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Wu X, Chen L, Sui C, Hu Y, Jiang D, Yang F, Miller LC, Li J, Cong X, Hrabchenko N, Lee C, Du Y, Qi J. 3C pro of FMDV inhibits type II interferon-stimulated JAK-STAT signaling pathway by blocking STAT1 nuclear translocation. Virol Sin 2023; 38:387-397. [PMID: 36921803 PMCID: PMC10311264 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has developed various strategies to antagonize the host innate immunity. FMDV Lpro and 3Cpro interfere with type I IFNs through different mechanisms. The structural protein VP3 of FMDV degrades Janus kinase 1 to suppress IFN-γ signaling transduction. Whether non-structural proteins of FMDV are involved in restraining type II IFN signaling pathways is unknown. In this study, it was shown that FMDV replication was resistant to IFN-γ treatment after the infection was established and FMDV inhibited type II IFN induced expression of IFN-γ-stimulated genes (ISGs). We also showed for the first time that FMDV non-structural protein 3C antagonized IFN-γ-stimulated JAK-STAT signaling pathway by blocking STAT1 nuclear translocation. 3Cpro expression significantly reduced the ISGs transcript levels and palindromic gamma-activated sequences (GAS) promoter activity, without affecting the protein level, tyrosine phosphorylation, and homodimerization of STAT1. Finally, we provided evidence that 3C protease activity played an essential role in degrading KPNA1 and thus inhibited ISGs mRNA and GAS promoter activities. Our results reveal a novel mechanism by which an FMDV non-structural protein antagonizes host type II IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangju Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Chao Sui
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Dandan Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Laura C Miller
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Juntong Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cong
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Nataliia Hrabchenko
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Changhee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Virus Vaccine Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China.
| | - Jing Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding/Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China; College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China.
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2
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Dickmeis C, Commandeur U. Advanced Fusion Strategies for the Production of Functionalized Potato Virus X Virions. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2480:215-239. [PMID: 35616866 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2241-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant virions are ideal for nanotechnology applications because they are structurally diverse and can self-assemble naturally, allowing for large-scale production in plants by molecular farming. Potato virus X (PVX) is particularly amenable due to the unique properties of its filamentous and flexible capsid, but efficient strategies are required to adapt the surface properties of PVX, such as the attachment of proteins and peptides. This chapter describes the selection and utilization of 2A ribosomal skip sequences, allowing the presentation of heterologous proteins and peptides as N-terminal fusions to the PVX coat protein at different densities. Another strategy for the rapid modification of PVX capsids is the plug-and-display module of the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system. The SpyTag can be presented on the PVX surface, allowing for the attachment of any protein fused to the SpyCatcher sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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3
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Mizote Y, Masumi-Koizumi K, Katsuda T, Yamaji H. Production of an antibody Fab fragment using 2A peptide in insect cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2020; 130:205-211. [PMID: 32284303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody Fab fragments consist of heavy chain (Hc) and light chain (Lc) polypeptides assembled with a disulphide bond. The production of a recombinant Fab fragment requires the simultaneous expression of two genes encoding both an Hc and an Lc in the same host cell. In the present study, we investigated the production of Fab fragments in lepidopteran insect cells using a bicistronic plasmid vector carrying the Hc and Lc genes linked with a 2A self-cleaving peptide sequence from the porcine teschovirus-1. We also examined the arrangement of a GSG spacer sequence and a furin cleavage site sequence with the 2A sequence. Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of culture supernatants showed that Trichoplusia ni BTI-TN-5B1-4 (High Five) cells transfected with a plasmid in which the Hc and Lc genes were joined by the 2A sequence successfully secreted Fab fragments with antigen-binding activity after self-cleavage of the 2A peptide. The GSG linker enhanced 2A cleavage efficiency, and the furin recognition site was useful for removal of 2A residues from the Hc. Transfection with a single plasmid that contained sequences for GSG, the furin cleavage site, GSG, and the 2A peptide between the Hc and Lc genes exhibited a higher productivity than co-transfection with a set of plasmids separately carrying the Hc or Lc gene. These results demonstrate that bicistronic expression with the appropriate combination of a furin recognition site, GSG linkers, and a 2A peptide may be an effective way to efficiently produce recombinant antibody molecules in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mizote
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masumi-Koizumi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, c/o Integrated Research Center of Kobe University, 7-1-49 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Katsuda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, c/o Integrated Research Center of Kobe University, 7-1-49 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamaji
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Manufacturing Technology Association of Biologics, c/o Integrated Research Center of Kobe University, 7-1-49 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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4
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Ning S, Wang ZB, Qi P, Xiao J, Wang XJ. Crystallization of SLA-2*04:02:02 complexed with a CTL epitope derived from FMDV. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:90-98. [PMID: 31760318 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Presentation of viral epitopes by swine MHC I (termed leukocyte antigen class I, SLA I) to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is crucial for swine immunity. The SLA-2 structure, however, remains largely unknown. To illustrate the structural basis of swine CTL epitope presentation, the crystal structure of SLA-2*04:02:02 complexed with one peptide, derived from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), was analyzed in this study. SLA-2*04:02:02 and swine β2-microglobulin (sβ2m) were refolded in vitro in the presence of peptides. X-ray diffraction data of SLA-2*04:02:02-peptide-sβ2m (referred to as p/SLA-2*04:02:02) were collected. The diffraction dataset was 2.3 Å in resolution and the space group was P3(2)21. Relevant data included a = 101.8 Å, b = 101.8 Å, c = 73.455 Å,α = 90.00°, β = 90.00°, γ = 120.00°. The structure of p/SLA-2*04:02:02 was analyzed. The results revealed that Glu24, Met68, Gly76, and Gln173 in PBG of SLA-2*04:02:02 are different from other MHC I. Furthermore, Asn63 is different from other SLA I. Gln57, Met174 and Gln180 in PBG of SLA I are different from other species' MHC I. All of these features are different from known mammalian peptide-MHC class I complexes (referred to as p/MHC I). In addition, P4-His, P6-Val, and P8-Pro in the peptide were exposed, and these residues as epitopes can be presented by SLA-2*04:02:02. This study not only provides a structural basis for peptide presentation by SLA-2, but also screens one potential FMDV CTL epitope. The results may be of interest in future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Ning
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Bao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd., 100095 Beijing, China
| | - Peng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd., 100095 Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co. Ltd., 100095 Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, China.
