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Assidi M, Buhmeida A, Al-Zahrani MH, Al-Maghrabi J, Rasool M, Naseer MI, Alkhatabi H, Alrefaei AF, Zari A, Elkhatib R, Abuzenadah A, Pushparaj PN, Abu-Elmagd M. The Prognostic Value of the Developmental Gene FZD6 in Young Saudi Breast Cancer Patients: A Biomarkers Discovery and Cancer Inducers OncoScreen Approach. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:783735. [PMID: 35237656 PMCID: PMC8883113 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.783735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signalling receptors, Frizzleds (FZDs), play a pivotal role in many cellular events during embryonic development and cancer. Female breast cancer (BC) is currently the worldwide leading incident cancer type that cause 1 in 6 cancer-related death. FZD receptors expression in cancer was shown to be associated with tumour development and patient outcomes including recurrence and survival. FZD6 received little attention for its role in BC and hence we analysed its expression pattern in a Saudi BC cohort to assess its prognostic potential and unravel the impacted signalling pathway. Paraffin blocks from approximately 405 randomly selected BC patients aged between 25 and 70 years old were processed for tissue microarray using an automated tissue arrayer and then subjected to FZD6 immunohistochemistry staining using the Ventana platform. Besides, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) knowledgebase was used to decipher the upstream and downstream regulators of FZD6 in BC. TargetScan and miRabel target-prediction databases were used to identify the potential microRNA to regulate FZD6 expression in BC. Results showed that 60% of the BC samples had a low expression pattern while 40% showed a higher expression level. FZD6 expression analysis showed a significant correlation with tumour invasion (p < 0.05), and borderline significance with tumour grade (p = 0.07). FZD6 expression showed a highly significant association with the BC patients’ survival outcomes. This was mainly due to the overall patients’ cohort where tumours with FZD6 elevated expression showed higher recurrence rates (DFS, p < 0.0001, log-rank) and shorter survival times (DSS, p < 0.02, log-rank). Interestingly, the FZD6 prognostic value was more potent in younger BC patients as compared to those with late onset of the disease. TargetScan microRNA target-prediction analysis and validated by miRabel showed that FZD6 is a potential target for a considerable number of microRNAs expressed in BC. The current study demonstrates a potential prognostic role of FZD6 expression in young BC female patients and provides a better understanding of the involved molecular silencing machinery of the Wnt/FZD6 signalling. Our results should provide a better understanding of FZD6 role in BC by adding more knowledge that should help in BC prevention and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Assidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelbaset Buhmeida
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam H. Al-Zahrani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Rasool
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad I. Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Alkhatabi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed F. Alrefaei
- Department of Biology, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Zari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Elkhatib
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel Abuzenadah
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peter N. Pushparaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Muhammad Abu-Elmagd
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Abu-Elmagd,
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Cleary AS, Leonard TL, Gestl SA, Gunther EJ. Tumour cell heterogeneity maintained by cooperating subclones in Wnt-driven mammary cancers. Nature 2014; 508:113-7. [PMID: 24695311 PMCID: PMC4050741 DOI: 10.1038/nature13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison S Cleary
- 1] Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA [2] Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Travis L Leonard
- 1] Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA [2] Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Shelley A Gestl
- 1] Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA [2] Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Edward J Gunther
- 1] Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA [2] Penn State Hershey Cancer Institute, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA [3] Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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4
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Transformation of epithelial cells through recruitment leads to polyclonal intestinal tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11523-8. [PMID: 23798428 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303064110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal tumors from mice and humans can have a polyclonal origin. Statistical analyses indicate that the best explanation for this source of intratumoral heterogeneity is the presence of interactions among multiple progenitors. We sought to better understand the nature of these interactions. An initial progenitor could recruit others by facilitating the transformation of one or more neighboring cells. Alternatively, two progenitors that are independently initiated could simply cooperate to form a single tumor. These possibilities were tested by analyzing tumors from aggregation chimeras that were generated by fusing together embryos with unequal predispositions to tumor development. Strikingly, numerous polyclonal tumors were observed even when one genetic component was highly, if not completely, resistant to spontaneous tumorigenesis in the intestine. Moreover, the observed number of polyclonal tumors could be explained by the facilitated transformation of a single neighbor within 144 μm of an initial progenitor. These findings strongly support recruitment instead of cooperation. Thus, it is conceivable that these interactions are necessary for tumors to thrive, so blocking them might be a highly effective method for preventing the formation of tumors in the intestine and other tissues.
