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Abstract
Bats are infamous reservoirs of deadly human viruses. While retroviruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are among the most significant of virus families that have jumped from animals into humans, whether bat retroviruses have the potential to infect and cause disease in humans remains unknown. Recent reports of retroviruses circulating in bat populations builds on two decades of research describing the fossil records of retroviral sequences in bat genomes and of viral metagenomes extracted from bat samples. The impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic demands that we pay closer attention to viruses hosted by bats and their potential as a zoonotic threat. Here we review current knowledge of bat retroviruses and explore the question of whether they represent a threat to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Hayward
- Health Security Program, Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Health Security Program, Life Sciences Discipline, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Rational design and in vivo selection of SHIVs encoding transmitted/founder subtype C HIV-1 envelopes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007632. [PMID: 30943274 PMCID: PMC6447185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (SHIVs) are an important tool for evaluating anti-HIV Env interventions in nonhuman primate (NHP) models. However, most unadapted SHIVs do not replicate well in vivo limiting their utility. Furthermore, adaptation in vivo often negatively impacts fundamental properties of the Env, including neutralization profiles. Transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses are particularly important to study since they represent viruses that initiated primary HIV-1 infections and may have unique attributes. Here we combined in vivo competition and rational design to develop novel subtype C SHIVs containing T/F envelopes. We successfully generated 19 new, infectious subtype C SHIVs, which were tested in multiple combinatorial pools in Indian-origin rhesus macaques. Infected animals attained peak viremia within 5 weeks ranging from 103 to 107 vRNA copies/mL. Sequence analysis during primary infection revealed 7 different SHIVs replicating in 8 productively infected animals with certain clones prominent in each animal. We then generated 5 variants each of 6 SHIV clones (3 that predominated and 3 undetectable after pooled in vivo inoculations), converting a serine at Env375 to methionine, tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan or phenylalanine. Overall, most Env375 mutants replicated better in vitro and in vivo than wild type with both higher and earlier peak viremia. In 4 of these SHIV clones (with and without Env375 mutations) we also created mutations at position 281 to include serine, alanine, valine, or threonine. Some Env281 mutations imparted in vitro replication dynamics similar to mutations at 375; however, clones with both mutations did not exhibit incremental benefit. Therefore, we identified unique subtype C T/F SHIVs that replicate in rhesus macaques with improved acute phase replication kinetics without altering phenotype. In vivo competition and rational design can produce functional SHIVs with globally relevant HIV-1 Envs to add to the growing number of SHIV clones for HIV-1 research in NHPs. Nonhuman primates provide useful models for studying HIV transmission, pathogenesis and cure strategies. Due to species-specific antiviral factors, however, HIV cannot replicate in Asian macaques directly. Some chimeric viruses incorporating HIV Envelope genes in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) backbone can replicate to sufficient levels in Asian macaques to permit evaluation of anti-HIV interventions. Here we describe the generation of new SHIV clones unique to the field in 4 important ways. First, these clones were generated from the globally relevant HIV-1 subtype C, which is the most prevalent form of HIV globally and is found predominately in sub-Saharan Africa where the pandemic is particularly devastating but is poorly represented among SHIVs studied to date. Second, we utilized Envelope genes from viruses that established primary infection, making these clones particularly useful in transmission studies. Third, these clones were not generated by animal passage, which may alter some of the unique properties of these Envelopes. Finally, we used direct within animal competition studies and two targeted mutations to select highly replicative clones. We provide here both the discovery of new SHIV clones, and also a process to generate additional clones in the future.
