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Sanchez-Martinez ZV, Alpuche-Lazcano SP, Stuible M, Durocher Y. CHO cells for virus-like particle and subunit vaccine manufacturing. Vaccine 2024; 42:2530-2542. [PMID: 38503664 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, employed primarily for manufacturing monoclonal antibodies and other recombinant protein (r-protein) therapeutics, are emerging as a promising host for vaccine antigen production. This is exemplified by the recently approved CHO cell-derived subunit vaccines (SUV) against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), as well as the enveloped virus-like particle (eVLP) vaccine against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Here, we summarize the design, production, and immunogenicity features of these vaccine and review the most recent progress of other CHO-derived vaccines in pre-clinical and clinical development. We also discuss the challenges associated with vaccine production in CHO cells, with a focus on ensuring viral clearance for eVLP products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalma V Sanchez-Martinez
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sergio P Alpuche-Lazcano
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Montreal, QC H4P 2R2, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; PROTEO: The Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Université du Québec à Montréal, 201 Avenue du Président Kennedy, Montréal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada.
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2
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Vetter J, Papa G, Tobler K, Rodriguez JM, Kley M, Myers M, Wiesendanger M, Schraner EM, Luque D, Burrone OR, Fraefel C, Eichwald C. The recruitment of TRiC chaperonin in rotavirus viroplasms correlates with virus replication. mBio 2024; 15:e0049924. [PMID: 38470055 PMCID: PMC11005421 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00499-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) replication takes place in the viroplasms, cytosolic inclusions that allow the synthesis of virus genome segments and their encapsidation in the core shell, followed by the addition of the second layer of the virion. The viroplasms are composed of several viral proteins, including NSP5, which serves as the main building block. Microtubules, lipid droplets, and miRNA-7 are among the host components recruited in viroplasms. We investigated the interaction between RV proteins and host components of the viroplasms by performing a pull-down assay of lysates from RV-infected cells expressing NSP5-BiolD2. Subsequent tandem mass spectrometry identified all eight subunits of the tailless complex polypeptide I ring complex (TRiC), a cellular chaperonin responsible for folding at least 10% of the cytosolic proteins. Our confirmed findings reveal that TRiC is brought into viroplasms and wraps around newly formed double-layered particles. Chemical inhibition of TRiC and silencing of its subunits drastically reduced virus progeny production. Through direct RNA sequencing, we show that TRiC is critical for RV replication by controlling dsRNA genome segment synthesis, particularly negative-sense single-stranded RNA. Importantly, cryo-electron microscopy analysis shows that TRiC inhibition results in defective virus particles lacking genome segments and polymerase complex (VP1/VP3). Moreover, TRiC associates with VP2 and NSP5 but not with VP1. Also, VP2 is shown to be essential for recruiting TRiC in viroplasms and preserving their globular morphology. This study highlights the essential role of TRiC in viroplasm formation and in facilitating virion assembly during the RV life cycle. IMPORTANCE The replication of rotavirus takes place in cytosolic inclusions termed viroplasms. In these inclusions, the distinct 11 double-stranded RNA genome segments are co-packaged to complete a genome in newly generated virus particles. In this study, we show for the first time that the tailless complex polypeptide I ring complex (TRiC), a cellular chaperonin responsible for the folding of at least 10% of the cytosolic proteins, is a component of viroplasms and is required for the synthesis of the viral negative-sense single-stranded RNA. Specifically, TRiC associates with NSP5 and VP2, the cofactor involved in RNA replication. Our study adds a new component to the current model of rotavirus replication, where TRiC is recruited to viroplasms to assist replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Vetter
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Papa
- Molecular Immunology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Kurt Tobler
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Javier M. Rodriguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Kley
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Myers
- Proteomics Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mahesa Wiesendanger
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth M. Schraner
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Luque
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Oscar R. Burrone
- Molecular Immunology Lab, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Anderson ML, Sullivan OM, Nichols SL, Kaylor L, Kelly DF, McDonald Esstman S. Rotavirus core shell protein sites that regulate intra-particle polymerase activity. J Virol 2023; 97:e0086023. [PMID: 37830817 PMCID: PMC10617381 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00860-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses are important causes of severe gastroenteritis in young children. A characteristic feature of rotaviruses is that they copy ribonucleic acid (RNA) inside of the viral particle. In fact, the viral polymerase (VP1) only functions when it is connected to the viral inner core shell protein (VP2). Here, we employed a biochemical assay to identify which sites of VP2 are critical for regulating VP1 activity. Specifically, we engineered VP2 proteins to contain amino acid changes at structurally defined sites and assayed them for their capacity to support VP1 function in a test tube. Through this work, we were able to identify several VP2 residues that appeared to regulate the activity of the polymerase, positively and negatively. These results are important because they help explain how rotavirus synthesizes its RNA while inside of particles and they identify targets for the future rational design of drugs to prevent rotavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen M. Sullivan
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah L. Nichols
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Liam Kaylor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Deborah F. Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Asensio-Cob D, Rodríguez JM, Luque D. Rotavirus Particle Disassembly and Assembly In Vivo and In Vitro. Viruses 2023; 15:1750. [PMID: 37632092 PMCID: PMC10458742 DOI: 10.3390/v15081750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are non-enveloped multilayered dsRNA viruses that are major etiologic agents of diarrheal disease in humans and in the young in a large number of animal species. The viral particle is composed of three different protein layers that enclose the segmented dsRNA genome and the transcriptional complexes. Each layer defines a unique subparticle that is associated with a different phase of the replication cycle. Thus, while single- and double-layered particles are associated with the intracellular processes of selective packaging, genome replication, and transcription, the viral machinery necessary for entry is located in the third layer. This modular nature of its particle allows rotaviruses to control its replication cycle by the disassembly and assembly of its structural proteins. In this review, we examine the significant advances in structural, molecular, and cellular RV biology that have contributed during the last few years to illuminating the intricate details of the RV particle disassembly and assembly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunia Asensio-Cob
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada;
| | - Javier M. Rodríguez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Electron Microscopy Unit UCCT/ISCIII, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Anderson ML, McDonald Esstman S. In vitro particle-associated uridyltransferase activity of the rotavirus VP1 polymerase. Virology 2022; 577:24-31. [PMID: 36257129 PMCID: PMC10728782 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are 11-segmented, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses with a unique intra-particle RNA synthesis mechanism. During genome replication, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (VP1) performs minus-strand RNA (-ssRNA) synthesis on positive-strand RNA (+ssRNA) templates to create dsRNA segments. Recombinant VP1 catalyzes -ssRNA synthesis using substrate NTPs in vitro, but only when the VP2 core shell protein or virus-like particles made of VP2 and VP6 (2/6-VLPs) are included in the reaction. The dsRNA product can be labeled using [α32P]-UTP and separated from the input +ssRNA template by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Here, we report the generation of [α32P]-labeled rotavirus +ssRNA templates in reactions that lacked non-radiolabeled NTPs but contained catalytically-active VP1, 2/6-VLPs, and [α32P]-UTP. Non-radiolabeled UTP competed with [α32P]-UTP to decrease product levels, whereas CTP and GTP had little effect. Interesting, ATP stimulated [α32P]-labeled product production. These results suggest that rotavirus VP1 transferred [α32P]-UMP onto viral + ssRNA in vitro via a particle-associated uridyltransferase activity.