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Insertional oncogenesis by non-acute retroviruses: implications for gene therapy. Viruses 2011; 3:398-422. [PMID: 21994739 PMCID: PMC3186009 DOI: 10.3390/v3040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses cause cancers in a variety of animals and humans. Research on retroviruses has provided important insights into mechanisms of oncogenesis in humans, including the discovery of viral oncogenes and cellular proto-oncogenes. The subject of this review is the mechanisms by which retroviruses that do not carry oncogenes (non-acute retroviruses) cause cancers. The common theme is that these tumors result from insertional activation of cellular proto-oncogenes by integration of viral DNA. Early research on insertional activation of proto-oncogenes in virus-induced tumors is reviewed. Research on non-acute retroviruses has led to the discovery of new proto-oncogenes through searches for common insertion sites (CISs) in virus-induced tumors. Cooperation between different proto-oncogenes in development of tumors has been elucidated through the study of retrovirus-induced tumors, and retroviral infection of genetically susceptible mice (retroviral tagging) has been used to identify cellular proto-oncogenes active in specific oncogenic pathways. The pace of proto-oncogene discovery has been accelerated by technical advances including PCR cloning of viral integration sites, the availability of the mouse genome sequence, and high throughput DNA sequencing. Insertional activation has proven to be a significant risk in gene therapy trials to correct genetic defects with retroviral vectors. Studies on non-acute retroviral oncogenesis provide insight into the potential risks, and the mechanisms of oncogenesis.
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Kordon EC. MMTV-induced pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors : early history and new perspectives. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:289-97. [PMID: 18661103 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 60 years ago, Foulds carefully described for the first time a particular type of mouse mammary tumor that appeared in the glands of pregnant females and disappeared shortly after delivery. Since then, the attention that researchers paid to the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV)-induced pregnancy-dependent tumors has not vanished through the years. This was because the information obtained from mice carrying MMTV variants that were able to induce pregnancy-dependent tumors was meaningful for studying different aspects of mammary tumor biology. In addition, mice infected with these viral variants provided some of the few chances to use fully hormone-dependent estrogen receptor positive breast cancer models in the mouse. In the analysis of the association between tumor morphology and behavior, the mechanisms underlying progression towards autonomy, the impact of different genes during cancer initiation and development, and the relevance of host genetic background for tumor incidence and hormone-dependence, mouse strains carrying these MMTV variants have been very important tools that could not have been replaced with any other available model. The goal of this article is to provide a succinct chronicle of the experiments and observations made in the MMTV-induced pregnancy-dependent models that most significantly contributed to the mouse mammary tumor biology field. In addition, the possibility to use these MMTV variants as alternative models for analyzing mammary tumor stem cells and pregnancy-associated breast cancer in women is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith C Kordon
- Institute of Physiology, Molecular Biology and Neurosciences (IFIBYNE-CONICET), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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7
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Popken-Harris P, Kirchhof N, Harrison B, Harris LF. Gene expression array analyses predict increased proto-oncogene expression in MMTV induced mammary tumors. Virus Res 2006; 119:177-86. [PMID: 16469401 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous infection by milk-borne mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV) typically induce mouse mammary tumors in genetically susceptible mice at a rate of 90-95% by 1 year of age. In contrast to other transforming retroviruses, MMTV acts as an insertional mutagen and under the influence of steroid hormones induces oncogenic transformation after insertion into the host genome. As these events correspond with increases in adjacent proto-oncogene transcription, we used expression array profiling to determine which commonly associated MMTV insertion site proto-oncogenes were transcriptionally active in MMTV induced mouse mammary tumors. To verify our gene expression array results we developed real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays for the common MMTV insertion site genes found in RIII/Sa mice (int-1/wnt-1, int-2/fgf-3, int-3/Notch 4, and fgf8/AIGF) as well as two genes that were consistently up regulated (CCND1, and MAT-8) and two genes that were consistently down regulated (FN1 and MAT-8) in the MMTV induced tumors as compared to normal mammary gland. Finally, each tumor was also examined histopathologically. Our expression array findings support a model whereby just one or a few common MMTV insertions into the host genome sets up a dominant cascade of events that leave a characteristic molecular signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Popken-Harris
- David F. Hickok Memorial Cancer Research Laboratory, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Mpls., MN 54407, USA.
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8
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Gattelli A, Cirio MC, Quaglino A, Schere-Levy C, Martinez N, Binaghi M, Meiss RP, Castilla LH, Kordon EC. Progression of pregnancy-dependent mouse mammary tumors after long dormancy periods. Involvement of Wnt pathway activation. Cancer Res 2004; 64:5193-9. [PMID: 15289324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (LA) induces pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors that progress toward autonomy. Here we show that in virgin females, pregnancy-dependent tumor transplants are able to remain dormant for up to 300 days. During that period, these tumors synthesize DNA, express high levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER+PR+) and are able to resume growth after hormone stimulation. Surprisingly, in a subsequent transplant generation, all these tumors are fully able to grow in virgin females, they express low levels of ER and PR (ER-PR-) and have a monoclonal origin; i.e., show all of the features we have described previously in pregnancy-independent tumors. Histologically, mouse mammary tumor virus (LA)-induced tumors are morphologically similar to genetically engineered mouse (GEM) mammary tumors that overexpress genes belonging to the Wnt pathway. Interestingly, in the virus-induced neoplasias, pregnancy-independent passages arising after a dormant phase usually display a lower level of glandular differentiation together with epithelial cell trans-differentiation, a specific feature associated to Wnt pathway activation. In addition, dormancy can lead to the specific selection of Int2/Fgf3 mutated and overexpressing cells. Therefore, our results indicate that during hormone-dependent tumor dormancy, relevant changes in cell population occur, allowing rapid progression after changes in the animal internal milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albana Gattelli