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5
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Luke GA, Ryan MD. "Therapeutic applications of the 'NPGP' family of viral 2As". Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e2001. [PMID: 30094875 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide "2A" and "2A-like" sequences ("2As"; 18-25aa) are found in a range of RNA virus genomes controlling protein biogenesis through "recoding" of the host-cell translational apparatus. Insertion of multiple 2As within a single open reading frame (ORF) produces multiple proteins; hence, 2As have been used in a very wide range of biotechnological and biomedical applications. During translation, these 2A peptide sequences mediate a eukaryote-specific, self-"cleaving" event, termed "ribosome skipping" with very high efficiency. A particular advantage of using 2As is the ability to simultaneously translate a number of proteins at an equal level in all eukaryotic systems although, naturally, final steady-state levels depend upon other factors-notably protein stability. By contrast, the use of internal ribosome entry site elements for co-expression results in an unbalanced expression due to the relative inefficiency of internal initiation. For example, a 1:1 ratio is of particular importance for the biosynthesis of the heavy-chain and light-chain components of antibodies: highly valuable as therapeutic proteins. Furthermore, each component of these "artificial polyprotein" systems can be independently targeted to different sub-cellular sites. The potential of this system was vividly demonstrated by concatenating multiple gene sequences, linked via 2A sequences, into a single, long, ORF-a polycistronic construct. Here, ORFs comprising the biosynthetic pathways for violacein (five gene sequences) and β-carotene (four gene sequences) were concatenated into a single cistron such that all components were co-expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. In this review, we provide useful information on 2As to serve as a guide for future utilities of this co-expression technology in basic research, biotechnology, and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry A Luke
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Martin D Ryan
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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6
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Lv J, Ding Y, Liu X, Pan L, Zhang Z, Zhou P, Zhang Y, Hu Y. Gene expression analysis of porcine whole blood cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus using high-throughput sequencing technology. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200081. [PMID: 29979724 PMCID: PMC6034850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a single-stranded positive RNA virus that belongs to the family Picornaviridae. FMDV infects cloven-hoofed animals, such as pigs, sheep, goats, cattle and diverse wildlife species, and remains a major threat to the livestock industry worldwide. In this study, a transcriptome analysis of whole blood from pigs infected with FMDV was performed using the paired-end Illumina sequencing technique to understand the interactions between the pathogen and its host cells. During infection with FMDV, a total of 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 110 up-regulated genes and 10 down-regulated genes. To further investigate the DEGs involved in interactions between the virus and its host, gene ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment were conducted. GO annotation indicated that a number of DEGs were enriched in categories involved in host-virus interactions, such as response to stimulus, immune system process and regulation of biological process. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that the DEGs were primarily involved in the ribosome signaling pathway and immune-related signaling pathways. Ten DEGs, including the immune-related genes BTK1, C1QB, TIMD4 and CXCL10, were selected and validated using quantitative PCR, which showed that the expression patterns of these genes are consistent with the results of the in silico expression analysis. In conclusion, this study presents the first transcriptome analysis of pig whole blood cells infected with FMDV, and the results obtained in this study improve our understanding of the interactions between FMDV and host cells as well as the diagnosis and control of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianliang Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yaozhong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Xinsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Zhongwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YH); (YZ)
| | - Yonghao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YH); (YZ)
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7
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Nogueira M, Enfissi EM, Almeida J, Fraser PD. Creating plant molecular factories for industrial and nutritional isoprenoid production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 49:80-87. [PMID: 28837945 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemical refining is a highly efficient process that has driven industrialisation and globalisation. However, dwindling fuel reserves and climatic fluctuation are now imposing key societal and economic challenges to health and welfare provision, agriculture, manufacturing outputs and energy. Plants are potentially exploitable 'green' chemical factories, with vast chemical diversity that can be used for the discovery and production of food, feed, medicines and biomaterials. Despite notable advances, plant based production under real-life scenarios remains, in most cases, economically uncompetitive when compared to inherently non-sustainable petrochemical based processes. In the present review the strategies available and those emerging will be described. Furthermore, how can the new evolving molecular tools such as genome editing be utilised to create a new paradigm of plant-based production? To illustrate the present status quo, we have chosen the isoprenoids as the class of natural products. These compounds display vast chemical diversity and have been used across multiple industrial sectors as medicines, supplements in food and feedstuffs, colourants and fragrances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilise Nogueira
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 ORB, UK
| | - Eugenia Ma Enfissi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 ORB, UK
| | - Juliana Almeida
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 ORB, UK
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, Surrey TW20 ORB, UK.
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8
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Li D, Du Q, Wu B, Li J, Chang L, Zhao X, Huang Y, Tong D. Immunogenicity of adenovirus vaccines expressing the PCV2 capsid protein in pigs. Vaccine 2017; 35:4722-4729. [PMID: 28755834 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main pathogen of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), causing great economic losses in pig industry. In previous study, we constructed adenovirus vector vaccines expressing PCV2 Cap either modified with Intron A and WPRE, or CD40L and GMCSF, and evaluated all of these vaccines in mice and in pigs. Although Ad-A-C-W and Ad-CD40L-Cap-GMCSF could induce stronger immune responses than Ad-Cap, neither of them was better than commercial inactivated vaccine PCV2 SH-strain. In this study, secretory recombinant adenoviruses (Ad-A-spCap-W and Ad-A-spCD40L-spCap-spGMCSF-W) and non-secretory recombinant adenovirus Ad-A-CD40L-Cap-GMCSF-W were constructed, and identified by western blot and confocal laser microscope observation. The results of ELISA and VN showed that humoral immune responses induced by Ad-A-spCap-W and Ad-A-CD40L-Cap-GMCSF-W were not significantly different from SH-strain, but Ad-A-spCD40L-spCap-spGMCSF-W could induce significantly higher humoral immune response than SH-strain. Lymphocytes proliferative and cytokines releasing levels of Ad-A-spCap-W and Ad-A-CD40L-Cap-GMCSF-W were not significantly different from SH-strain, but Ad-A-spCD40L-spCap-spGMCSF-W was significantly higher than SH-strain. PCV2-challenge experiment showed that virus loads were significantly reduced in Ad-A-spCD40L-spCap-spGMCSF-W vaccinated group, and no obviously clinical and microscopic lesions were observed in Ad-A-spCD40L-spCap-spGMCSF-W vaccinated group. Altogether, these results demonstrate that recombinant adenovirus vaccine Ad-A-spCD40L-spCap-spGMCSF-W induces stronger immune responses and provides better protection than commercial inactivated vaccine PCV2 SH-strain, and suggest that Ad-A-spCD40L-spCap-spGMCSF-W could be a potential vaccine candidate against PCVAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Juejun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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9
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Gao Y, Sun SQ, Guo HC. Biological function of Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural proteins and non-coding elements. Virol J 2016; 13:107. [PMID: 27334704 PMCID: PMC4917953 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) represses host translation machinery, blocks protein secretion, and cleaves cellular proteins associated with signal transduction and the innate immune response to infection. Non-structural proteins (NSPs) and non-coding elements (NCEs) of FMDV play a critical role in these biological processes. The FMDV virion consists of capsid and nucleic acid. The virus genome is a positive single stranded RNA and encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a long structured 5ʹ-untranslated region (5ʹ-UTR) and a short 3ʹ-UTR. The ORF is translated into a polypeptide chain and processed into four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4), 10 NSPs (Lpro, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B1–3, 3Cpro, and 3Dpol), and some cleavage intermediates. In the past decade, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on the molecular pathogenesis of FMDV NSPs and NCEs. This review collected recent research progress on the biological functions of these NSPs and NCEs on the replication and host cellular regulation of FMDV to understand the molecular mechanism of host–FMDV interactions and provide perspectives for antiviral strategy and development of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Shi-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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10
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Li D, Huang Y, Du Q, Wang Z, Chang L, Zhao X, Tong D. CD40 Ligand and GMCSF Coexpression Enhance the Immune Responses and Protective Efficacy of PCV2 Adenovirus Vaccine. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:148-58. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Delong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dewen Tong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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11
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Bazzazi H, Sang L, Dick IE, Joshi-Mukherjee R, Yang W, Yue DT. Novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based reporter reveals differential calcineurin activation in neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes. J Physiol 2015; 593:3865-84. [PMID: 26096996 PMCID: PMC4575574 DOI: 10.1113/jp270510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based genetically encoded reporters of calcineurin are constructed by fusing the two subunits of calcineurin with P2A-based linkers retaining the expected native conformation of calcineurin. Calcineurin reporters display robust responses to calcium transients in HEK293 cells. The sensor responses are correlated with NFATc1 translocation dynamics in HEK293 cells. The sensors are uniformly distributed in neonatal myocytes and respond efficiently to single electrically evoked calcium transients and show cumulative activation at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz. In adult myocytes, the calcineurin sensors appear to be localized to the cardiac z-lines, and respond to cumulative calcium transients at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz. The phosphatase calcineurin is a central component of many calcium signalling pathways, relaying calcium signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. It has critical functions in a multitude of systems, including immune, cardiac and neuronal. Given the widespread importance of calcineurin in both normal and pathological conditions, new tools that elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcineurin activity would be invaluable. Here we develop two separate genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensors of calcineurin activation, DuoCaN and UniCaN. Both sensors showcase a large dynamic range and rapid response kinetics, differing primarily in the linker structure between the FRET pairs. Both sensors were calibrated in HEK293 cells and their responses correlated well with NFAT translocation to the nucleus, validating the biological relevance of the sensor readout. The sensors were subsequently expressed in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and acutely isolated adult guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Both sensors demonstrated robust responses in myocytes and revealed kinetic differences in calcineurin activation during changes in pacing rate for neonatal versus adult myocytes. Finally, mathematical modelling combined with quantitative FRET measurements provided novel insights into the kinetics and integration of calcineurin activation in response to myocyte Ca transients. In all, DuoCaN and UniCaN stand as valuable new tools for understanding the role of calcineurin in normal and pathological signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat Bazzazi
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lingjie Sang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ivy E Dick
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rosy Joshi-Mukherjee
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wanjun Yang
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Neuroscience, Centre for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore, MD, USA
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Synthesis and in-vitro evaluation of 2-amino-4-arylthiazole as inhibitor of 3D polymerase against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Eur J Med Chem 2015; 102:387-97. [PMID: 26301555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease of livestock caused by a highly variable RNA virus, foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). One of the targets to suppress expansion of and to control FMD is 3D polymerase (FMDV 3Dpol). In this study, 2-amino-4-arylthiazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against FMDV 3Dpol. Among them, compound 20i exhibited the most potent functional inhibition (IC50 = 0.39 μM) of FMDV 3D polymerase and compound 24a (EC50 = 13.09 μM) showed more potent antiviral activity than ribavirin (EC50 = 1367 μM) and T1105 (EC50 = 347 μM) with IBRS-2 cells infected by the FMDV O/SKR/2010 strain.