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6
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Lu W, Zhao Z, Huang YW, Wang B. Review: A systematic review of virus-like particles of coronavirus: Assembly, generation, chimerism and their application in basic research and in the clinic. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:487-497. [PMID: 35065135 PMCID: PMC8769907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are nano-scale particles that are morphologically similar to a live virus but which lack a genetic component. Since the pandemic spread of COVID-19, much focus has been placed on coronavirus (CoV)-related VLPs. CoVs contain four structural proteins, though the minimum requirement for VLP formation differs among virus species. CoV VLPs are commonly produced in mammalian and insect cell systems, sometimes in the form of chimeric VLPs that enable surface display of CoV epitopes. VLPs are an ideal model for virological research and have been applied as vaccines and diagnostic reagents to aid in clinical disease control. This review summarizes and updates the research progress on the characteristics of VLPs from different known CoVs, mainly focusing on assembly, in vitro expression systems for VLP generation, VLP chimerism, protein-based nanoparticles and their applications in basic research and clinical settings, which may aid in development of novel VLP vaccines against emerging coronavirus diseases such as SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Lu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zhao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Swevers L, Kontogiannatos D, Kolliopoulou A, Ren F, Feng M, Sun J. Mechanisms of Cell Entry by dsRNA Viruses: Insights for Efficient Delivery of dsRNA and Tools for Improved RNAi-Based Pest Control. Front Physiol 2021; 12:749387. [PMID: 34858204 PMCID: PMC8632066 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.749387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While RNAi is often heralded as a promising new strategy for insect pest control, a major obstacle that still remains is the efficient delivery of dsRNA molecules within the cells of the targeted insects. However, it seems overlooked that dsRNA viruses already have developed efficient strategies for transport of dsRNA molecules across tissue barriers and cellular membranes. Besides protecting their dsRNA genomes in a protective shell, dsRNA viruses also display outer capsid layers that incorporate sophisticated mechanisms to disrupt the plasma membrane layer and to translocate core particles (with linear dsRNA genome fragments) within the cytoplasm. Because of the perceived efficiency of the translocation mechanism, it is well worth analyzing in detail the molecular processes that are used to achieve this feat. In this review, the mechanism of cell entry by dsRNA viruses belonging to the Reoviridae family is discussed in detail. Because of the large amount of progress in mammalian versus insect models, the mechanism of infections of reoviruses in mammals (orthoreoviruses, rotaviruses, orbiviruses) will be treated as a point of reference against which infections of reoviruses in insects (orbiviruses in midges, plant viruses in hemipterans, insect-specific cypoviruses in lepidopterans) will be compared. The goal of this discussion is to uncover the basic principles by which dsRNA viruses cross tissue barriers and translocate their cargo to the cellular cytoplasm; such knowledge subsequently can be incorporated into the design of dsRNA virus-based viral-like particles for optimal delivery of RNAi triggers in targeted insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kontogiannatos
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
| | - Feifei Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Cherepushkin SA, Tsibezov VV, Yuzhakov AG, Latyshev OE, Alekseev KP, Altayeva EG, Khametova KM, Vorkunova GK, Yuzhakova KA, Grebennikova TV. [Synthesis and characterization of human rotavirus A ( Reoviridae: Sedoreovirinae: Rotavirus: Rotavirus A) virus-like particles]. Vopr Virusol 2021; 66:55-64. [PMID: 33683066 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rotavirus infection is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis among infants. The development of new vaccines against rotavirus A is urgent because the virus has many genotypes, some of which have regional prevalence. Virus-like particles (VLP) is a promising way to create effective and safe vaccine preparations.The purpose of the study is to develop the technology for the production of VLP, containing VP2, VP4, VP6 and VP7 of viral genotypes prevalent on the territory of the Russian Federation, and to give its molecular genetic and virological characteristics. MATERIAL AND METHODS The virulent strain Wa G1P[8] of human RV A adapted to MARC-145 cell culture has been used. It was cultured and purified according to the method described by the authors earlier. Standard molecular genetic and cytological methods were used: gene synthesis; cloning into transfer plasmids; recombinant baculoviruses production in Bac-to-Bac expression system; VLP production in the insect cells; centrifugation in sucrose solution; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); electron microscopy (EM); polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blot analysis. RESULTS VP4 and VP7 of the six most represented in Russia genotypes: G1, G2, G4, G9, P4, P8, as well as VP2 and VP6 were selected for VLP production. Recombinant baculoviruses were obtained with codon frequencies optimized for insect cells. Cabbage loopper (Trichoplusia ni) cell culture was coinfected with different combinations of baculoviruses, and VLP consisting of 2-4 proteins were produced. VLP were purified by centrifugation. The size and morphology of the particles matched the rotavirus A virion (by EM). The presence of rotavirus A proteins in VLP was confirmed by the ELISA, SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. CONCLUSION The technology for the synthesis of three-layer VLP consisting of VP2, VP4, VP6 and VP7 has been developed and optimized. The resulting VLP composition represents 6 serotypes of VP4 and VP7, which are most represented on the territory of Russia, and can be used for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Cherepushkin
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - V V Tsibezov
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A G Yuzhakov
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - O E Latyshev
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - K P Alekseev
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | - K M Khametova
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - G K Vorkunova
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - K A Yuzhakova
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - T V Grebennikova
- FSBI National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
