machinery. HBV transcripts encodes a non-spliced 3.5 kb pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) which can serve as a template for reverse transcription. Cytoplasmic HBV pgRNA appeared to be reduced by siRNA treatment specific for the NXF1-p15 complex by quantitative RT-qPCR and Northern blot analyses. This result suggests that the pgRNA was also exported via the NXF1-p15 machinery. We entertain the hypothesis that HBc protein can be exported as an RNP cargo via the mRNA export pathway by hijacking the TREX and NXF1-p15 complex. In our current and previous studies, HBc is not required for pgRNA accumulation in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, HBc ARD can mediate nuclear export of a chimeric protein containing HBc ARD in a pgRNA-independent manner. Taken together, it suggests that while both pgRNA and HBc protein exports are dependent on NXF1-p15, they are using the same export machinery in a manner independent of each other.
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Abstract
Viruses employ a variety of strategies to usurp and control cellular activities through the orchestrated recruitment of macromolecules to specific cytoplasmic or nuclear compartments. Formation of such specialized virus-induced cellular microenvironments, which have been termed viroplasms, virus factories, or virus replication centers, complexes, or compartments, depends on molecular interactions between viral and cellular factors that participate in viral genome expression and replication and are in some cases associated with sites of virion assembly. These virus-induced compartments function not only to recruit and concentrate factors required for essential steps of the viral replication cycle but also to control the cellular mechanisms of antiviral defense. In this review, we summarize characteristic features of viral replication compartments from different virus families and discuss similarities in the viral and cellular activities that are associated with their assembly and the functions they facilitate for viral replication.
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12
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Viral subversion of the nuclear pore complex. Viruses 2013; 5:2019-42. [PMID: 23959328 PMCID: PMC3761240 DOI: 10.3390/v5082019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) acts as a selective barrier between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and is responsible for mediating communication by regulating the transport of RNA and proteins. Numerous viral pathogens have evolved different mechanisms to hijack the NPC in order to regulate trafficking of viral proteins, genomes and even capsids into and out of the nucleus thus promoting virus replication. The present review examines the different strategies and the specific nucleoporins utilized during viral infections as a means of promoting their life cycle and inhibiting host viral defenses.
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Fu SC, Huang HC, Horton P, Juan HF. ValidNESs: a database of validated leucine-rich nuclear export signals. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:D338-43. [PMID: 23093589 PMCID: PMC3531083 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ValidNESs (http://validness.ym.edu.tw/) is a new database for experimentally validated leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES)-containing proteins. The therapeutic potential of the chromosomal region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-mediated nuclear export pathway and disease relevance of its cargo proteins has gained recognition in recent years. Unfortunately, only about one-third of known CRM1 cargo proteins are accessible in a single database since the last compilation in 2003. CRM1 cargo proteins are often recognized by a classical NES (leucine-rich NES), but this signal is notoriously difficult to predict from sequence alone. Fortunately, a recently developed prediction method, NESsential, is able to identify good candidates in some cases, enabling valuable hints to be gained by in silico prediction, but until now it has not been available through a web interface. We present ValidNESs, an integrated, up-to-date database holding 221 NES-containing proteins, combined with a web interface to prediction by NESsential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Chin Fu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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