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3
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Del Prete GQ, Keele BF, Fode J, Thummar K, Swanstrom AE, Rodriguez A, Raymond A, Estes JD, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, KewalRamani VN, Lifson JD, Bieniasz PD, Hatziioannou T. A single gp120 residue can affect HIV-1 tropism in macaques. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006572. [PMID: 28945790 PMCID: PMC5629034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Species-dependent variation in proteins that aid or limit virus replication determines the ability of lentiviruses to jump between host species. Identifying and overcoming these differences facilitates the development of animal models for HIV-1, including models based on chimeric SIVs that express HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins, (SHIVs) and simian-tropic HIV-1 (stHIV) strains. Here, we demonstrate that the inherently poor ability of most HIV-1 Env proteins to use macaque CD4 as a receptor is improved during adaptation by virus passage in macaques. We identify a single amino acid, A281, in HIV-1 Env that consistently changes during adaptation in macaques and affects the ability of HIV-1 Env to use macaque CD4. Importantly, mutations at A281 do not markedly affect HIV-1 Env neutralization properties. Our findings should facilitate the design of HIV-1 Env proteins for use in non-human primate models and thus expedite the development of clinically relevant reagents for testing interventions against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeannine Fode
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Keyur Thummar
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Adrienne E. Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Anthony Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alice Raymond
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Celia C. LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Vineet N. KewalRamani
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Theodora Hatziioannou
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States of America
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4
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Del Prete GQ, Oswald K, Lara A, Shoemaker R, Smedley J, Macallister R, Coalter V, Wiles A, Wiles R, Li Y, Fast R, Kiser R, Lu B, Zheng J, Alvord WG, Trubey CM, Piatak M, Deleage C, Keele BF, Estes JD, Hesselgesser J, Geleziunas R, Lifson JD. Elevated Plasma Viral Loads in Romidepsin-Treated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques on Suppressive Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:1560-72. [PMID: 26711758 PMCID: PMC4776002 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02625-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-competent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists in infected people despite suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), and it represents a major obstacle to HIV functional cure or eradication. We have developed a model of cART-mediated viral suppression in simian human immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac239-infected Indian rhesus macaques and evaluated the impact of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) romidepsin (RMD) on viremia in vivo. Eight macaques virologically suppressed to clinically relevant levels (<30 viral RNA copies/ml of plasma), using a three-class five-drug cART regimen, received multiple intravenous infusions of either RMD (n = 5) or saline (n = 3) starting 31 to 54 weeks after cART initiation. In vivo RMD treatment resulted in significant transient increases in acetylated histone levels in CD4(+) T cells. RMD-treated animals demonstrated plasma viral load measurements for each 2-week treatment cycle that were significantly higher than those in saline control-treated animals during periods of treatment, suggestive of RMD-induced viral reactivation. However, plasma virus rebound was indistinguishable between RMD-treated and control-treated animals for a subset of animals released from cART. These findings suggest that HDACi drugs, such as RMD, can reactivate residual virus in the presence of suppressive antiviral therapy and may be a valuable component of a comprehensive HIV functional cure/eradication strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Lara
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rhonda Macallister
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Vicky Coalter
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Wiles
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney Wiles
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Kiser
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bing Lu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - Jim Zheng
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, USA
| | - W Gregory Alvord
- Statistical Consulting, Data Management Services, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles M Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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5
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Miller E, Spadaccia M, Sabado R, Chertova E, Bess J, Trubey CM, Holman RM, Salazar A, Lifson J, Bhardwaj N. Autologous aldrithiol-2-inactivated HIV-1 combined with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-poly-L-lysine carboxymethylcellulose as a vaccine platform for therapeutic dendritic cell immunotherapy. Vaccine 2015; 33:388-95. [PMID: 25444812 PMCID: PMC4272884 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions for HIV-1 that successfully augment adaptive immunity to promote killing of infected cells may be a requisite component of strategies to reduce latent cellular reservoirs. Adoptive immunotherapies utilizing autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) that have been activated and antigen loaded ex vivo may serve to circumvent defects in DC function that are present during HIV infection in order to enhance adaptive immune responses. Here we detail the clinical preparation of DCs loaded with autologous aldrithiol-2 (AT-2)-inactivated HIV that have been potently activated with the viral mimic, Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-poly-l-lysine carboxymethylcellulose (Poly-ICLC). HIV is first propagated from CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected donors and then rendered non-replicative by chemical inactivation with aldrithiol-2 (AT-2), purified, and quantified. Viral inactivation is confirmed through measurement of Tat-regulated β-galactosidase reporter gene expression following infection of TZM-bl cells. In-process testing for sterility, mycoplasma, LPS, adventitious agents, and removal of AT-2 is performed on viral preparations. Autologous DCs are generated and pulsed with autologous AT-2-inactivated virus and simultaneously stimulated with Poly-ICLC to constitute the final DC vaccine product. Phenotypic identity, maturation, and induction of HIV-specific adaptive immune responses are confirmed via flow cytometric analysis of DCs and cocultured autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Lot release criteria for the DC vaccine have been defined in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines. The demonstrated feasibility of this approach has resulted in approval by the FDA for investigational use in antiretroviral (ART) suppressed individuals. We discuss how this optimized DC formulation may enhance the quality of anti-HIV adaptive responses beyond what has been previously observed during DC immunotherapy trials for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Miller
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Meredith Spadaccia
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Sabado
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Julian Bess
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Rose Marie Holman
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Kozak CA. Origins of the endogenous and infectious laboratory mouse gammaretroviruses. Viruses 2014; 7:1-26. [PMID: 25549291 PMCID: PMC4306825 DOI: 10.3390/v7010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse gammaretroviruses associated with leukemogenesis are found in the classical inbred mouse strains and in house mouse subspecies as infectious exogenous viruses (XRVs) and as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) inserted into their host genomes. There are three major mouse leukemia virus (MuLV) subgroups in laboratory mice: ecotropic, xenotropic, and polytropic. These MuLV subgroups differ in host range, pathogenicity, receptor usage and subspecies of origin. The MuLV ERVs are recent acquisitions in the mouse genome as demonstrated by the presence of many full-length nondefective MuLV ERVs that produce XRVs, the segregation of these MuLV subgroups into different house mouse subspecies, and by the positional polymorphism of these loci among inbred strains and individual wild mice. While some ecotropic and xenotropic ERVs can produce XRVs directly, others, especially the pathogenic polytropic ERVs, do so only after recombinations that can involve all three ERV subgroups. Here, I describe individual MuLV ERVs found in the laboratory mice, their origins and geographic distribution in wild mouse subspecies, their varying ability to produce infectious virus and the biological consequences of this expression.
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7
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Del Prete GQ, Shoemaker R, Oswald K, Lara A, Trubey CM, Fast R, Schneider DK, Kiser R, Coalter V, Wiles A, Wiles R, Freemire B, Keele BF, Estes JD, Quiñones OA, Smedley J, Macallister R, Sanchez RI, Wai JS, Tan CM, Alvord WG, Hazuda DJ, Piatak M, Lifson JD. Effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) administration on the residual virus pool in a model of combination antiretroviral therapy-mediated suppression in SIVmac239-infected indian rhesus macaques. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6790-806. [PMID: 25182644 PMCID: PMC4249371 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03746-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primate models are needed for evaluations of proposed strategies targeting residual virus that persists in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). However, relevant nonhuman primate (NHP) models of cART-mediated suppression have proven challenging to develop. We used a novel three-class, six-drug cART regimen to achieve durable 4.0- to 5.5-log reductions in plasma viremia levels and declines in cell-associated viral RNA and DNA in blood and tissues of simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239-infected Indian-origin rhesus macaques, then evaluated the impact of treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; Vorinostat) on the residual virus pool. Ex vivo SAHA treatment of CD4(+) T cells obtained from cART-suppressed animals increased histone acetylation and viral RNA levels in culture supernatants. cART-suppressed animals each received 84 total doses of oral SAHA. We observed SAHA dose-dependent increases in acetylated histones with evidence for sustained modulation as well as refractoriness following prolonged administration. In vivo virologic activity was demonstrated based on the ratio of viral RNA to viral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, a presumptive measure of viral transcription, which significantly increased in SAHA-treated animals. However, residual virus was readily detected at the end of treatment, suggesting that SAHA alone may be insufficient for viral eradication in the setting of suppressive cART. The effects observed were similar to emerging data for repeat-dose SAHA treatment of HIV-infected individuals on cART, demonstrating the feasibility, utility, and relevance of NHP models of cART-mediated suppression for in vivo assessments of AIDS virus functional cure/eradication approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Shoemaker
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Abigail Lara
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles M Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas K Schneider
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Kiser
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Vicky Coalter
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Wiles
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney Wiles
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandi Freemire
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Octavio A Quiñones
- Statistical Consulting, Data Management Services, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rhonda Macallister