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Single amino acid substitution of VP1 N17D or VP2 H145Y confers acid-resistant phenotype of type Asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virol Sin 2014; 29:103-11. [PMID: 24752763 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-014-3426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is triggered by the acidic pH in endosomes after virus uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis. However, dissociation of the FMDV 146S particle in mildly acidic conditions renders inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines much less effective. Type Asia1 FMDV mutants with increased resistance to acid inactivation were selected to study the molecular basis of viral resistance to acid-induced disassembly and improve the acid stability of FMDV. Sequencing of capsid-coding regions revealed four amino acid replacements (VP1 N17D, VP2 H145Y, VP2 G192D, and VP3 K153E) in the viral population of the acid-selected 10th passage. We performed single or combined mutagenesis using a reverse genetic system, and our results provide direct experimental evidence that VP2 H145Y or VP1 N17D substitution confers an acid-resistant phenotype to type Asia1 FMDV.
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Abe T, Fujimori T. Reporter mouse lines for fluorescence imaging. Dev Growth Differ 2013; 55:390-405. [PMID: 23621623 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of live imaging approaches to examine and understand the dynamic processes that take place during mouse development has become widespread. Several groups have reported their success in generating different reporter mouse lines that express a variety of fluorescent markers for imaging. However, there is currently no established database of the reporter mouse lines available for live imaging, such as the Cre transgenic lines (Cre-X-Mice). Researchers therefore often have difficulties in determining which reporter mouse line meets their research purposes. In this review, we summarize some of the reporter mouse lines that have been generated for live imaging studies, and discuss their characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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Touihri L, Ahmed SB, Chtourou Y, Daoud R, Bahloul C. Design of different strategies of multivalent DNA-based vaccination against rabies and canine distemper in mice and dogs. Virol J 2012; 9:319. [PMID: 23270301 PMCID: PMC3547725 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the vaccination campaigns, puppies younger than 3 months old are not targeted and remain unvaccinated for at least the first year of their lives. Almost half of the reported rabid dogs are 6 months or younger. Hence, we should recommend the vaccination against rabies of young puppies. Unfortunately, owing to the exposure of puppies to infections with either canine parvovirus (CPV) or distemper virus (CDV) after the intervention of the vaccinators, owners are reluctant to vaccinate puppies against rabies. Therefore, it is necessary to include the CPV and CDV valences in the vaccine against rabies. Multivalent DNA-based vaccination in dogs, including rabies and distemper valences, could help in raising vaccine coverage. METHODS We have designed monovalent and multivalent DNA-based vaccine candidates for in vitro and in vivo assays. These plasmids encode to the rabies virus glycoprotein and/or the canine distemper virus hemagglutinin. The first strategy of multivalent DNA-based vaccination is by mixing plasmids encoding to a single antigen each. The second is by simply fusing the genes of the antigens together. The third is by adding the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A oligopeptide gene into the antigen genes. The last strategy is by the design and use of a bicistronic plasmid with an "Internal Ribosome Entry Site" (IRES) domain. RESULTS The monovalent construct against canine distemper was efficiently validated by inducing higher humoral immune responses compared to cell-culture-derived vaccine both in mice and dogs. All multivalent plasmids efficiently expressed both valences after in vitro transfection of BHK-21 cells. In BALB/c mice, the bicistronic IRES-dependant construct was the most efficient inducer of virus-neutralizing antibodies against both valences. It was able to induce better humoral immune responses compared to the administration of either cell-culture-derived vaccines or monovalent plasmids. The FMDV 2A was also efficient in the design of multivalent plasmids. CONCLUSIONS In a single shot, the design of efficient multivalent plasmids will be very beneficial for DNA-based vaccination against numerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Touihri
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, MMVDB, 13, Place Pasteur BP-74, Tunis-Belvedere, 1002, Tunisia
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Du Y, Qi J, Lu Y, Wu J, Yoo D, Liu X, Zhang X, Li J, Sun W, Cong X, Shi J, Wang J. Evaluation of a DNA vaccine candidate co-expressing GP3 and GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) with interferon α/γ in immediate and long-lasting protection against HP-PRRSV challenge. Virus Genes 2012; 45:474-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Malirat V, Bergmann IE, de Mendonça Campos R, Conde F, Quiroga JL, Villamil M, Salgado G, Ortiz S. Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in South America. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang H, Xue M, Yang D, Zhou G, Wu D, Yu L. Insertion of type O-conserved neutralizing epitope into the foot-and-mouth disease virus type Asia1 VP1 G-H loop: effect on viral replication and neutralization phenotype. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1442-1448. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.040253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we finely mapped the neutralizing epitopes recognized by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) type Asia1-specific mAb 3E11 and FMDV type O-specific mAb 8E8. In this study, we engineered recombinant FMDVs of the serotype Asia1 (rFMDVs) displaying the type O-neutralizing epitope recognized by the mAb 8E8. These epitope-inserted viruses were genetically stable and exhibited growth properties that were similar to those of their parental virus. Importantly, the recombinant virus rFMDV-C showed neutralization sensitivity to both FMDV type Asia1 and type O mAbs, as well as to polyclonal antibodies. These results indicated that this epitope-inserted virus has the potential to induce neutralizing antibodies against both FMDV type Asia1 and type O. Our results demonstrated that the G-H loop of FMDV type Asia1 effectively displays the protective neutralizing epitopes of other FMDV serotypes, making this an attractive approach for the design of novel FMDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Mei Xue
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Decheng Yang
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Donglai Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Li Yu
- Division of Livestock Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China