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9
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Jiménez-Zaragoza M, Yubero MP, Martín-Forero E, Castón JR, Reguera D, Luque D, de Pablo PJ, Rodríguez JM. Biophysical properties of single rotavirus particles account for the functions of protein shells in a multilayered virus. eLife 2018; 7:37295. [PMID: 30201094 PMCID: PMC6133545 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions performed by the concentric shells of multilayered dsRNA viruses require specific protein interactions that can be directly explored through their mechanical properties. We studied the stiffness, breaking force, critical strain and mechanical fatigue of individual Triple, Double and Single layered rotavirus (RV) particles. Our results, in combination with Finite Element simulations, demonstrate that the mechanics of the external layer provides the resistance needed to counteract the stringent conditions of extracellular media. Our experiments, in combination with electrostatic analyses, reveal a strong interaction between the two outer layers and how it is suppressed by the removal of calcium ions, a key step for transcription initiation. The intermediate layer presents weak hydrophobic interactions with the inner layer that allow the assembly and favor the conformational dynamics needed for transcription. Our work shows how the biophysical properties of the three shells are finely tuned to produce an infective RV virion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jiménez-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Pl Yubero
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jose R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Reguera
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Luque
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología/ISCIII, Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Lopez-Guerrero DV, Arias N, Gutierrez-Xicotencatl L, Chihu-Amparan L, González A, Pedroza-Saavedra A, Rosas-Salgado G, Villegas-Garcia JC, Badillo-Godinez O, Fernandez G, Lopez S, Esquivel-Guadarrama F. Enhancement of VP6 immunogenicity and protective efficacy against rotavirus by VP2 in a genetic immunization. Vaccine 2018; 36:3072-3078. [PMID: 28465094 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
VP2/VP6 virus like particles (VLPs) are very effective in inducing protection against the rotavirus infection in animal models. Individually, VP6 can also induce protection. However, there is no information about the immunogenicity of VP2. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of DNA vaccines codifying for VP2 or VP6, alone or combined, to induce protection against the rotavirus infection. Murine rotavirus VP2 and VP6 genes were cloned into the pcDNA3 vector. Adult BALB/c mice were inoculated three times by intramuscular (i.m.) injections with 100 or 200µg of pcDNA3-VP2 or pcDNA3-VP6 alone or co-administered with 100µg of pcDNA3-VP2/100µg of pcDNA3-VP6. Two weeks after the last inoculation, mice were challenged with the wild type murine rotavirus strain epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIMwt). We found that both plasmids, pcDNA3-VP2 and pcDNA3-VP6, were able to induce rotavirus-specific serum antibodies, but not intestinal rotavirus-specific IgA; only 200µg of pcDNA3-VP6 induced 35% protection against the infection. A similar level of protection was found when mice were co-administered with 100µg of pcDNA3-VP2/100µg of pcDNA3-VP6 (1:1 ratio). However, the best protection (up to 58%) occurred when mice were inoculated with 10µg of pcDNA3-VP2/100µg of pcDNA3-VP6 (1:10 ratio). These results indicate that the DNA plasmid expressing VP6 is a better vaccine candidate that the one expressing VP2. However, when co-expressed, VP2 potentiates the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of VP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Lopez-Guerrero
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - N Arias
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - L Gutierrez-Xicotencatl
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, SSA, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - L Chihu-Amparan
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, SSA, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - A González
- Centro de Investigacion en Dinamica Celular, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - A Pedroza-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, SSA, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - G Rosas-Salgado
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - J C Villegas-Garcia
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - O Badillo-Godinez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, INSP, SSA, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - G Fernandez
- Instituto de Biotecnologia-UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - S Lopez
- Instituto de Biotecnologia-UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - F Esquivel-Guadarrama
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
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11
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Changotra H, Vij A. Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) vaccines: An update. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harish Changotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Avni Vij
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Jaypee University of Information Technology; Solan Himachal Pradesh India
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Abstract
Although viruses are simple biological systems, they are capable of evolving highly efficient techniques for infecting cells, expressing their genomes, and generating new copies of themselves. It is possible to genetically manipulate most of the different classes of known viruses in order to produce recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins. Recombinant viruses have been used in gene therapy to deliver selected genes into higher organisms, in vaccinology and immunotherapy, and as important research tools to study the structure and function of these proteins. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome. They have been applied not only as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines but also as vehicles in drug and gene delivery and, more recently, as tools in nanobiotechnology. In this chapter, basic and advanced features of viruses and VLPs are presented and their major applications are discussed. The different production platforms based on animal cell technology are explained, and their main challenges and future perspectives are explored. The implications of large-scale production of viruses and VLPs are discussed in the context of process control, monitoring, and optimization. The main upstream and downstream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly.