- ILEX-CONICET, División Medicina Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Hematológicas e Instituto de Estudios Oncológicos, Academia Nacional de Medicina, J.A. Pacheco de Melo 3081, (1425) Buenos Aires, Argentina
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9
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Miyoshi K, Rosner A, Nozawa M, Byrd C, Morgan F, Landesman-Bollag E, Xu X, Seldin DC, Schmidt EV, Taketo MM, Robinson GW, Cardiff RD, Hennighausen L. Activation of different Wnt/beta-catenin signaling components in mammary epithelium induces transdifferentiation and the formation of pilar tumors. Oncogene 2002; 21:5548-56. [PMID: 12165853 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2002] [Revised: 05/13/2002] [Accepted: 05/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway controls cell fate and neoplastic transformation. Expression of an endogenous stabilized beta-catenin (DeltaE3 beta-catenin) in mammary epithelium leads to the transdifferentiation into epidermis- and pilar-like structures. Signaling molecules in the canonical Wnt pathway upstream from beta-catenin induce glandular tumors but it is not clear whether they also cause squamous transdifferentiation. To address this question we have now investigated mammary epithelium from transgenic mice that express activating molecules of the Wnt pathway: Wnt10b, Int2/Fgf3, CK2alpha, DeltaE3 beta-catenin, Cyclin D1, and dominant negative (dn) GSK3beta. Cytokeratin 5 (CK5), which is expressed in both mammary myoepithelium and epidermis, and the epidermis-specific CK1 and CK6 were used as differentiation markers. Extensive squamous metaplasias and widespread expression of CK1 and CK6 were observed in DeltaE3 beta-catenin transgenic mammary tissue. Wnt10b and Int2 transgenes also induced squamous metaplasias, but expression of CK1 and CK6 was sporadic. While CK5 expression in Wnt10b transgenic tissue was still confined to the lining cell layer, its expression in Int2 transgenic tissue was completely disorganized. In contrast, cytokeratin expression in CK2alpha, dnGSK3beta and Cyclin D1 transgenic mammary tissues was similar to that in DeltaE3 beta-catenin tissue. In support of transdifferentiation, expression of hard keratins specific for hair and nails was observed in pilar tumors. These results demonstrate that the activation of Wnt signaling components in mammary epithelium induces not only glandular tumors but also squamous differentiation, possibly by activating LEF-1, which is expressed in normal mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Abstract
The current knowledge of the distribution of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral genomes and the mechanism of mammary tumorigenesis by MMTV in mice, with the main emphasis on Asian feral mice, is reviewed. The relevant earlier discoveries on the mode of MMTV transmission are summarized to provide an outline of the biology of MMTV. Finally, the viral etiology of human breast cancer will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild/genetics
- Animals, Wild/virology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Retroviridae Infections/etiology
- Retroviridae Infections/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/transmission
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tumor Virus Infections/etiology
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- S Imai
- Nara Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
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Hardiman G, Albright S, Tsunoda J, McClanahan T, Lee F. The mouse Wnt-10B gene isolated from helper T cells is widely expressed and a possible oncogene in BR6 mouse mammary tumorigenesis. Gene 1996; 172:199-205. [PMID: 8682303 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
From libraries made from activated mouse T lymphocytes, we have isolated cDNAs encoding Wnt-10B, a new member of the Wnt family of developmental control genes. This protein appears to be the mammalian orthologue of Wnt-10B, first identified in several non-mammalian vertebrates and recently in mouse. The mRNA expression pattern of mouse Wnt-10B indicates that it is induced following activation of helper T cells, but is also expressed in a variety of other tissues and cells of fetal or adult origin. 93 bp at the 5' end of the cDNA clone are identical to sequences previously reported as 3' flanking genomic DNA adjacent to a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) provirus in the MMTV-induced BR6 mammary tumor, W26. Sequence analysis of tumor-derived genomic DNA confirms that the entire Wnt-10B gene is immediately adjacent to the provirus, suggesting that MMTV integration drives transcription of Wnt-10B, possibly contributing to the oncogenic process. Consistent with this idea is the detection of hybrid MMTV-Wnt-10B transcripts in BR6 tumor cells. T cells which produce abundant Wnt-10B mRNA were also found to produce protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hardiman
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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Jonkers J, Berns A. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis as a strategy to identify cancer genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1287:29-57. [PMID: 8639705 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00020-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Jonkers
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Haga S, Imai S, Morimoto J, Okumoto M, Iwai M, Iwai Y, Hiroishi S, Mori N, Nagano K, Nishino T, Yamamoto H, Sarkar NH. Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus Proviral Integration in the DD/Tbr Mice. Breast Cancer 1994; 1:11-16. [PMID: 11091502 DOI: 10.1007/bf02967369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) integration in the DNA of spontaneous-mammary tumors, salivary glands and livers of DD/Tbr mice were examined using MMTV env, int -1c and int-2c probes. The MMTV env probe revealed 1 to 7 new proviral insertions in all mammary tumors. MMTV integration into int-1 was observed in 10 of 18 mammary tumors, whereas that into int-2 was seen in only 2 of 18 tumors. Of the 13 salivary glands examined, only 3 showed new MMTV proviral integrations, but rearrangement in int-1 or int-2 loci by MMTV was not observed. Immuno-collidal gold electron microscopy revealed the presence of MMTV particles both in mammary tumors and in salivary glands, but no tumors were found to be developed in salivary glands. Taken together these results suggest that salivary glands support MMTV replication, but the virions thus produced may not lead to salivary gland tumorigenesis. It is suggested that the salivary gland is the source of horizontally transmitted MMTV in DD/Tbr mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haga