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Giry-Laterrière M, Cherpin O, Kim YS, Jensen J, Salmon P. Polyswitch lentivectors: "all-in-one" lentiviral vectors for drug-inducible gene expression, live selection, and recombination cloning. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:1255-67. [PMID: 21761975 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are now widely considered one of the safest and most efficient tools for gene delivery and stable gene expression. Even though inducible gene expression cassettes are mandatory for many genetic engineering strategies, most current systems suffer from various issues, such as the requirement of two vectors, which decreases the overall efficiency of the transduction, leakiness and/or insufficient levels of activation of the inducible promoter, lack of selectable marker, low titers, or general issues associated with the cloning of large plasmids. In this article, we describe the design and functional characterization of a set of "all-in-one" multicistronic autoinducible lentivectors. They combine: (1) an optimized drug-inducible promoter; (2) a multicistronic strategy to express living color, selectable marker, and transactivator; and (3) acceptor sites for easy recombination cloning of genes of interest. These polyswitch lentivectors have good titers, very low basal activity, and reversible high induced activity, and can accept a growing number of genes already cloned in entry plasmids. These combined features make them a novel, powerful, and versatile tool for current and future genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Giry-Laterrière
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, CMU, 1 Rue Michel Servet, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
Background FMD is one of the major causes of economic loss of cloven-hoofed animals in the world today. The assessment of dominant genotype/lineage and prevalent trends and confirmation the presence of infection or vaccination not only provides scientific basis and first-hand information for appropriate control measure but also for disease eradication and regaining FMD free status following an outbreak. Although different biological and serological approaches are still applied to study this disease, ELISA test based on the distinct format, antigen type and specific antibody reinforce its predominance in different research areas of FMD, and this may replace the traditional methods in the near future. This review gives comprehensive insight on ELISA currently available for typing, antigenic analysis, vaccination status differentiation and surveillance vaccine purity and content at all stages of manufacture in FMDV. Besides, some viewpoint about the recent advances and trends of ELISA reagent for FMD are described here. Methods More than 100 studies regarding ELISA method available for FMD diagnosis, antigenic analysis and monitor were thoroughly reviewed. We investigated previous sagacious results of these tests on their sensitivity, specificity. Results We found that in all ELISA formats for FMD, antibody-trapping and competitive ELISAs have high specificity and RT-PCR (oligoprobing) ELISA has extra sensitivity. A panel of monoclonal antibodies to different sites or monoclonal antibody in combination of antiserum is the most suitable combination of antibodies in ELISA for FMD. Even though from its beginning, 3ABC is proven to be best performance in many studies, no single NSP can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals with complete confidence. Meanwhile, recombinant antigens and peptide derived from FMDV NPs, and NSPs have been developed for use as an alternative to the inactivated virus antigen for security. Conclusions There is a need of target protein, which accurately determines the susceptible animal status based on the simple, fast and reliable routine laboratory test. A further alternative based on virus-like particle (VLP, also called empty capsids) in combination of high throughput antibody technique (Phage antibody library/antibody microarray) may be the powerful ELISA diagnostic reagents in future.
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Burks JM, Zwieb C, Müller F, Wower IK, Wower J. In silico analysis of IRES RNAs of foot-and-mouth disease virus and related picornaviruses. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1737-47. [PMID: 21681504 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) uses an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), a highly structured segment of its genomic RNA, to hijack the translational apparatus of an infected host. Computational analysis of 162 type II picornavirus IRES RNA sequences yielded secondary structures that included only base pairs supported by comparative or experimental evidence. The deduced helical sections provided the foundation for a hypothetical three-dimensional model of FMDV IRES RNA. The model was further constrained by incorporation of data derived from chemical modification and enzymatic probing of IRES RNAs as well as high-resolution information about IRES RNA-bound proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody M Burks
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, 210 Upchurch Hall, Auburn, AL 36849-5415, USA
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Orchestrating ribosomal activity from inside: effects of the nascent chain on the peptidyltransferase centre. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 38:1576-80. [PMID: 21118129 DOI: 10.1042/bst0381576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal progression through the open reading frames within mRNAs is frequently considered as uneventful when compared with the highly regulated initiation step. However, both RNA and nascent peptide can interact with the ribosome to influence how translation proceeds and can modify gene expression in several ways. 2A peptides are a class of sequences that, as nascent chains, pause ribosomes and drive a translation-termination reaction on a sense (proline) codon, followed by continued downstream translation. In the present paper, what is known about the 2A reaction is discussed, and 2A is compared with other sequences that, as nascent peptides, pause or stall translation.
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Ha SH, Liang YS, Jung H, Ahn MJ, Suh SC, Kweon SJ, Kim DH, Kim YM, Kim JK. Application of two bicistronic systems involving 2A and IRES sequences to the biosynthesis of carotenoids in rice endosperm. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:928-38. [PMID: 20649940 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of multiple transgenes is essential for metabolic engineering of biosynthetic pathways. Here, we report the utilization of two bicistronic systems involving the 2A sequence from the foot-and-mouth disease virus and the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence from the crucifer-infecting tobamovirus to the biosynthesis of carotenoids in rice endosperm. Two carotenoid biosynthetic genes, phytoene synthase (Psy) from Capsicum and carotene desaturase (CrtI) from Pantoea, were linked via either the synthetic 2A sequence that was optimized for rice codons or the IRES sequence under control of the rice globulin promoter, generating PAC (Psy-2A-CrtI) and PIC (Psy-IRES-CrtI) constructs, respectively. The transgenic endosperm of PAC rice had a more intense golden color than did PIC rice, demonstrating that 2A was more efficient than IRES in coordinating gene expression. The 2A and IRES constructs were equally effective in driving transgene transcription. However, immunoblot analysis of CRTI, a protein encoded by the downstream open reading frame of the bicistronic constructs, revealed that 2A was ninefold more effective than IRES in driving translation. The PAC endosperms accumulated an average of 1.3 μg/g of total carotenoids, which was ninefold higher than was observed for PIC endosperms. In particular, accumulation of β-carotene was much higher in PAC endosperms than in PIC endosperms. Collectively, these results demonstrate that both 2A and IRES systems can coordinate the expression of two biosynthetic genes, with the 2A system exhibiting greater efficiency. Thus, the 2A expression system described herein is an effective new tool for multigene stacking in crop biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hwa Ha
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea.