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Ruiz V, Mozgovoj MV, Dus Santos MJ, Wigdorovitz A. Plant-produced viral bovine vaccines: what happened during the last 10 years? PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1071-1077. [PMID: 26250843 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has proved to be an efficient strategy to deal with viral infections in both human and animal species. However, protection of cattle against viral infections is still a major concern in veterinary science. During the last two decades, the development of efficient plant-based expression strategies for recombinant proteins prompted the application of this methodology for veterinary vaccine purposes. The main goals of viral bovine vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of cattle and increase the production of livestock, in a cost-effective manner. This review explores some of the more prominent recent advances in plant-made viral bovine vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bluetongue virus (BTV) and bovine papillomavirus (BPV), some of which are considered to be the most important viral causative agents of economic loss in cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Ruiz
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina V Mozgovoj
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María José Dus Santos
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Jalilvand S, Marashi SM, Shoja Z. Rotavirus VP6 preparations as a non-replicating vaccine candidates. Vaccine 2015; 33:3281-7. [PMID: 26021725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) structural proteins VP4 and VP7, located on the surface of viral particles, elicit neutralizing antibodies (Abs) and are therefore considered to be important components of RV vaccines. However, despite inducing neutralizing Abs, limits of cross-neutralizing activity and lack of full correlation with protection limit the usefulness of these proteins as protective agents against RV disease. VP6 protein, which forms the middle layer of RV particles, is discussed as an alternative vaccine candidate since it can induce cross-protective immune responses against different RV strains although the Ab raised is not neutralizing. This report reviews different functions of VP6 that can lead to considering it as an alternative vaccine against RV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Jere KC, O'Neill HG, Potgieter AC, van Dijk AA. Chimaeric virus-like particles derived from consensus genome sequences of human rotavirus strains co-circulating in Africa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105167. [PMID: 25268783 PMCID: PMC4181975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) are potential alternative non-live vaccine candidates due to their high immunogenicity. They mimic the natural conformation of native viral proteins but cannot replicate because they do not contain genomic material which makes them safe. To date, most RV-VLPs have been derived from cell culture adapted strains or common G1 and G3 rotaviruses that have been circulating in communities for some time. In this study, chimaeric RV-VLPs were generated from the consensus sequences of African rotaviruses (G2, G8, G9 or G12 strains associated with either P[4], P[6] or P[8] genotypes) characterised directly from human stool samples without prior adaptation of the wild type strains to cell culture. Codon-optimised sequences for insect cell expression of genome segments 2 (VP2), 4 (VP4), 6 (VP6) and 9 (VP7) were cloned into a modified pFASTBAC vector, which allowed simultaneous expression of up to four genes using the Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus Expression System (BEVS; Invitrogen). Several combinations of the genome segments originating from different field strains were cloned to produce double-layered RV-VLPs (dRV-VLP; VP2/6), triple-layered RV-VLPs (tRV-VLP; VP2/6/7 or VP2/6/7/4) and chimaeric tRV-VLPs. The RV-VLPs were produced by infecting Spodoptera frugiperda 9 and Trichoplusia ni cells with recombinant baculoviruses using multi-cistronic, dual co-infection and stepwise-infection expression strategies. The size and morphology of the RV-VLPs, as determined by transmission electron microscopy, revealed successful production of RV-VLPs. The novel approach of producing tRV-VLPs, by using the consensus insect cell codon-optimised nucleotide sequence derived from dsRNA extracted directly from clinical specimens, should speed-up vaccine research and development by by-passing the need to adapt rotaviruses to cell culture. Other problems associated with cell culture adaptation, such as possible changes in epitopes, can also be circumvented. Thus, it is now possible to generate tRV-VLPs for evaluation as non-live vaccine candidates for any human or animal field rotavirus strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuzwayo C. Jere
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hester G. O'Neill
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - A. Christiaan Potgieter
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Deltamune (Pty.) Ltd., Lyttelton, Centurion, South Africa
| | - Alberdina A. van Dijk
- Biochemistry, Centre of Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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17
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Wilson HL, Obradovic MR. Evidence for a common mucosal immune system in the pig. Mol Immunol 2014; 66:22-34. [PMID: 25242212 PMCID: PMC7132386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that the common mucosal immune system exists in pigs. Vaccination at an easily accessible mucosal site may assist in providing protection at other mucosal sites. Local and distal mucosal sites should be sampled after vaccinations to define the optimal dose and formulation which promotes the common mucosal immune system in pigs.
The majority of lymphocytes activated at mucosal sites receive instructions to home back to the local mucosa, but a portion also seed distal mucosa sites. By seeding distal sites with antigen-specific effector or memory lymphocytes, the foundation is laid for the animal's mucosal immune system to respond with a secondary response should to this antigen be encountered at this site in the future. The common mucosal immune system has been studied quite extensively in rodent models but less so in large animal models such as the pig. Reasons for this paucity of reported induction of the common mucosal immune system in this species may be that distal mucosal sites were examined but no induction was observed and therefore it was not reported. However, we suspect that the majority of investigators simply did not sample distal mucosal sites and therefore there is little evidence of immune response induction in the literature. It is our hope that more pig immunologists and infectious disease experts who perform mucosal immunizations or inoculations on pigs will sample distal mucosal sites and report their findings, whether results are positive or negative. In this review, we highlight papers that show that immunization/inoculation using one route triggers mucosal immune system induction locally, systemically, and within at least one distal mucosal site. Only by understanding whether immunizations at one site triggers immunity throughout the common mucosal immune system can we rationally develop vaccines for the pig, and through these works we can gather evidence about the mucosal immune system that may be extrapolated to other livestock species or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Milan R Obradovic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), 120 Veterinary Road, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada.