- Department of Anatomy, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634, Japan
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dickson
- Department of Viral Carcinogenesis, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
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15
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Clausse N, Smith R, Calberg-Bacq CM, Peters G, Dickson C. Mouse mammary-tumor virus activates Fgf-3/Int-2 less frequently in tumors from virgin than from parous mice. Int J Cancer 1993; 55:157-63. [PMID: 8393839 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910550128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary-tumor virus (MMTV) involves proviral disruption and transcriptional activation of a number of cellular oncogenes, generically termed Int. The frequencies with which different Int genes are activated in different mouse strains can be quite variable, and previous surveys have suggested that insertions at Int-2/Fgf-3 occur primarily in strains that develop pregnancy-dependent mammary tumors. To address this issue, we have determined the relative contributions of 5 known Int genes (Wnt-1, Wnt-3, Fgf-3, Fgf-4 and Int-3) in mammary tumors from virgin BR6 and multiparous BR6, BALB/cfBR6 and RIII mice. Whereas Fgf-3 was implicated in 66%, 80% and 92% of the tumors from the respective parous animals, only 20% of the tumors from virgin mice expressed Fgf-3. This reduced involvement of Fgf-3 was compensated by proviral insertions in Fgf-4, Int-3 and Wnt-3, but the frequency of Wnt-1 activation was relatively constant. These data strengthen the link between Fgf-3 and a pregnancy-dependent phenotype and suggest that, in the strains analyzed, the frequency of Int-gene activation was influenced more by the hormonal status than by the genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Clausse
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, London, UK
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16
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Shackleford GM, MacArthur CA, Kwan HC, Varmus HE. Mouse mammary tumor virus infection accelerates mammary carcinogenesis in Wnt-1 transgenic mice by insertional activation of int-2/Fgf-3 and hst/Fgf-4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:740-4. [PMID: 8380647 PMCID: PMC45741 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.2.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenic mice carrying the Wnt-1 protooncogene modified for expression in mammary epithelial cells exhibit hyperplastic mammary glands and stochastically develop mammary carcinomas, suggesting that additional events are necessary for tumorigenesis. To induce such events and to identify the genes involved, we have infected Wnt-1 transgenic mice with mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), intending to insertionally activate, and thereby molecularly tag, cooperating protooncogenes. Infection of breeding female Wnt-1 transgenics decreased the average age at which tumors appeared from approximately 4 months to approximately 2.5 months and increased the average number of primary tumors per mouse from 1-2 to > 5. A smaller effect was observed in virgin females, and infection of transgenic males showed no significant effect on tumor latency. More than half of the tumors from the infected breeding group contained one or more newly acquired MMTV proviruses in a pattern suggesting that most cells in tumors arose from a single infected cell. Analyses of provirus-containing tumors for induced or altered expression of int-2/Fgf-3, hst/Fgf-4, int-3, and Wnt-3 showed activation of int-2 in 39% of tumors, hst in 3%, and both int-2 and hst in 3%. DNA analyses with probes for protooncogenes and MMTV confirmed that the activations resulted from proviral insertions. There was no evidence for proviral insertions at the int-3, Wnt-3, or Wnt-1 loci. These findings provide further evidence that fibroblast growth factors Int-2 and Hst can cooperate with Wnt-1, another secreted factor, in mammary tumorigenesis, and they illustrate the capacity of this system to identify cooperating oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Shackleford
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, CA
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17
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Matsuzawa A, Kaneko T, Takeda Y, Murakami A, Tsubura A. Characterization of mammary plaques in DDD mice congenic for Mtv-2 gene, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993; 84:48-54. [PMID: 8383648 PMCID: PMC5919030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1993.tb02783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
DDD/1 mice free from exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) do not develop any neoplastic mammary lesions. In GR mice, the expression of Mtv-2, an endogenous proviral MMTV, leads to 100% incidence of mammary ductal hyperplasias and tumors. An Mtv-2 congenic line, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2, was established by introducing Mtv-2 from GR into DDD/1 to elucidate its function. Development of mammary plaques (MPQ) characterized by ductal hyperplasias was investigated in 152 congenic females on day 17 to 19 of the first pregnancy. The incidence of MPQ was 48.0% and most MPQ-positive mice (75.3%) had only one MPQ. Generally, MPQ were small in size: the diameter was as small as < or = 3 mm in 77.6% of them. Of 84 MPQ implanted into intact fat pads, 43 (51.2%), 38 (45.2%) and 3 (3.6%) showed undetectable, pregnancy-dependent and autonomous growths; respectively when the hosts underwent pregnancy. Almost all MPQ produced normal-appearing ductal-alveolar outgrowths in mammary epithelium-divested or cleared fat pads of virgins. MPQ implanted into cleared fat pads were very similar to normal mammary glands in the responses to progesterone (P) and estradiol (E) alone or in combination except for association of ductal hyperplasias in 4 of 12 MPQ under E+P treatment. These findings revealed the preneoplastic nature of MPQ. Exogenous MMTV proviruses were demonstrated in all MPQ. The int-2 DNA rearrangement was found in 2 of 10 MPQ but in none of 9 mammary carcinomas and the int-1 DNA rearrangement in none of 10 MPQ but in 5 of 10 carcinomas. It is thus likely that the Mtv-2 gene participates in a very early stage of mammary tumorigenesis not directly but indirectly through insertion mutation of host genes, while the cellular oncogenes, int-2 and int-1, may contribute to preneoplastic transformation of mammary epithelium and progression from preneoplastic to more malignant states, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Division/drug effects