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Cao J, Wang X, Du Y, Li Y, Wang X, Jiang P. CD40 ligand expressed in adenovirus can improve the immunogenicity of the GP3 and GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in swine. Vaccine 2010; 28:7514-22. [PMID: 20851084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has recently caused heavy economic losses in swine industry worldwide. Current vaccination strategies only provide a limited protective efficacy, thus immune modulators are being considered to enhance the effectiveness of PRRSV vaccines. In this study, the recombinant adenoviruses expressing porcine CD40 ligand (CD40L) and GP3/GP5 of PRRSV were constructed and the immune responses were examined in pigs. The results showed that rAd-CD40L-GP35 (co-expressing CD40L and GP3-GP5) or rAd-GP35 (expressing GP3-GP5) plus rAd-CD40L (expressing CD40L) could provide significant higher specific anti-PRRSV ELISA antibody and neutralizing antibody. And the levels of proliferative responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), IFN-γ and IL-4 were markedly increased in rAd-CD40L-GP35 and rAd-CD40L plus rAd-GP35 groups than those in rAd-GP35 group. Following homologous challenge with Chinese isolate of the North-American genotype of PRRSV, pigs inoculated with recombinant rAd-CD40L-GP35 and rAd-CD40L plus rAd-GP35 showed lighter clinical signs and lower viremia, as compared to those in rAd-GP35 group. It indicated that porcine CD40L could effectively increase humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of GP3 and GP5 of PRRSV. Porcine CD40L might be used as an attractive adjuvant or immunotargeting strategies to enhance the PRRSV subunit vaccine responses in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhou JH, Zhang J, Ding YZ, Chen HT, Ma LN, Liu YS. Characteristics of codon usage bias in two regions downstream of the initiation codons of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Biosystems 2010; 101:20-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Brown JD, Ryan MD. Ribosome “Skipping”: “Stop-Carry On” or “StopGo” Translation. RECODING: EXPANSION OF DECODING RULES ENRICHES GENE EXPRESSION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89382-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mohapatra JK, Priyadarshini P, Pandey L, Subramaniam S, Sanyal A, Hemadri D, Pattnaik B. Analysis of the leader proteinase (Lpro) region of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus with due emphasis on phylogeny and evolution of the emerging VP359-deletion lineage from India. Virus Res 2009; 141:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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HSP70 fused with GP3 and GP5 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus enhanced the immune responses and protective efficacy against virulent PRRSV challenge in pigs. Vaccine 2009; 27:825-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Cooke JN, Westover KM. Serotype-specific differences in antigenic regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV): A comprehensive statistical analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:855-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
Some RNA and protein sequences are capable of directing changes to the course of translation from that expected from the mRNA sequence, and this process is termed translational 'recoding'. 'CHYSEL' peptides are approximately 19-amino-acid sequences found in many viral genomes. When translated at internal portions of polypeptides, they yield co-translational separation of the nascent chain at their C-termini. We dissected the reaction promoted by CHYSEL sequences using yeast genetics and in vitro translation systems. Our results indicate that the reaction occurs within the peptidyltransferase centre of the ribosome where the nascent chain is hydrolytically released from tRNA despite the presence of further sense codons.
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Trichas G, Begbie J, Srinivas S. Use of the viral 2A peptide for bicistronic expression in transgenic mice. BMC Biol 2008; 6:40. [PMID: 18793381 PMCID: PMC2553761 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-6-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic animals are widely used in biomedical research and biotechnology. Multicistronic constructs, in which several proteins are encoded by a single messenger RNA, are commonly used in genetically engineered animals. This is currently done by using an internal ribosomal entry site to separate the different coding regions. 2A peptides result in the co-translational 'cleavage' of proteins and are an attractive alternative to the internal ribosomal entry site. They are more reliable than the internal ribosomal entry site and lead to expression of multiple cistrons at equimolar levels. They work in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells, but to date have not been demonstrated to function in transgenic mice in an inheritable manner. RESULTS To test 2A function in transgenic mice and uncover any possible toxicity of widespread expression of the 2A peptide, we made a bicistronic reporter construct containing the coding sequence for a membrane localised red fluorescent protein (Myr-TdTomato) and a nuclear localised green fluorescent protein (H2B-GFP), separated by a 2A sequence. When this reporter is transfected into HeLa cells, the two fluorescent proteins correctly localise to mutually exclusive cellular compartments, demonstrating that the bicistronic construct is a reliable readout of 2A function. The two fluorescent proteins also correctly localise when the reporter is electroporated into chick neural tube cells. We made two independent transgenic mouse lines that express the bicistronic reporter ubiquitously. For both lines, transgenic mice are born in Mendelian frequencies and are found to be healthy and fertile. Myr-TdTomato and H2B-GFP segregate to mutually exclusive cellular compartments in all tissues examined from a broad range of developmental stages, ranging from embryo to adult. One transgenic line shows X-linked inheritance of the transgene and mosaic expression in females but uniform expression in males, indicating that the transgene has integrated into the X chromosome in this line. CONCLUSION The 2A peptide efficiently mediates co-translational cleavage in transgenic mice in which it has been inherited through the germ-line. Mice expressing it ubiquitously throughout development and into adulthood appear normal. It is therefore a viable tool for use in genetically engineered mice and represents a superior alternative to the widely used internal ribosomal entry site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Trichas
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Jo Begbie
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Doronina VA, Wu C, de Felipe P, Sachs MS, Ryan MD, Brown JD. Site-specific release of nascent chains from ribosomes at a sense codon. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:4227-39. [PMID: 18458056 PMCID: PMC2447138 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00421-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
"2A" oligopeptides are autonomous elements containing a D(V/I)EXNPGP motif at the C terminus. Protein synthesis from an open reading frame containing an internal 2A coding sequence yields two separate polypeptides, corresponding to sequences up to and including 2A and those downstream. We show that the 2A reaction occurs in the ribosomal peptidyltransferase center. Ribosomes pause at the end of the 2A coding sequence, over the glycine and proline codons, and the nascent chain up to and including this glycine is released. Translation-terminating release factors eRF1 and eRF3 play key roles in the reaction. On the depletion of eRF1, a greater proportion of ribosomes extend through the 2A coding sequence, yielding the full-length protein. In contrast, impaired eRF3 GTPase activity leads to many ribosomes failing to translate beyond 2A. Further, high-level expression of a 2A peptide-containing protein inhibits the growth of cells compromised for release factor activity and leads to errors in stop codon recognition. We propose that the nascent 2A peptide interacts with ribosomes to drive a highly unusual and specific "termination" reaction, despite the presence of a proline codon in the A site. After this, the majority of ribosomes continue translation, generating the separate downstream product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Doronina
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Li D, Shang YJ, Liu ZX, Liu XT, Cai XP. Molecular relationships between type Asia 1 new strain from China and type O Panasia strains of foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Virus Genes 2007; 35:273-9. [PMID: 17380372 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome of Asia 1/HNK/CHA/05 strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was sequenced, which was isolated from Chinese Hongkong in 2005. It is 8187 nt long in size and contains 5'-UTR, polyprotein region, and 3'-UTR. Polyprotein region can be divided into four parts of L, P1, P2 and P3. In this report, these six parts of the whole genome of the strain were compared with 12 reference strains using DNAStar and Simplot softwares. The comparison of P1 confirmed that Asia 1/HNK/CHA/05 has a high identity with nine type Asia 1 reference sequences from 85.9 to 92.6% (Ind/491/97 strain is the highest) but from 69.6 to 69.7% with three type O Panasia sequences. The identities of 5'-UTR, L, P2, P3 and 3'-UTR with three Panasia strains are from 89.0 to 90.6%, 92.5 to 93.4%, 94.8 to 95.5%, 96.0 to 96.7% and 90.7 to 92.5% separately, but with nine type Asia 1 strains are from 83.5 to 85.9%, 87.7 to 90.7%, 87.0 to 91.6%, 91.6 to 92.8% and 86.0 to 100% separately, which illuminates the closer relationship between Asia 1/HNK/CHA/05 and Panasia strains in 5'-UTR, L, nonstructural region and 3'-UTR although they do not belong to the same serotype. The SimPlot software was used to examine the authentic relationships of Asia 1/HNK/CHA/05 with 12 reference sequences. It was found that Asia 1/HNK/CHA/05 strain has a highest similarity with three Panasia strains especially Tibet/CHA/99 in 5'-UTR, L, nonstructural region and 3'-UTR but has a highest similarity with Asia 1/Ind/491/97 strain in P1 region, which suggested that the gene recombination had occurred around nucleotide position 1811 and 3971in the polyprotein region between Tibet/CHA/99 and Ind/491/97 to recombine the Asia 1/HNK/CHA/05 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiologic Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yanchangbao Xujiaping No.1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China.