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John S Wai
- Merck Research Labs, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - W Gregory Alvord
- Statistical Consulting, Data Management Services, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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8
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Del Prete GQ, Eilers B, Moldt B, Keele BF, Estes JD, Rodriguez A, Sampias M, Oswald K, Fast R, Trubey CM, Chertova E, Smedley J, LaBranche CC, Montefiori DC, Burton DR, Shaw GM, Markowitz M, Piatak M, KewalRamani VN, Bieniasz PD, Lifson JD, Hatziioannou T. Selection of unadapted, pathogenic SHIVs encoding newly transmitted HIV-1 envelope proteins. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 16:412-8. [PMID: 25211081 PMCID: PMC4268878 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infection of macaques with chimeric viruses based on SIVMAC but expressing the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoproteins (SHIVs) remains the most powerful model for evaluating prevention and therapeutic strategies against AIDS. Unfortunately, only a few SHIVs are currently available. Furthermore, their generation has required extensive adaptation of the HIV-1 Env sequences in macaques so they may not accurately represent HIV-1 Env proteins circulating in humans, potentially limiting their translational utility. We developed a strategy for generating large numbers of SHIV constructs expressing Env proteins from newly transmitted HIV-1 strains. By inoculating macaques with cocktails of multiple SHIV variants, we selected SHIVs that can replicate and cause AIDS-like disease in immunologically intact rhesus macaques without requiring animal-to-animal passage. One of these SHIVs could be transmitted mucosally. We demonstrate the utility of the SHIVs generated by this method for evaluating neutralizing antibody administration as a protection against mucosal SHIV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Braiden Eilers
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brian Moldt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anthony Rodriguez
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marissa Sampias
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Randy Fast
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Charles M Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Celia C LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center and Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marty Markowitz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vineet N KewalRamani
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA; Laboratory of Retrovirology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Theodora Hatziioannou
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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9
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Hatziioannou T, Del Prete GQ, Keele BF, Estes JD, McNatt MW, Bitzegeio J, Raymond A, Rodriguez A, Schmidt F, Mac Trubey C, Smedley J, Piatak M, KewalRamani VN, Lifson JD, Bieniasz PD. HIV-1-induced AIDS in monkeys. Science 2014; 344:1401-5. [PMID: 24948736 PMCID: PMC4266393 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primate lentiviruses exhibit narrow host tropism, reducing the occurrence of zoonoses but also impairing the development of optimal animal models of AIDS. To delineate the factors limiting cross-species HIV-1 transmission, we passaged a modified HIV-1 in pigtailed macaques that were transiently depleted of CD8(+) cells during acute infection. During adaptation over four passages in macaques, HIV-1 acquired the ability to antagonize the macaque restriction factor tetherin, replicated at progressively higher levels, and ultimately caused marked CD4(+) T cell depletion and AIDS-defining conditions. Transient treatment with an antibody to CD8 during acute HIV-1 infection caused rapid progression to AIDS, whereas untreated animals exhibited an elite controller phenotype. Thus, an adapted HIV-1 can cause AIDS in macaques, and stark differences in outcome can be determined by immunological perturbations during early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew W McNatt
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Julia Bitzegeio
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alice Raymond
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anthony Rodriguez
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fabian Schmidt
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - C Mac Trubey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeremy Smedley
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Vineet N KewalRamani
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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10
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The saga of XMRV: a virus that infects human cells but is not a human virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e. [PMID: 26038516 PMCID: PMC4008767 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was discovered in 2006 in a search for a viral etiology of human prostate cancer (PC). Substantial interest in XMRV as a potentially new pathogenic human retrovirus was driven by reports that XMRV could be detected in a significant percentage of PC samples, and also in tissues from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). After considerable controversy, etiologic links between XMRV and these two diseases were disproven. XMRV was determined to have arisen during passage of a human PC tumor in immunocompromised nude mice, by activation and recombination between two endogenous murine leukemia viruses from cells of the mouse. The resulting XMRV had a xentropic host range, which allowed it replicate in the human tumor cells in the xenograft. This review describes the discovery of XMRV, and the molecular and virological events leading to its formation, XMRV infection in animal models and biological effects on infected cells. Lessons from XMRV for other searches of viral etiologies of cancer are discussed, as well as cautions for researchers working on human tumors or cell lines that have been passed through nude mice, includingpotential biohazards associated with XMRV or other similar xenotropic murine leukemia viruses (MLVs).