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18
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Shoja Z, Tagliamonte M, Jalilvand S, Mollaei-Kandelous Y, De Stradis A, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L. Formation of self-assembled triple-layered rotavirus-like particles (tlRLPs) by constitutive co-expression of VP2, VP6, and VP7 in stably transfected high-five insect cell lines. J Med Virol 2014; 87:102-11. [PMID: 24797918 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, stable high-five insect cell line constitutively expressing rotavirus (RV) VP2 was co-transfected with VP6 and VP7-recombinant plasmids. The presence of RV proteins in stably transfected high-five cells was verified by molecular and protein analyses. To yield self-assembled triple-layered RV-like particles (tlRLPs), a stable insect high-five cell line was generated to produce RV VP6 and VP7 besides VP2. Self-assembled tlRLPs were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess their antigenicity in vivo. The results suggest that the stable transfected high-five cells are able to generate tlRLPs with the efficient antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zabihollah Shoja
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Intra-peritoneal and intra-rectal immunogenicity induced by rotavirus virus like particles 2/6/7 in mice. Microb Pathog 2014; 67-68:48-54. [PMID: 24583154 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed virus like particles of rotavirus (RV) with VP2, VP6, and VP7 proteins (VLP2/6/7) using stable High-five cell line. To evaluate the immunogenicity of our construct, we assessed the humoral and cytokine responses induced by VLP2/6/7 in BALB/c mice immunized intra-peritoneally and intra-rectally. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Relative quantitative (RQ) Real-time PCR were used to evaluate the antibody (IgG and IgA) levels in serum and mRNA levels of IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ in spleen cells, respectively. Our results showed that VLP2/6/7 is capable of intra-peritoneal (I.P.) and intra-rectal (I.R.) induction of serum IgG and IgA responses. IgA was detected in fecal samples of immunization groups by I.P. and I.R. routes. Interestingly, I.R. route induced higher IgA titer compared with I.P. route which was statistically significant. Moreover, mRNA levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ were significantly elevated in mice immunized intra-peritoneally with VLP2/6/7 compared to control group. As such, the mean change was 7.4 (P < 0.05) and 14.8 (P < 0.001) for IFN-γ and IL-6, respectively. Likewise, the same pattern was found when mice were immunized intra-rectally. Although elevated, the difference in the mean change for IL-10 was not statistically significant when compared to control group. Our findings indicated that VLPs constructed via a stable insect cell line are able to induce both humoral and cellular responses, a similar pattern as observed after immunization with live RVs.
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20
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Production of rotavirus core-like particles in Sf9 cells using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. J Biotechnol 2014; 171:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Human rotavirus virus-like particle vaccines evaluated in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:169-81. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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High-resolution 3D structures reveal the biological functions of reoviruses. Virol Sin 2013; 28:318-25. [PMID: 24254888 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-013-3341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses in the family Reoviridae are non-enveloped particles comprising a segmented double-stranded RNA genome surrounded by a two-layered or multi-layered icosahedral protein capsid. These viruses are classified into two sub-families based on their particle structural organization. Recent studies have focused on high-resolution three-dimensional structures of reovirus particles by using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to approach the resolutions seen in X-ray crystallographic structures. The results of cryo-EM image reconstructions allow tracing of most of the protein side chains, and thus permit integration of structural and functional information into a coherent mechanism for reovirus assembly and entry.
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23
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Desselberger U, Richards J, Tchertanov L, Lepault J, Lever A, Burrone O, Cohen J. Further characterisation of rotavirus cores: Ss(+)RNAs can be packaged in vitro but packaging lacks sequence specificity. Virus Res 2013; 178:252-63. [PMID: 24091366 PMCID: PMC3854842 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) cores were released from double-layered particles (DLPs) by high concentrations of CaCl2, purified and 'opened' by treatment with EDTA or EGTA. Under appropriate in vitro conditions DLPs have been shown to have transcriptase and 'open cores' replicase activity. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that transcriptase activity and infectivity of native cores can be restored by transcapsidation with VP6, VP7 and VP4. The missing link for particle reconstitution in vitro has been the manipulation of 'open cores' to become functionally active cores again. The experiments described here were undertaken with the aim of exploring packaging of RV RNAs into opened cores in vitro. Rotavirus cores were opened by approximately 200μM EGTA, leading to the release of genomic dsRNA. Conversely, RV cores were found to be stable in the presence of minimum concentrations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), spermidine(3+) and cobalthexamine(3+) of between 40 and 300 μM. Aggregates of purified cores were resolved in the presence of 0.3mM deoxycholate (minimum concentration). Core shells opened with EGTA were reconstituted by the addition of di- or trivalent cations within 2 min of the opening procedure. Addition of purified, baculovirus recombinant-expressed VP6 to native and reconstituted cores led to the formation of DLPs or DLP-like particles, which upon transfection into MA104 cells were infectious. The rescued infectivity likely originated in part from unopened and in part from reconstituted cores. Radiolabelled RV (+) ssRNAs could be packaged into reconstituted cores and DLPs, as indicated by resistance to RNase I digestion. The packaging reaction was, however, not RV RNA sequence-specific, since unrelated ssRNAs, such as those transcribed from HIV-2 cDNAs, were also packaged. The kinetics of packaging of homologous and heterologous RNAs were similar, as evidenced by competitive packaging assays. None of the packaged in vitro engineered RNA segments has so far been rescued into infectious virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale, UMR 2472 du CNRS, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cédex, France; Molecular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
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24
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Bailey KE, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF. Equine rotaviruses--current understanding and continuing challenges. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:135-44. [PMID: 23932076 PMCID: PMC7117381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine rotaviruses were first detected in foals over 30 years ago and remain a major cause of infectious diarrhoea in foals. During this time, there has been substantial progress in the development of sensitive methods to detect rotaviruses in foals, enabling surveillance of the genotypes present in various horse populations. However, there has been limited epidemiological investigation into the significance of these circulating genotypes, their correlation with disease and the use of vaccination in these animal populations. Our knowledge of the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in foals is based on a limited number of studies on a small number of foals and, therefore, most of our understanding in this area has been extrapolated from studies in other species. Questions such as the concentrations of rotavirus particles shed in the faeces of infected foals, both with and without diarrhoea, and factors determining the presence or absence of clinical disease remain to be investigated, as does the relative and absolute efficacy of currently available vaccines. The answer to these questions may help direct research into the development of more effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Bailey