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Kim MC, Kwon YK, Joh SJ, Lindberg AM, Kwon JH, Kim JH, Kim SJ. Molecular analysis of duck hepatitis virus type 1 reveals a novel lineage close to the genus Parechovirus in the family Picornaviridae. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3307-3316. [PMID: 17030865 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck hepatitis virus type 1 (DHV-1) was previously classified as an enterovirus, based primarily on observed morphology and physicochemical properties of the virion. The complete nucleotide sequences of two strains (DRL-62 and R85952) of DHV-1 have been determined. Excluding the poly(A) tail, the genomes are 7691 and 7690 nt, respectively, and contain a single, large open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 2249 aa. The genome of DHV-1 is organized as are those of members of the family Picornaviridae: 5' untranslated region (UTR)-VP0-VP3-VP1-2A1-2A2-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3' UTR. Analysis of the genomic and predicted polyprotein sequences revealed several unusual features, including the absence of a predicted maturation cleavage of VP0, the presence of two unrelated 2A protein motifs and a 3' UTR extended markedly compared with that of any other picornavirus. The 2A1 protein motif is related to the 2A protein type of the genus Aphthovirus and the adjacent 2A2 protein is related to the 2A protein type present in the genus Parechovirus. Phylogenetic analysis using the 3D protein sequence shows that the two DHV-1 strains are related more closely to members of the genus Parechovirus than to other picornaviruses. However, the two DHV-1 strains form a monophyletic group, clearly distinct from members of the genus Parechovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chul Kim
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480 Anyang 6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 420-824, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kuk Kwon
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480 Anyang 6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 420-824, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Joh
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480 Anyang 6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 420-824, Republic of Korea
| | - A Michael Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Jun-Hun Kwon
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480 Anyang 6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 420-824, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, 480 Anyang 6 dong, Manan-gu, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 420-824, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Oem JK, Lee KN, Cho IS, Kye SJ, Park JH, Joo YS. Comparison and analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from animals in Korea and other PanAsia strains. Virus Genes 2004; 29:63-71. [PMID: 15215684 DOI: 10.1023/b:viru.0000032789.31134.eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the last 3 years, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O, named PanAsia, caused two outbreaks in the Republic of Korea. To determine if there was an obvious genetic relationship between the virus isolated in 2002 (O/SKR/2002) and the O/SKR/2000, and to further analyze the epidemiological relationships between the PanAsia viruses and the viruses identified in Korea, the complete nucleotide sequence of the O/SKR/2002 and the O/SKR/2000 were determined by automatic cycling sequencing and primer walking. The nucleotides and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequences of the strains identified in Korea were compared with each other and also those enrolled in the GenBank database. In comparison and analysis of the viruses identified in Korea, any deletions or insertions in the specific fragment gene of both the O/SKR/2002 and O/SKR/2000 were not identified. However, comparison of the aa sequence of the identified virus in 2002 from pigs with those of other PanAsia strains revealed significant substitutions of 4 aa in the VPI region and 8 aa in the 3A region. In phylogenetic analysis based on the translated region, the identified virus in 2002 appeared to be the divergence of approximately 1% degree with other PanAsia viruses. Also, animal experiments indicated that O/SKR/2000 is not host-restricted and develop the clinical signs in the main susceptible livestock species (cattle and pigs). However, O/SKR/2002 did not develop the clinical signs in cattle and showed severe clinical signs only in pigs. These analytic data suggest that 2002 outbreaks in Korea is not re-occurred but re-introduced from nowhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ku Oem
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 480 Anyang, Kyunggi 430-824, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. The disease was initially described in the 16th century and was the first animal pathogen identified as a virus. Recent FMD outbreaks in developed countries and their significant economic impact have increased the concern of governments worldwide. This review describes the reemergence of FMD in developed countries that had been disease free for many years and the effect that this has had on disease control strategies. The etiologic agent, FMD virus (FMDV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is examined in detail at the genetic, structural, and biochemical levels and in terms of its antigenic diversity. The virus replication cycle, including virus-receptor interactions as well as unique aspects of virus translation and shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis, is discussed. This information has been the basis for the development of improved protocols to rapidly identify disease outbreaks, to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals, and to begin to identify and test novel vaccine candidates. Furthermore, this knowledge, coupled with the ability to manipulate FMDV genomes at the molecular level, has provided the framework for examination of disease pathogenesis and the development of a more complete understanding of the virus and host factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin J Grubman
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, North Atlantic Area, Greenport, New York 11944, USA.
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Pacheco JM, Henry TM, O'Donnell VK, Gregory JB, Mason PW. Role of nonstructural proteins 3A and 3B in host range and pathogenicity of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Virol 2004; 77:13017-27. [PMID: 14645558 PMCID: PMC296074 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.24.13017-13027.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) differs from that of other picornaviruses in that it encodes a larger 3A protein (>50% longer than poliovirus 3A), as well as three copies of protein 3B (also known as VPg). Previous studies have shown that a deletion of amino acids 93 to 102 of the 153-codon 3A protein is associated with an inability of a Taiwanese strain of FMDV (O/TAW/97) to cause disease in bovines. Recently, an Asian virus with a second 3A deletion (amino acids 133 to 143) has also been detected (N. J. Knowles et al., J. Virol. 75:1551-1556, 2001). Genetically engineered viruses harboring the amino acids 93 to 102 or 133 to 143 grew well in porcine cells but replicated poorly in bovine cells, whereas a genetically engineered derivative of the O/TAW/97 virus expressing a full-length 3A (strain A12) grew well in both cell types. Interestingly, a virus with a deletion spanning amino acid 93 to 144 also grew well in porcine cells and caused disease in swine. Further, genetically engineered viruses containing only a single copy of VPg were readily recovered with the full-length 3A, the deleted 3A (amino acids 93 to 102), or the "super" deleted forms of 3A (missing amino acids 93 to 144). All of the single-VPg viruses were attenuated in porcine cells and replicated poorly in bovine cells. The single-VPg viruses produced a mild disease in swine, indicating that the VPg copy number is an important determinant of host range and virulence. The association of VPg copy number with increased virulence in vivo may help to explain why all naturally occurring FMDVs have retained three copies of VPg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Pacheco
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, North Atlantic Area, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Greenport, New York 11944, USA
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Thomas JM, Klimstra WB, Ryman KD, Heidner HW. Sindbis virus vectors designed to express a foreign protein as a cleavable component of the viral structural polyprotein. J Virol 2003; 77:5598-606. [PMID: 12719552 PMCID: PMC154044 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.10.5598-5606.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus-based expression vectors commonly use a duplicated 26S promoter to drive expression of a foreign gene. Here we describe an expression strategy in which the foreign sequences are linked to the gene encoding the 2A protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus and then inserted in frame between the capsid and E3 genes of Sindbis virus. During replication, the 2A fusion protein is synthesized as a component of the viral structural polyprotein that is then released by intramolecular cleavages mediated by the capsid and 2A proteases. Recombinant Sindbis viruses that expressed fusion proteins composed of 2A linked to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and to the VP7 protein of bluetongue virus were constructed. Viruses engineered to express GFP and VP7 from a duplicate 26S promoter were also constructed. All four viruses expressed the transgene and grew to similar titers in cultured cells. However, the GFP/2A- and VP7/2A-expressing viruses displayed greater expression stability and were less attenuated in newborn mice than the cognate double-subgenomic promoter-based viruses. By combining the two expression strategies, we constructed bivalent viruses that incorporated and expressed both transgenes. The bivalent viruses grew to lower titers in cultured cells and were essentially avirulent in newborn mice. Groups of mice were vaccinated with each VP7- and VP7/2A-expressing virus, and antibody responses to native VP7 were measured in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Despite their genetic and phenotypic differences, all viruses induced similarly high titers of VP7-specific antibodies. These results demonstrate that 2A fusion protein-expressing alphaviruses may be particularly well suited for applications that require enduring expression of a single protein or coexpression of two alternative proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Thomas