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11
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Del Prete GQ, Scarlotta M, Newman L, Reid C, Parodi LM, Roser JD, Oswald K, Marx PA, Miller CJ, Desrosiers RC, Barouch DH, Pal R, Piatak M, Chertova E, Giavedoni LD, O'Connor DH, Lifson JD, Keele BF. Comparative characterization of transfection- and infection-derived simian immunodeficiency virus challenge stocks for in vivo nonhuman primate studies. J Virol 2013; 87:4584-95. [PMID: 23408608 PMCID: PMC3624367 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03507-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) stocks for in vivo nonhuman primate models of AIDS are typically generated by transfection of 293T cells with molecularly cloned viral genomes or by expansion in productively infected T cells. Although titers of stocks are determined for infectivity in vitro prior to in vivo inoculation, virus production methods may differentially affect stock features that are not routinely analyzed but may impact in vivo infectivity, mucosal transmissibility, and early infection events. We performed a detailed analysis of nine SIV stocks, comprising five infection-derived SIVmac251 viral swarm stocks and paired infection- and transfected-293T-cell-derived stocks of both SIVmac239 and SIVmac766. Representative stocks were evaluated for (i) virus content, (ii) infectious titer, (iii) sequence diversity and polymorphism frequency by single-genome amplification and 454 pyrosequencing, (iv) virion-associated Env content, and (v) cytokine and chemokine content by 36-plex Luminex analysis. Regardless of production method, all stocks had comparable particle/infectivity ratios, with the transfected-293T stocks possessing the highest overall virus content and infectivity titers despite containing markedly lower levels of virion-associated Env than infection-derived viruses. Transfected-293T stocks also contained fewer and lower levels of cytokines and chemokines than infection-derived stocks, which had elevated levels of multiple analytes, with substantial variability among stocks. Sequencing of the infection-derived SIVmac251 stocks revealed variable levels of viral diversity between stocks, with evidence of stock-specific selection and expansion of unique viral lineages. These analyses suggest that there may be underappreciated features of SIV in vivo challenge stocks with the potential to impact early infection events, which may merit consideration when selecting virus stocks for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q. Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Laura Newman
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Reid
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - James D. Roser
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelli Oswald
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Preston A. Marx
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher J. Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- New England Primate Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ranajit Pal
- Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Inc., Kensington, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Piatak
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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12
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No evidence of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus transmission by blood transfusion from infected rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 87:2278-86. [PMID: 23236064 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02326-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in human tissue samples has been shown to be due to virus contamination with a recombinant murine retrovirus. However, due to the unknown pathogenicity of this novel retrovirus and its broad host range, including human cell lines, it is important to understand the modes of virus transmission and develop mitigation and management strategies to reduce the risk of human exposure and infection. XMRV transmission was evaluated by whole-blood transfusion in rhesus macaques. Monkeys were infected with XMRV to serve as donor monkeys for blood transfers at weeks 1, 2, and 3 into naïve animals. The donor and recipient monkeys were evaluated for XMRV infection by nested PCR assays with nucleotide sequence confirmation, Western blot assays for development of virus-specific antibodies, and coculture of monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with a sensitive target cell line for virus isolation. XMRV infection was demonstrated in the virus-injected donor monkeys, but there was no evidence of virus transmission by whole-blood transfusion to naïve monkeys based upon PCR analysis of PBMCs using XMRV-specific gag and env primers, Western blot analysis of monkey plasma up to 31 to 32 weeks after transfusion, and coculture studies using monkey PBMCs from various times after transfusion. The study demonstrates the lack of XMRV transmission by whole-blood transfusion during the acute phase of infection. Furthermore, analysis of PBMC viral DNA showed extensive APOBEC-mediated G-to-A hypermutation in a donor animal at week 9, corroborating previous results using macaques and supporting the possible restriction of XMRV replication in humans by a similar mechanism.