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Epithelium/pathology
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Genes, env
- Hyperplasia
- Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Oncogenes
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/microbiology
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- Proviruses/genetics
- Proviruses/isolation & purification
- Restriction Mapping
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matsuzawa
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, University of Tokyo
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18
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Liu ET. Oncogenes, breast cancer, and chemoprevention. JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY. SUPPLEMENT 1993; 17G:161-6. [PMID: 8007694 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.240531130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations of oncogenes in breast carcinoma include amplifications of the HER-2/neu and PRAD1 genes, as well as p53 mutations. Some of these lesions frequently appear in early cancers such as ductal carcinoma in situ and are stable as the tumors become invasive and metastasize. Thus these findings suggest that oncogene mutations may define a point of origin for a given breast cancer, and are fixed lesions during tumor progression. Such germline abnormalities may occur at the BRCA1, H-RAS VNTR, and p53 loci. The rational use of genetics may be to identify women at high risk for the development of breast cancer so that they may be enrolled in future chemoprevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Liu
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center 27599
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19
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Abstract
The retroposon sequences, their mechanisms of transposition and the occurrence of insertional mutation in the mammalian genome are reviewed. Insertional mutations fall into two broad categories: those due to the disruption of a gene following the physical integration of a foreign DNA sequence result in loss of gene product and would be expected to be associated with a recessive mutation. A second class of insertional mutation is well documented in which upon integration the promoter/enhancer activities inherent in the retroposon genome exert their influence on neighboring genes. This promoter/enhancer activity of integrated retroposons may have effects over relatively long distances and thus limit the possibilities of establishing an association between retroposon integration and mutation. It is emphasized that a systematic search for insertional mutations in the mammalian genome involves an extensive two-dimensional array of possible retroposon sequences and mutant alleles. Present results represent only a small portion of the total array. Future studies promise to be fruitful in efforts to isolate genes through insertional tagging, to characterize the mechanisms of retroposon transposition, as well as to study the stability of the mammalian genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Favor
- GSF-Institut für Säugetiergenetik, Neuherberg, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Various members of the Wnt gene family have been identified as activated oncogenes in mouse mammary tumors. We show that some tumors are oligoclonal for activation of a Wnt gene, and clonal variation when those tumors are transplanted to become hormone-independent. The normal function of many Wnt genes is to control pattern formation in early embryos, as shown by expression profiles and by mutant analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, CA 94305
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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22
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The mouse Wnt-1 gene can act via a paracrine mechanism in transformation of mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 1992. [PMID: 1530877 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.1.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse Wnt-1 gene plays an essential role in fetal brain development and can contribute to tumorigenesis when activated aberrantly in the mammary gland. The gene encodes secretory glycoproteins associated with the extracellular or pericellular matrix, and it has been proposed that Wnt-1, as well as its Drosophila homolog wingless, may function in intercellular signalling. We show here that fibroblasts expressing Wnt-1 protein, although not transformed themselves, are able to elicit morphological transformation of neighboring C57MG mammary epithelial cells in coculture experiments. Heparin inhibits this effect, possibly by displacing Wnt-1 protein from its normal site of action. Our results indicate that the Wnt-1 gene can act via a paracrine mechanism in cell culture and strongly support the notion that in vivo the gene may function in cell-to-cell communication.
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23
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Transgenes expressing the Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes cooperate during mammary carcinogenesis in doubly transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 1992. [PMID: 1530875 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes are transcriptionally activated by mouse mammary tumor virus insertion mutations in virus-induced tumors and encode secretory glycoproteins. To determine whether these two genes can cooperate during carcinogenesis, we have crossed two previously characterized lines of transgenic mice to obtain bitransgenic animals carrying both Wnt-1 and int-2 transgenes under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Mammary carcinomas appear earlier and with higher frequency in the bitransgenic animals, especially the males, than in either parental line. Nearly all bitransgenic males develop mammary neoplasms within 8 months of birth, whereas only 15% of Wnt-1 transgenic males and none of the int-2 transgenic males have tumors. In virgin bitransgenic females, tumors occur approximately 2 months earlier than in their Wnt-1 transgenic siblings; int-2 transgenic females rarely exhibit tumors. Preneoplastic glands from the bitransgenic animals of either sex demonstrate pronounced epithelial hyperplasia similar to that seen in Wnt-1 transgenic virgin females and males, and both transgenes are expressed in the hyperplastic glands and mammary tumors. RNA from the int-2 transgene is more abundant in mammary glands from bitransgenic animals than from int-2 transgenic animals; the increase is associated with high levels of RNA specific for keratin genes 14 and 18, suggesting that Wnt-1-induced epithelial hyperplasia is responsible for the observed increase in expression of the int-2 transgene.