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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25
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Lappalainen S, Tamminen K, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Comparative immunogenicity in mice of rotavirus VP6 tubular structures and virus-like particles. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1991-2001. [PMID: 23777748 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Current live RV vaccines are efficacious but show lower efficacy in developing countries, as well as a low risk of intussusception. This has led to the development of parenteral non-live candidate vaccines against RV. RV capsid VP6 protein is highly conserved and the most abundant RV protein forming highly immunogenic oligomeric structures with multivalent antigen expression. Both recombinant VP6 (rVP6) or double-layered (dl) 2/6-virus-like particles (VLPs), might be considered as the simplest RV subunit vaccine candidates. Human rVP6 protein and dl2/6-VLPs were produced in Sf9 insect cells by baculovirus expression system. Formation of rVP6 tubules and VLPs were confirmed by electron microscopy. BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly, and immune responses were analyzed. Both rVP6 and dl2/6-VLPs induced a balanced Th1-type and Th2-type response and high levels of serum IgG antibodies with cross-reactivity against different RV strains (Wa, SC2, BrB, 69M, L26, WC3, and RRV). In addition, mucosal VP6-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were detected in feces and vaginal washes (VW) of immunized animals. Importantly, VWs of immunized mice inhibited RV Wa and RRV infection in vitro. Immunization with either protein preparation induced a similar level of VP6-specific, interferon-γ secreting CD4(+) T cells in response to different RVs or the 18-mer peptide (AA 242-259), a VP6-specific CD4(+) T cell epitope. RV rVP6 and dl2/6-VLPs induced equally strong humoral and cellular responses against RV in mice and therefore, may be considered as non-live vaccine candidates against RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Lappalainen
- Vaccine Research Center; University of Tampere Medical School; Tampere, Finland
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26
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Development of a stable insect cell line constitutively expressing rotavirus VP2. Virus Res 2013; 172:66-74. [PMID: 23287060 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kushnir N, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Virus-like particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: diversity of targets and production systems and advances in clinical development. Vaccine 2012; 31:58-83. [PMID: 23142589 PMCID: PMC7115575 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a class of subunit vaccines that differentiate themselves from soluble recombinant antigens by stronger protective immunogenicity associated with the VLP structure. Like parental viruses, VLPs can be either non-enveloped or enveloped, and they can form following expression of one or several viral structural proteins in a recombinant heterologous system. Depending on the complexity of the VLP, it can be produced in either a prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression system using target-encoding recombinant vectors, or in some cases can be assembled in cell-free conditions. To date, a wide variety of VLP-based candidate vaccines targeting various viral, bacterial, parasitic and fungal pathogens, as well as non-infectious diseases, have been produced in different expression systems. Some VLPs have entered clinical development and a few have been licensed and commercialized. This article reviews VLP-based vaccines produced in different systems, their immunogenicity in animal models and their status in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Kushnir
- Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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28
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Roldão A, Mellado MCM, Lima JC, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Oliveira R. On the effect of thermodynamic equilibrium on the assembly efficiency of complex multi-layered virus-like particles (VLP): the case of rotavirus VLP. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002367. [PMID: 22359487 PMCID: PMC3280969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported the production of malformed virus-like-particles (VLP) in recombinant host systems. Here we computationally investigate the case of a large triple-layered rotavirus VLP (RLP). In vitro assembly, disassembly and reassembly data provides strong evidence of microscopic reversibility of RLP assembly. Light scattering experimental data also evidences a slow and reversible assembly untypical of kinetic traps, thus further strengthening the fidelity of a thermodynamically controlled assembly. In silico analysis further reveals that under favourable conditions particles distribution is dominated by structural subunits and completely built icosahedra, while other intermediates are present only at residual concentrations. Except for harshly unfavourable conditions, assembly yield is maximised when proteins are provided in the same VLP protein mass composition. The assembly yield decreases abruptly due to thermodynamic equilibrium when the VLP protein mass composition is not obeyed. The latter effect is more pronounced the higher the Gibbs free energy of subunit association is and the more complex the particle is. Overall this study shows that the correct formation of complex multi-layered VLPs is restricted to a narrow range of association energies and protein concentrations, thus the choice of the host system is critical for successful assembly. Likewise, the dynamic control of intracellular protein expression rates becomes very important to minimize wasted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Roldão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Candida M. Mellado
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - J. C. Lima
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT/UNL), Caparica, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. T. Carrondo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT/UNL), Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica-Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - R. Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (FCT/UNL), Caparica, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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29
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Palomares LA, Mena JA, Ramírez OT. Simultaneous expression of recombinant proteins in the insect cell-baculovirus system: production of virus-like particles. Methods 2012; 56:389-95. [PMID: 22300754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect cell-baculovirus system (IC-BEVS) is widely used for the production of recombinant viral proteins for vaccine applications. It is especially suitable for the production of virus-like particles, which often require the simultaneous production of several recombinant proteins. Here, the available tools and process requirements for the simultaneous production of several recombinant proteins using the IC-BEVS are discussed. The production of double-layered rotavirus like particles is used as a specific example for the simultaneous production of two recombinant proteins. Methods to quantify VLP in small samples are described. The multiplicity and time of infection are presented as tools to manipulate protein concentration, and the effect on protein concentration ratios on the assembly efficiency of double-layered rotavirus like particles is discussed. It was found that not only the ratio between the recombinant proteins is determinant of VLP assembly efficiency, but also that assembly efficiency is related to the characteristics of the assembled proteins. This is the first time that kinetics of VLP production are followed during cultures, and that the assembly efficiency is quantitatively determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Palomares
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62250, Mexico.