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13
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Lee D, Das Gupta J, Gaughan C, Steffen I, Tang N, Luk KC, Qiu X, Urisman A, Fischer N, Molinaro R, Broz M, Schochetman G, Klein EA, Ganem D, DeRisi JL, Simmons G, Hackett J, Silverman RH, Chiu CY. In-depth investigation of archival and prospectively collected samples reveals no evidence for XMRV infection in prostate cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44954. [PMID: 23028701 PMCID: PMC3445615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
XMRV, or xenotropic murine leukemia virus (MLV)-related virus, is a novel gammaretrovirus originally identified in studies that analyzed tissue from prostate cancer patients in 2006 and blood from patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) in 2009. However, a large number of subsequent studies failed to confirm a link between XMRV infection and CFS or prostate cancer. On the contrary, recent evidence indicates that XMRV is a contaminant originating from the recombination of two mouse endogenous retroviruses during passaging of a prostate tumor xenograft (CWR22) in mice, generating laboratory-derived cell lines that are XMRV-infected. To confirm or refute an association between XMRV and prostate cancer, we analyzed prostate cancer tissues and plasma from a prospectively collected cohort of 39 patients as well as archival RNA and prostate tissue from the original 2006 study. Despite comprehensive microarray, PCR, FISH, and serological testing, XMRV was not detected in any of the newly collected samples or in archival tissue, although archival RNA remained XMRV-positive. Notably, archival VP62 prostate tissue, from which the prototype XMRV strain was derived, tested negative for XMRV on re-analysis. Analysis of viral genomic and human mitochondrial sequences revealed that all previously characterized XMRV strains are identical and that the archival RNA had been contaminated by an XMRV-infected laboratory cell line. These findings reveal no association between XMRV and prostate cancer, and underscore the conclusion that XMRV is not a naturally acquired human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Imke Steffen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ning Tang
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ka-Cheung Luk
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxing Qiu
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicole Fischer
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ross Molinaro
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Miranda Broz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Eric A. Klein
- Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Don Ganem
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Hackett
- Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Charles Y. Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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14
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Delviks-Frankenberry K, Cingoz O, Coffin JM, Pathak VK. Recombinant origin, contamination, and de-discovery of XMRV. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:499-507. [PMID: 22818188 PMCID: PMC3426297 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and de-discovery of the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) has been a tumultuous roller-coaster ride for scientists and patients. The initial associations of XMRV with chronic fatigue syndrome and prostate cancer, while providing much hope and optimism, have now been discredited and/or retracted following overwhelming evidence that (1) numerous patient cohorts from around the world are XMRV-negative, (2) the initial reports of XMRV-positive patients were due to contamination with mouse DNA, XMRV plasmid DNA, or virus from the 22Rv1 cell line and (3) XMRV is a laboratory-derived virus generated in the mid 1990s through recombination during passage of a prostate tumor xenograft in immuno-compromised mice. While these developments are disappointing to scientists and patients, they provide a valuable road map of potential pitfalls to the would-be microbe hunters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oya Cingoz
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - John M. Coffin
- Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston MA
| | - Vinay K. Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, NCI, HIV DRP, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
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15