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24
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Kwan H, Pecenka V, Tsukamoto A, Parslow TG, Guzman R, Lin TP, Muller WJ, Lee FS, Leder P, Varmus HE. Transgenes expressing the Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes cooperate during mammary carcinogenesis in doubly transgenic mice. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:147-54. [PMID: 1530875 PMCID: PMC364078 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.1.147-154.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt-1 and int-2 proto-oncogenes are transcriptionally activated by mouse mammary tumor virus insertion mutations in virus-induced tumors and encode secretory glycoproteins. To determine whether these two genes can cooperate during carcinogenesis, we have crossed two previously characterized lines of transgenic mice to obtain bitransgenic animals carrying both Wnt-1 and int-2 transgenes under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Mammary carcinomas appear earlier and with higher frequency in the bitransgenic animals, especially the males, than in either parental line. Nearly all bitransgenic males develop mammary neoplasms within 8 months of birth, whereas only 15% of Wnt-1 transgenic males and none of the int-2 transgenic males have tumors. In virgin bitransgenic females, tumors occur approximately 2 months earlier than in their Wnt-1 transgenic siblings; int-2 transgenic females rarely exhibit tumors. Preneoplastic glands from the bitransgenic animals of either sex demonstrate pronounced epithelial hyperplasia similar to that seen in Wnt-1 transgenic virgin females and males, and both transgenes are expressed in the hyperplastic glands and mammary tumors. RNA from the int-2 transgene is more abundant in mammary glands from bitransgenic animals than from int-2 transgenic animals; the increase is associated with high levels of RNA specific for keratin genes 14 and 18, suggesting that Wnt-1-induced epithelial hyperplasia is responsible for the observed increase in expression of the int-2 transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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25
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Jue SF, Bradley RS, Rudnicki JA, Varmus HE, Brown AM. The mouse Wnt-1 gene can act via a paracrine mechanism in transformation of mammary epithelial cells. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:321-8. [PMID: 1530877 PMCID: PMC364112 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.1.321-328.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse Wnt-1 gene plays an essential role in fetal brain development and can contribute to tumorigenesis when activated aberrantly in the mammary gland. The gene encodes secretory glycoproteins associated with the extracellular or pericellular matrix, and it has been proposed that Wnt-1, as well as its Drosophila homolog wingless, may function in intercellular signalling. We show here that fibroblasts expressing Wnt-1 protein, although not transformed themselves, are able to elicit morphological transformation of neighboring C57MG mammary epithelial cells in coculture experiments. Heparin inhibits this effect, possibly by displacing Wnt-1 protein from its normal site of action. Our results indicate that the Wnt-1 gene can act via a paracrine mechanism in cell culture and strongly support the notion that in vivo the gene may function in cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Jue
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York 10021
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26
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Duesberg PH, Schwartz JR. Latent viruses and mutated oncogenes: no evidence for pathogenicity. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1992; 43:135-204. [PMID: 1410445 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)61047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P H Duesberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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27
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28
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Van de Vijver MJ, Nusse R. The molecular biology of breast cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1072:33-50. [PMID: 2018777 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(91)90005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Van de Vijver
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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29
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Drosophila Proteins
- Drosophila melanogaster/embryology
- Drosophila melanogaster/genetics
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Female
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 3
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 4
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice/embryology
- Mice/genetics
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Oncogenes
- Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/biosynthesis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proviruses/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
- Virus Integration
- Wnt Proteins
- Wnt1 Protein
- Wnt3 Protein
- Zebrafish Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nusse
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA
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30
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van Lohuizen M, Berns A. Tumorigenesis by slow-transforming retroviruses--an update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1032:213-35. [PMID: 2261495 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(90)90005-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M van Lohuizen
- Division of Molecular Genetics, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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31
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Roelink H, Wagenaar E, Lopes da Silva S, Nusse R. Wnt-3, a gene activated by proviral insertion in mouse mammary tumors, is homologous to int-1/Wnt-1 and is normally expressed in mouse embryos and adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4519-23. [PMID: 2162045 PMCID: PMC54147 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a common insertion site, Wnt-3, for proviruses of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Of mammary tumors induced by the GR variant of MMTV, 5% contains a provirus at Wnt-3, which is located on mouse chromosome 11. The gene is transcribed into a 3.8-kilobase (kb) mRNA in tumors with nearby proviral insertions but not in tumors with proviruses at other loci or in most adult tissues. Normal expression of Wnt-3 is detected in mouse embryos (with a peak around day 12 of gestation) and at low levels in adult brain. The transcriptional unit of the Wnt-3 gene spans approximately 55 kb, with a first intron of 36 kb. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Wnt-3 protein is 47% identical to the int-1/Wnt-1 gene product.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Brain/microbiology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes, Viral