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Sokolenko S, George S, Wagner A, Tuladhar A, Andrich JMS, Aucoin MG. Co-expression vs. co-infection using baculovirus expression vectors in insect cell culture: Benefits and drawbacks. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:766-81. [PMID: 22297133 PMCID: PMC7132753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is a versatile and powerful platform for protein expression in insect cells. With the ability to approach similar post-translational modifications as in mammalian cells, the BEVS offers a number of advantages including high levels of expression as well as an inherent safety during manufacture and of the final product. Many BEVS products include proteins and protein complexes that require expression from more than one gene. This review examines the expression strategies that have been used to this end and focuses on the distinguishing features between those that make use of single polycistronic baculovirus (co-expression) and those that use multiple monocistronic baculoviruses (co-infection). Three major areas in which researchers have been able to take advantage of co-expression/co-infection are addressed, including compound structure-function studies, insect cell functionality augmentation, and VLP production. The core of the review discusses the parameters of interest for co-infection and co-expression with time of infection (TOI) and multiplicity of infection (MOI) highlighted for the former and the choice of promoter for the latter. In addition, an overview of modeling approaches is presented, with a suggested trajectory for future exploration. The review concludes with an examination of the gaps that still remain in co-expression/co-infection knowledge and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Sokolenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Assembly of Large Icosahedral Double-Stranded RNA Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 726:379-402. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0980-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
The innermost VP2 core shell of the triple-layered, icosahedral rotavirus particle surrounds the viral genome and RNA processing enzymes, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (VP1). In addition to anchoring VP1 within the core, VP2 is also an essential cofactor that triggers the polymerase to initiate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) synthesis using packaged plus-strand RNA templates. The VP2 requirement effectively couples packaging with genome replication and ensures that VP1 makes dsRNA only within an assembling previrion particle. However, the mechanism by which the rotavirus core shell protein activates the viral polymerase remains very poorly understood. In the current study, we sought to elucidate VP2 regions critical for VP1-mediated in vitro dsRNA synthesis. By comparing the functions of proteins from several different rotaviruses, we found that polymerase activation by the core shell protein is specific. Through truncation and chimera mutagenesis, we demonstrate that the VP2 amino terminus, which forms a decameric, internal hub underneath each 5-fold axis, plays an important but nonspecific role in VP1 activation. Our results indicate that the VP2 residues correlating with polymerase activation specificity are located on the inner face of the core shell, distinct from the amino terminus. Based on these findings, we predict that several regions of VP2 engage the polymerase during the concerted processes of rotavirus core assembly and genome replication.
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Roldão A, Silva A, Mellado M, Alves P, Carrondo M. Viruses and Virus-Like Particles in Biotechnology. COMPREHENSIVE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2011. [PMCID: PMC7151966 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-088504-9.00072-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although viruses are simple biological systems, they are capable of evolving highly efficient techniques for infecting cells, expressing their genomes, and generating new copies of themselves. It is possible to genetically manipulate most of the different classes of known viruses in order to produce recombinant viruses that express foreign proteins. Recombinant viruses have been used in gene therapy to deliver selected genes into higher organisms, in vaccinology and immunotherapy, and as important research tools to study the structure and function of these proteins. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are multiprotein structures that mimic the organization and conformation of authentic native viruses but lack the viral genome. They have been applied not only as prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines but also as vehicles in drug and gene delivery and, more recently, as tools in nanobiotechnology. In this article, basic and advanced features of viruses and VLPs are presented and their major applications are discussed. The different production platforms based on animal cell technology are explained, and their main challenges and future perspectives are explored. The implications of large-scale production of viruses and VLPs are discussed in the context of process control, monitorization, and optimization. The main upstream and downstream technical challenges are identified and discussed accordingly.
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Guglielmi KM, McDonald SM, Patton JT. Mechanism of intraparticle synthesis of the rotavirus double-stranded RNA genome. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18123-8. [PMID: 20351108 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.117671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses perform the remarkable tasks of transcribing and replicating 11 distinct double-stranded RNA genome segments within the confines of a subviral particle. Multiple viral polymerases are tethered to the interior of a particle, each dedicated to a solitary genome segment but acting in synchrony to synthesize RNA. Although the rotavirus polymerase specifically recognizes RNA templates in the absence of other proteins, its enzymatic activity is contingent upon interaction with the viral capsid. This intraparticle strategy of RNA synthesis helps orchestrate the concerted packaging and replication of the viral genome. Here, we review our current understanding of rotavirus RNA synthetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Guglielmi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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An oral versus intranasal prime/boost regimen using attenuated human rotavirus or VP2 and VP6 virus-like particles with immunostimulating complexes influences protection and antibody-secreting cell responses to rotavirus in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:420-8. [PMID: 20107005 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00395-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We determined the impact of mucosal prime/boost regimens and vaccine type (attenuated Wa human rotavirus [AttHRV] or nonreplicating Wa 2/6 rotavirus-like particles [VLP]) on protection and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses to HRV in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model. Comparisons of delivery routes for AttHRV and evaluation of nonreplicating VLP vaccines are important as alternative vaccine approaches to overcome risks associated with live oral vaccines. Groups of neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were vaccinated using combinations of oral (PO) and intranasal (IN) inoculation routes as follows: (i) 3 oral doses of AttHRV (AttHRV3xPO); (ii) AttHRV3xIN; (iii) AttHRVPO, then 2/6VLP2xIN; (iv) AttHRVIN, then 2/6VLP2xIN; and (v) mock-inoculated controls. Subsets of pigs from each group were challenged with virulent Wa HRV [P1A(8) G1] (4 weeks post-primary inoculation) to assess protection. The AttHRVPO+2/6VLP2xIN pigs had the highest protection rates against virus shedding and diarrhea (71% each); however, these rates did not differ statistically among the vaccine groups, except for the AttHRVIN+2/6VLPIN group, which had a significantly lower protection rate (17%) against diarrhea. The isotype, magnitude, and tissue distribution of ASCs were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The highest mean numbers of virus-specific IgG and IgA ASCs were observed pre- and postchallenge in both intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues of the AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN group. Thus, the AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN vaccine regimen using immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM) and multiple mucosal inductive sites, followed by AttHRV3xPO or IN regimens, were the most effective vaccine regimens, suggesting that either AttHRVPO+2/6VLPIN or AttHRV3xIN may be an alternative approach to AttHRV3xPO for inducing protective immunity against rotavirus diarrhea.