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
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Balamurugan V, Renji R, Saha SN, Reddy GR, Gopalakrishna S, Suryanarayana VVS. Protective immune response of the capsid precursor polypeptide (P1) of foot and mouth disease virus type 'O' produced in Pichia pastoris. Virus Res 2003; 92:141-9. [PMID: 12686422 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the aetiological agent of a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hooved animals. The gene coding for the capsid polyprotein (P1) of FMDV from serotype 'O' vaccine strain (O75Madras) was cloned and expressed in yeast Pichia pastoris. The expressed P1 protein was characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western Blot analysis. Immunisation of Guinea pigs with recombinant P1 induced FMDV type O specific immune response. The humoral response to vaccine was measured by indirect ELISA and a serum neutralisation test (SNT). The Guinea pig sera showed high titres both in ELISA and SNT. Upon challenge with virulent Guinea pig adapted homologous type 'O' virus, the animals showed a protective index of 2.52. This study shows that the yeast expressed FMDV P1 could be a safe vaccine in non-endemic countries and a cost-effective vaccine in endemic countries. This is the first report on the production of FMDV structural proteins in yeast and their application as a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Balamurugan
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, India
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Kweon CH, Ko YJ, Kim WI, Lee SY, Nah JJ, Lee KN, Sohn HJ, Choi KS, Hyun BH, Kang SW, Joo YS, Lubroth J. Development of a foot-and-mouth disease NSP ELISA and its comparison with differential diagnostic methods. Vaccine 2003; 21:1409-14. [PMID: 12615437 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00684-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the nonstructural protein (NSP) of O/SKR/2000 foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was constructed to express under the polyhedron promoter of baculovirus. The expression of NSP was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blotting. The expressed NSP was applied as a diagnostic antigen for indirect-trapping ELISA (I-ELISA). An I-ELISA using monoclonal antibody (Mab) against 3A as trapping antibody was developed to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle. The diagnostic efficiency of Mab linked I-ELISA was compared and evaluated with baculovirus expressed 3ABC I-ELISA from USDA and Mab (3A) linked E. coli expressed 3ABC I-ELISA from IZSLE through retrospective sero-surveillance. Compared with the two different I-ELISA methods, Mab (3A) linked I-ELISA using baculovirus expressed NSP showed the same level of sensitivity and specificity, indicating that this method is suitable for a differential diagnostic method in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hee Kweon
- Virology Research Division, 480, Anyang, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Current understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) has been achieved through over 100 years of study into the biology of the etiologic agent, FMDV. Over the last 40 years, classical biochemical and physical analyses of FMDV grown in cell culture have helped to reveal the structure and function of the viral proteins, while knowledge gained by the study of the virus' genetic diversity has helped define structures that are essential for replication and production of disease. More recently, the availability of genetic engineering methodology has permitted the direct testing of hypotheses formulated concerning the role of individual RNA structures, coding regions and polypeptides in viral replication and disease. All of these approaches have been aided by the simultaneous study of other picornavirus pathogens of animals and man, most notably poliovirus. Although many questions of how FMDV causes its devastating disease remain, the following review provides a summary of the current state of knowledge into the molecular basis of the virus' interaction with its host that produces one of the most contagious and frightening diseases of animals or man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Mason
- USDA, ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, ARS. PO Box 848, Greenport, NY 11944, USA.
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Kweon CH, Ko YJ, Kim WI, Kwon BJ, Hyun BH, Sohn HJ, Choi KS, Shin JH. Molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/SKR/2000. Virus Res 2002; 90:15-22. [PMID: 12457959 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cloning and sequencing of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/SKR/2000, one of PanAsia strain, were performed from FMDV infected cattle. From the poly (C) tract of the 5' nontranslated region (NTR) to the 3' NTR including 14 base pairs (bp) of poly (A) tail, 7813 bp sequences comprising approximately 95% of the whole genome were obtained by reverse transcription polymerase reaction (RT-PCR). The deduced amino acid sequences of the structural and nonstructural proteins (NSP) of the O/SKR/2000 virus were analyzed for the sequence similarity among type O strains. Comparison between FMDV O/SKR/2000 and other strains indicates that overall the number of amino acids appears to be conserved without any deletion in either NSP or capsid proteins, thus, suggesting that O/SKR/2000 evolved with minor difference from preexisting strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hee Kweon
- Virology Research Division, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Anyang, South Korea.
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Capozzo AVE, Burke DJ, Fox JW, Bergmann IE, La Torre JL, Grigera PR. Expression of foot and mouth disease virus non-structural polypeptide 3ABC induces histone H3 cleavage in BHK21 cells. Virus Res 2002; 90:91-9. [PMID: 12457965 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Auto-processing of the non-structural polypeptide 3ABC of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) expressed in Escherichia coli-BL21-DE3 was prevented by mutating either four glutamic acid residues at the 3A/3B1, 3B1/2, 3B2/3 and 3B3/3C junctions (3ABCtet) or a single cysteine residue at position 383 within the 3C domain (3ABCm). Independent expression of 3ABC and 3ABCtet genes induced expression of chaperone DnaK and degradation of ribosomal S1 protein in E. coli. They also induced cleavage of nucleosomal histone H3 when transiently expressed in BHK21 cells. 3ABCtet, 3ABCm, 3AB and 3A proteins concentrated in the perinuclear region suggesting that peptide sequences within the 3A domain specify intracellular targeting of 3ABC in BHK-21 cells. We propose that 3ABC molecules localized in the nuclear periphery are a source of protease 3C activity and are responsible for histone H3 processing during FMDV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V E Capozzo
- Centro de Virologia Animal (CEVAN-CONICET), Serrano 669, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, 1414 Capital Federa, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Johansson S, Niklasson B, Maizel J, Gorbalenya AE, Lindberg AM. Molecular analysis of three Ljungan virus isolates reveals a new, close-to-root lineage of the Picornaviridae with a cluster of two unrelated 2A proteins. J Virol 2002; 76:8920-30. [PMID: 12163611 PMCID: PMC137002 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.17.8920-8930.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV) is a suspected human pathogen recently isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). In the present study, it is revealed through comparative sequence analysis that three newly determined Swedish LV genomes are closely related and possess a deviant picornavirus-like organization: 5' untranslated region-VP0-VP3-VP1-2A1-2A2-2B-2C-3A-3B-3C-3D-3' untranslated region. The LV genomes and the polyproteins encoded by them exhibit several exceptional features, such as the absence of a predicted maturation cleavage of VP0, a conserved sequence determinant in VP0 that is typically found in VP1 of other picornaviruses, and a cluster of two unrelated 2A proteins. The 2A1 protein is related to the 2A protein of cardio-, erbo-, tescho-, and aphthoviruses, and the 2A2 protein is related to the 2A protein of parechoviruses, kobuviruses, and avian encephalomyelitis virus. The unprecedented association of two structurally different 2A proteins is a feature never previously observed among picornaviruses and implies that their functions are not mutually exclusive. Secondary polyprotein processing of the LV polyprotein is mediated by proteinase 3C (3C(pro)) possessing canonical affinity to Glu and Gln at the P1 position and small amino acid residues at the P1' position. In addition, LV 3C(pro) appears to have unique substrate specificity to Asn, Gln, and Asp and to bulky hydrophobic residues at the P2 and P4 positions, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that LVs form a separate division, which, together with the Parechovirus genus, has branched off the picornavirus tree most closely to its root. The presence of two 2A proteins indicates that some contemporary picornaviruses with a single 2A may have evolved from the ancestral multi-2A picornavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Johansson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, University of Kalmar, S-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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Ma C, Mitra A. Intrinsic direct repeats generate consistent post-transcriptional gene silencing in tobacco. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2002; 31:37-49. [PMID: 12100481 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