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proteins/genetics
- Proviruses/genetics
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
- Wnt Proteins
- Wnt3 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- H Roelink
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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32
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Bradley RS, Brown AM. The proto-oncogene int-1 encodes a secreted protein associated with the extracellular matrix. EMBO J 1990; 9:1569-75. [PMID: 2158444 PMCID: PMC551851 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene int-1 plays an important role in mammary tumorigenesis when activated by proviral insertions of the mouse mammary tumor virus. In normal mouse tissues the gene is expressed in the embryonic neural tube, suggesting a developmental function, while in Drosophila the homolog of int-1 is the segment polarity gene wingless. In order to study the protein products of int-1 we have derived fibroblast cell lines infected with multiple copies of a retroviral vector expressing int-1 cDNA. By Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation we have identified a 44 kd form of int-1 protein which is secreted from these cells. The 44 kd species is distinct from the major intracellular forms of int-1 protein as judged by its slower mobility in SDS-polyacrylamide gels and by its longer half-life in pulse-chase experiments. Under normal growth conditions, little or none of the 44 kd protein is detectable in the cell culture medium but instead the majority is found associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM). The protein appears to bind heparin in vitro, suggesting that it might bind glycosaminoglycans in the ECM. These data support the view that int-1 protein may play a role in cell-cell communication over short distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Bradley
- Department of Cell Biology, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021
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33
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Morris DW, Barry PA, Bradshaw HD, Cardiff RD. Insertion mutation of the int-1 and int-2 loci by mouse mammary tumor virus in premalignant and malignant neoplasms from the GR mouse strain. J Virol 1990; 64:1794-802. [PMID: 2157060 PMCID: PMC249317 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.4.1794-1802.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-induced mammary adenocarcinomas can develop from several different premalignant precursors common in GR mice. Insertion mutagenesis of the mammary protooncogenes int-1 and int-2 was studied in this multistep system by analyzing samples from various stages of neoplastic development for novel int-1 and int-2 restriction fragments generated by MMTV provirus integration. int-1 and int-2 insertion mutations were observed in both premalignant lesions and malignant tumors. Some of the tumors with insertion mutations were experimentally derived from insertion mutation-free premalignant precursors. Each class of neoplasm examined had a characteristic frequency of int-1 and int-2 insertion mutations; however, no correspondence was observed between neoplasm morphology and mutation of either gene. These results indicate that insertion mutation of the int-1 and int-2 loci by MMTV provirus can be involved in the earliest identifiable stages of neoplastic development as well as during progression of premalignant lesions to tumors. Insertion mutation of int-1 and int-2 is therefore not stage specific in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Morris
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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34
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Sluyser M, Rijkers AW, de Goeij CC, Parker M, Hilkens J. Assignment of estradiol receptor gene to mouse chromosome 10. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 31:757-61. [PMID: 3199815 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(88)90283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Differences in restriction fragment lengths were detected with murine estrogen receptor cDNA (clone MOR-100) between Chinese hamster and mouse. These were used to determine the chromosomal location of the estrogen receptor in the mouse by Southern blot analysis of DNAs obtained from a panel of mouse-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids. The mouse estrogen receptor gene was localized on mouse chromosome 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sluyser
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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35
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36
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The int-1 proto-oncogene products are glycoproteins that appear to enter the secretory pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 3323883 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.11.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The int-1 proto-oncogene encodes a primary product of 370 amino acids, is normally expressed in mid-gestational embryos and adult testis, and is activated by proviral insertions during mammary carcinogenesis. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against int-1-specific synthetic peptides immunoprecipitate up to five forms of int-1 protein, ranging in size from 36,000 to 44,000 Mr, from cell lines that express cloned int-1 DNA introduced by transfection or infection with retroviral vectors. Pulse-chase labeling experiments and glycosidase digestions suggested that the smallest of the int-1 proteins is the primary translation product lacking its signal peptide and that it is modified to produce the larger species of sequential glycosylation. Subcellular fractionations demonstrated that all immunoprecipitable forms of int-1 are mainly associated with membranes. int-1 proteins in crude microsomal preparations are resistant to proteolysis and extractable at elevated pH, suggesting that they are sequestered within cytoplasmic vesicles in a manner consistent with the behavior of secretory products. However, we were unable to identify secreted int-1 products in extracellular fluids.