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Das Gupta J, Luk KC, Tang N, Gaughan C, Klein EA, Kandel ES, Hackett J, Silverman RH. Absence of XMRV and closely related viruses in primary prostate cancer tissues used to derive the XMRV-infected cell line 22Rv1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36072. [PMID: 22615748 PMCID: PMC3353988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22Rv1 cell line is widely used for prostate cancer research and other studies throughout the world. These cells were established from a human prostate tumor, CWR22, that was serially passaged in nude mice and selected for androgen independence. The 22Rv1 cells are known to produce high titers of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV). Recent studies suggested that XMRV was inadvertently created in the 1990's when two murine leukemia virus (MLV) genomes (pre-XMRV1 and pre-XMRV-2) recombined during passaging of the CWR22 tumor in mice. The conclusion that XMRV originated from mice and not the patient was based partly on the failure to detect XMRV in early CWR22 xenografts. While that deduction is certainly justified, we examined the possibility that a closely related virus could have been present in primary tumor tissue. Here we report that we have located the original prostate tumor tissue excised from patient CWR22 and have assayed the corresponding DNA by PCR and the tissue sections by fluorescence in situ hybridization for the presence of XMRV or a similar virus. The primary tumor tissues lacked mouse DNA as determined by PCR for intracisternal A type particle DNA, thus avoiding one of the limitations of studying xenografts. We show that neither XMRV nor a closely related virus was present in primary prostate tissue of patient CWR22. Our findings confirm and reinforce the conclusion that XMRV is a recombinant laboratory-generated mouse virus that is highly adapted for human prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydip Das Gupta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ka-Cheung Luk
- Abbott Diagnostics, Emerging Pathogens and Virus Discovery, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ning Tang
- Abbott Molecular, Des Plaines, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Christina Gaughan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Klein
- Glickman Urologic and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Eugene S. Kandel
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - John Hackett
- Abbott Diagnostics, Emerging Pathogens and Virus Discovery, Abbott Park, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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16
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Curriu M, Carrillo J, Massanella M, Garcia E, Cunyat F, Peña R, Wienberg P, Carrato C, Areal J, Bofill M, Clotet B, Blanco J, Cabrera C. Susceptibility of human lymphoid tissue cultured ex vivo to xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37415. [PMID: 22616002 PMCID: PMC3353939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) was generated after a recombination event between two endogenous murine leukemia viruses during the production of a prostate cancer cell line. Although the associations of the XMRV infection with human diseases appear unlikely, the XMRV is a retrovirus of undefined pathogenic potential, able to replicate in human cells in vitro. Since recent studies using animal models for infection have yielded conflicting results, we set out an ex vivo model for XMRV infection of human tonsillar tissue to determine whether XMRV produced by 22Rv1 cells is able to replicate in human lymphoid organs. Tonsil blocks were infected and infection kinetics and its pathogenic effects were monitored RESULTS XMRV, though restricted by APOBEC, enters and integrates into the tissue cells. The infection did not result in changes of T or B-cells, immune activation, nor inflammatory chemokines. Infectious viruses could be recovered from supernatants of infected tonsils by reinfecting DERSE XMRV indicator cell line, although these supernatants could not establish a new infection in fresh tonsil culture, indicating that in our model, the viral replication is controlled by innate antiviral restriction factors. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the replication-competent retrovirus XMRV, present in a high number of laboratories, is able to infect human lymphoid tissue and produce infectious viruses, even though they were unable to establish a new infection in fresh tonsillar tissue. Hereby, laboratories working with cell lines producing XMRV should have knowledge and understanding of the potential biological biohazardous risks of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Curriu
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Garcia
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Cunyat
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Peña
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Wienberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Déu, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrato
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Areal
- Urology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Bofill
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cecilia Cabrera
- IrsiCaixa-HIVACAT, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Hospital Germans Trias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Carretera del Canyet S/N, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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