It is well documented that transgenes with inverted repeats can efficiently trigger post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), presumably via a double stranded RNA induced by complementary sequences in their transcripts. We show here that transgenes with intrinsic direct repeats can also induce PTGS at a very high frequency (80-100%). A transgene with three or four repeats induced PTGS in almost 100% of the primary transformants, regardless of whether a strong (enhanced 35S promoter) or a relatively weak (chlorophyll a/b binding protein promoter) promoter was used. The PTGS induced by three or four repeats is consistently inherited in subsequent generations, and can inactivate homologous genes in trans. Based on the high frequency and consistent heritability, we propose that the intrinsic direct repeat within a transgene may act as a primary determinant of PTGS referred to as direct repeat-induced PTGS (driPTGS). Silencing occurred in all five genes, in this and two previous reports, suggesting that driPTGS might be a universal gene silencing mechanism both in dicotyledonous tobacco plants and monocotyledonous rice cells. In addition, driPTGS may help dissect the gene silencing mechanism and generate silenced phenotypes useful for research and plant biotechnology products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonglie Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0722, USA
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47
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Dvorak CM, Hall DJ, Hill M, Riddle M, Pranter A, Dillman J, Deibel M, Palmenberg AC. Leader protein of encephalomyocarditis virus binds zinc, is phosphorylated during viral infection, and affects the efficiency of genome translation. Virology 2001; 290:261-71. [PMID: 11883190 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is the prototype member of the cardiovirus genus of picornaviruses. For cardioviruses and the related aphthoviruses, the first protein segment translated from the plus-strand RNA genome is the Leader protein. The aphthovirus Leader (173-201 amino acids) is an autocatalytic papain-like protease that cleaves translation factor eIF-4G to shut off cap-dependent host protein synthesis during infection. The less characterized cardioviral Leader is a shorter protein (67-76 amino acids) and does not contain recognizable proteolytic motifs. Instead, these Leaders have sequences consistent with N-terminal zinc-binding motifs, centrally located tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites, and C-terminal, acid-rich domains. Deletion mutations, removing the zinc motif, the acid domain, or both domains, were engineered into EMCV cDNAs. In all cases, the mutations gave rise to viable viruses, but the plaque phenotypes in HeLa cells were significantly smaller than for wild-type virus. RNA transcripts containing the Leader deletions had reduced capacity to direct protein synthesis in cell-free extracts and the products with deletions in the acid-rich domains were less effective substrates at the L/P1 site, for viral proteinase 3Cpro. Recombinant EMCV Leader (rL) was expressed in bacteria and purified to homogeneity. This protein bound zinc stoichiometrically, whereas protein with a deletion in the zinc motif was inactive. Polyclonal mouse sera, raised against rL, immunoprecipitated Leader-containing precursors from infected HeLa cell extracts, but did not detect significant pools of the mature Leader. However, additional reactions with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies show that the mature Leader, but not its precursors, is phosphorylated during viral infection. The data suggest the natural Leader may play a role in regulation of viral genome translation, perhaps through a triggering phosphorylation event.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Dvorak
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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48
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Hinton TM, Crabb BS. The novel picornavirus Equine rhinitis B virus contains a strong type II internal ribosomal entry site which functions similarly to that of Encephalomyocarditis virus. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2257-2269. [PMID: 11514737 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-9-2257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV) has recently been classified as an Erbovirus, a new genus in the Picornaviridae family. ERBV is distantly related to members of the Cardiovirus and Aphthovirus genera which utilize a type II internal ribosome entry sequence (IRES) to initiate translation. We show that ERBV also possesses the core stem-loop structures (H-L) of a type II IRES. The function of the ERBV IRES was characterized using bicistronic plasmids that were analysed both by transfection into BHK-21 cells and by in vitro transcription and translation in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. In both systems, a region encompassed by nucleotides (nt) 189-920 downstream of the poly(C) tract was required for maximal translation. This sequence includes stem-loops H-L as well as four additional upstream stem-loops. Nt 904 corresponds to the second of three in-frame AUG codons located immediately downstream of the polypyrimidine tract (nucleotides 869-880). Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that AUG2 is the major initiation codon despite the appropriate positioning of AUG1 16 nt downstream of the polypyrimidine tract. In direct IRES competition experiments, the ERBV IRES was able to compete strongly for translation factors with the IRES of Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). This was true when the assays were performed in vitro (with the IRESs competing either in cis or trans) and in vivo (with the IRESs competing in cis). A comparative analysis of the strength of several IRESs revealed that the ERBV IRES, like that of the EMCV, is a powerful inducer of translation and may have similar potential for use in mammalian expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Hinton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Co-operative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The University of Melbourne, Australia1
| | - Brendan S Crabb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, PO The Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC 3050, Australia2
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Co-operative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, The University of Melbourne, Australia1
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49
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Tosh C, Venkataramanan R, Hemadri D, Sanyal A, Samuel AR, Knowles NJ, Kitching RP. Nucleotide sequence of the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus A22-India. Virus Genes 2001; 20:269-75. [PMID: 10949956 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008152914655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide sequence of the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) A22-India 17/77 was determined using non-radioisotopic technique. Comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with A22-Iraq 24/64 revealed 175 synonymous (silent) and 42 non-synonymous nucleotide changes resulting in 34 amino acid substitutions along the capsid proteins (VP1-VP4). Out of the 4 structural proteins VP4 is highly conserved. The highly variable and immunodominant protein VP1 showed 47% of the total amino acid substitutions. VP2 and VP3 contain 38.2% and 14.7% of the amino acid substitutions, respectively. The VP1-based phylogenetic analysis of 18 different type A viruses including A22-India 17/77 divided them in to two broad genetic groups (Asian and European/South American), and each group is further subdivided in to two separate genotypes. A22-India 17/77, A22-Iraq 24/64 and A22-Azerbaijan/65 formed one genotype and the 4 Chinese strains formed a separate genotype in the Asian group of viruses. In the European/South American group, A-Argentina/87 represents one genotype and the remaining 10 strains formed the second genotype in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tosh
- Central Laboratory, All India Coordinated Research Project on Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar-Kumaon, Nainital
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50
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Knowles NJ, Davies PR, Henry T, O'Donnell V, Pacheco JM, Mason PW. Emergence in Asia of foot-and-mouth disease viruses with altered host range: characterization of alterations in the 3A protein. J Virol 2001; 75:1551-6. [PMID: 11152528 PMCID: PMC114061 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.3.1551-1556.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1997, an epizootic in Taiwan, Province of China, was caused by a type O foot-and-mouth disease virus which infected pigs but not cattle. The virus had an altered 3A protein, which harbored a 10-amino-acid deletion and a series of substitutions. Here we show that this deletion is present in the earliest type O virus examined from the region (from 1970), whereas substitutions surrounding the deletion accumulated over the last 29 years. Analyses of the growth of these viruses in bovine cells suggest that changes in the genome in addition to the deletion, per se, are responsible for the porcinophilic properties of current Asian viruses in this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Knowles
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, United Kingdom
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