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37
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Berns A. Provirus tagging as an instrument to identify oncogenes and to establish synergism between oncogenes. Arch Virol 1988; 102:1-18. [PMID: 2848473 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Insertional mutagenesis is one of the mechanisms by which retroviruses can transform cells. Once a provirus was found in the vicinity of c-myc, with the concomitant activation of this gene, other proto-oncogenes were shown to be activated by proviral insertion in retrovirally-induced tumors. Subsequently, cloning of common proviral insertion sites led to the discovery of a series of new (putative) oncogenes. Some of these genes have been shown to fulfill key roles in growth and development. In this review I shall describe how proviruses can be used to identify proto-oncogenes, and list the loci, identified by this method. Furthermore, I shall illuminate the potential of provirus tagging by showing that it not only can mark new oncogenes, but can also be instrumental in defining sets of (onco)genes that guide a normal cell in a step-by-step fashion to its fully transformed, metatasizing, counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berns
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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38
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Sluyser M, Moncharmont B, van der Valk MA, de Goeij CC, Evers SG. Different int-1 region DNA rearrangements within different zones of a single mouse mammary tumor. Virology 1988; 163:11-8. [PMID: 2831652 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fragments were taken from separate parts of hormone-dependent (HD) primary GR mouse mammary tumors and serially transplanted in estrone plus progesterone treated or hormonally untreated castrated mice. The transplants were examined with respect to int-1 DNA rearrangement, proviral integrations of the murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV), and estrogen and progesterone receptor content. One of the fragments (b) taken from the primary tumor of line TSI 96 produced transplants that showed int-1 rearrangement in one allele and also MMTV proviral integrations not at the int-1 gene, whereas transplants from another fragment (a) only had the normal germ-line int-1 arrangement and no extra MMTV provirus. These respective genotypes were retained when the tumors became hormonally independent during further transplantations. The results indicate that int-1 rearrangement was not present in the originally transformed cell but occurred in a HD cell during growth of the tumor. Furthermore they indicate that loss of hormonal dependence in GR mammary tumors is due to a mutational event, unrelated to int-1 rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sluyser
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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39
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Nusse R. The activation of cellular oncogenes by proviral insertion in murine mammary cancer. Cancer Treat Res 1988; 40:283-306. [PMID: 2908657 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1733-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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40
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Papkoff J, Brown AM, Varmus HE. The int-1 proto-oncogene products are glycoproteins that appear to enter the secretory pathway. Mol Cell Biol 1987; 7:3978-84. [PMID: 3323883 PMCID: PMC368066 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.7.11.3978-3984.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The int-1 proto-oncogene encodes a primary product of 370 amino acids, is normally expressed in mid-gestational embryos and adult testis, and is activated by proviral insertions during mammary carcinogenesis. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against int-1-specific synthetic peptides immunoprecipitate up to five forms of int-1 protein, ranging in size from 36,000 to 44,000 Mr, from cell lines that express cloned int-1 DNA introduced by transfection or infection with retroviral vectors. Pulse-chase labeling experiments and glycosidase digestions suggested that the smallest of the int-1 proteins is the primary translation product lacking its signal peptide and that it is modified to produce the larger species of sequential glycosylation. Subcellular fractionations demonstrated that all immunoprecipitable forms of int-1 are mainly associated with membranes. int-1 proteins in crude microsomal preparations are resistant to proteolysis and extractable at elevated pH, suggesting that they are sequestered within cytoplasmic vesicles in a manner consistent with the behavior of secretory products. However, we were unable to identify secreted int-1 products in extracellular fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Papkoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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41
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Rijsewijk F, Schuermann M, Wagenaar E, Parren P, Weigel D, Nusse R. The Drosophila homolog of the mouse mammary oncogene int-1 is identical to the segment polarity gene wingless. Cell 1987; 50:649-57. [PMID: 3111720 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated the Drosophila melanogaster homolog (Dint-1) of int-1, a conserved cellular oncogene implicated in viral mammary tumorigenesis in mice. The deduced Dint-1 protein sequence contains 468 amino acids and starts with a hydrophobic leader; it is 54% identical to the int-1 sequence, and all 23 cysteine residues are conserved. The putative Drosophila protein has an extra sequence of 85 amino acids, encoded on an additional exon. Dint-1 is expressed throughout development, but transcripts are barely detectable in adult flies. Hybridization in situ to embryos reveals a segmented pattern of expression. We show that Dint-1 and the segment polarity gene wingless are identical and map to the same location. The sequence of the gene suggests that the Dint-1/wingless protein functions in morphogenesis as a signal in cell-cell communication.
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Sluyser M, Moncharmont B, Ramp G, de Goeij CC, Evers SG. Hormonal regulation of mouse mammary tumor growth. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 27:209-14. [PMID: 2826887 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In view of reports that human breast cancer cells secrete growth factors that can replace estradiol in sustaining tumor growth [1], we have investigated whether hormone independent (HI) GR mouse mammary tumors can sustain growth of estrogen-depleted hormone dependent (HD) tumors. HD GR mammary tumor TSl 106 was grafted subcutaneously in the right flank of estrone plus progesterone treated castrated (020 X GR)F1 mice. After 2 weeks the estrone treatment was stopped and the mice received 50, 100 or 150 mg HI GR mammary tumor TSl 104 in the left flank. However, the regression of the HD tumor due to estrone depletion was not prevented or retarded by the HI grafts. In other experiments we investigated integrations of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral DNA in the DNA of GR mammary tumors. We could demonstrate the presence of two cell populations in tumor TSl 96, both HD but differing in MMTV DNA integration events. Our data indicate that exogenous integrations of MMTV proviruses can take place in mouse mammary tumor DNA without loss of hormone dependency of the tumors. Like in GR/Mtv-2+ mice, mammary tumor transplants differing in MMTV proviral integrations are also observed in 020/Mtv-2+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sluyser
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis), Amsterdam
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