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36
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Peralta A, Molinari P, Taboga O. Chimeric recombinant rotavirus-like particles as a vehicle for the display of heterologous epitopes. Virol J 2009; 6:192. [PMID: 19891790 PMCID: PMC2777876 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the presentation and immunogenicity of single epitopes, virus-like particles (VLPs) are being used as platforms for the display of foreing epitopes on their surface. The rotavirus major capsid protein VP6 has the ability to self-assemble into empty non-infectious VLPs. In the present study, we analyzed the use of double layered VLPs (made up of VP2 and VP6 rotavirus proteins) as carriers to display a 14 amino acid epitope fused to three different aminoacidic regions of VP6 exposed on the surface of VLPs. Although all chimeric protein were correctly expressed in insect cells, only one of them resulted in spontaneous assembly of VLPs displaying the heterologous epitope on their surface, confirmed by sandwich ELISA and electron microscopy. Furthermore, the injection of chimeric VLPs into mice elicited higher antibody titers than the monomeric chimeric protein. Our results identify an specific amino acid region of VP6 which allows the insertion of at least a 14 amino acid heterolgous epitope and demonstrate its potential as immunogenic carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Peralta
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av, Rivadavia 1917 (c,p,1033) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Challenges for the production of virus-like particles in insect cells: The case of rotavirus-like particles. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Roldão A, Oliveira R, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM. Error assessment in recombinant baculovirus titration: evaluation of different methods. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:69-80. [PMID: 19442848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of baculovirus/insect cells system in heterologous protein expression depends on the robustness and efficiency of the production workflow. It is essential that process parameters are controlled and include as little variability as possible. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) is the most critical factor since irreproducible MOIs caused by inaccurate estimation of viral titers hinder batch consistency and process optimization. This lack of accuracy is related to intrinsic characteristics of the method such as the inability to distinguish between infectious and non-infectious baculovirus. In this study, several methods for baculovirus titration were compared. The most critical issues identified were the incubation time and cell concentration at the time of infection. These variables influence strongly the accuracy of titers and must be defined for optimal performance of the titration method. Although the standard errors of the methods varied significantly (7-36%), titers were within the same order of magnitude; thus, viral titers can be considered independent of the method of titration. A cost analysis of the baculovirus titration methods used in this study showed that the alamarblue, real time Q-PCR and plaque assays were the most expensive techniques. The remaining methods cost on average 75% less than the former methods. Based on the cost, time and error analysis undertaken in this study, the end-point dilution assay, microculture tetrazolium assay and flow cytometric assay were found to be the techniques that combine all these three main factors better. Nevertheless, it is always recommended to confirm the accuracy of the titration either by comparison with a well characterized baculovirus reference stock or by titration using two different methods and verification of the variability of results.
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Istrate C, Hinkula J, Charpilienne A, Poncet D, Cohen J, Svensson L, Johansen K. Parenteral administration of RF 8-2/6/7 rotavirus-like particles in a one-dose regimen induce protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2008; 26:4594-601. [PMID: 18588935 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus virus-like particles (RV-VLPs) represent a novel strategy for development of a rotavirus subunit vaccine. In this study, RF 8-2/6/7-VLPs with rotavirus VP8 protein (amino acid 1-241 of VP4) fused to the amino terminal end of a truncated VP2, were evaluated for their immunogenic and protective properties. A single intramuscular dose of, either 2 or 20 microg, RF 8-2/6/7-VLPs alone or combined with a potent adjuvant poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)]phosphazene] (PCPP) induced rotavirus-specific serum IgG and IgA, fecal IgG titers that were enhanced 5-90-fold by adjuvant. Passive protective immunity was achieved in offspring to dams vaccinated with 2 and 20 microg RV-VLPs in presence of adjuvant and 20 microg RV-VLP without adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Istrate
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnologica and Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica, SE-171 76 Oeiras, Portugal
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Mellado MCM, Franco C, Coelho A, Alves PM, Simplício AL. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-capillary gel electrophoresis analysis of rotavirus-like particles. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1192:166-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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42
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Amount of maternal rotavirus-specific antibodies influence the outcome of rotavirus vaccination of newborn mice with virus-like particles. Vaccine 2008; 26:778-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Fang Q, Seng EK, Dai W, Zhang LL. Construction and co-expression of grass carp reovirus VP6 protein and enhanced green fluorescence protein in the insect cells. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-007-0038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Geometric mismatches within the concentric layers of rotavirus particles: a potential regulatory switch of viral particle transcription activity. J Virol 2008; 82:2844-52. [PMID: 18184711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02268-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are prototypical double-stranded RNA viruses whose triple-layered icosahedral capsid constitutes transcriptional machinery activated by the release of the external layer. To understand the molecular basis of this activation, we studied the structural interplay between the three capsid layers by electron cryo-microscopy and digital image processing. Two viral particles and four virus-like particles containing various combinations of inner (VP2)-, middle (VP6)-, and outer (VP7)-layer proteins were studied. We observed that the absence of the VP2 layer increases the particle diameter and changes the type of quasi-equivalent icosahedral symmetry, as described by the shift in triangulation number (T) of the VP6 layer (from T = 13 to T = 19 or more). By fitting X-ray models of VP6 into each reconstruction, we determined the quasi-atomic structures of the middle layers. These models showed that the VP6 lattices, i.e., curvature and trimer contacts, are characteristic of the particle composition. The different functional states of VP6 thus appear as being characterized by trimers having similar conformations but establishing different intertrimeric contacts. Remarkably, the external protein VP7 reorients the VP6 trimers located around the fivefold axes of the icosahedral capsid, thereby shrinking the channel through which mRNA exits the transcribing rotavirus particle. We conclude that the constraints arising from the different geometries imposed by the external and internal layers of the rotavirus capsid constitute a potential switch regulating the transcription activity of the viral particles.
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45
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46
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Pourasgari F, Ahmadian S, Salmanian AH, Sarbolouki MN, Massumi M. Low cytotoxicity effect of dendrosome as an efficient carrier for rotavirus VP2 gene transferring into a human lung cell line. Mol Biol Rep 2007; 36:105-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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47
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Abstract
The rotavirus genome is composed of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Rotavirus is the leading etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Reverse genetics is the powerful and ideal methodology for the molecular study of virus replication, which enables the virus genome to be artificially manipulated. Very recently, we developed the first reverse genetics system for rotavirus, which enables one to generate an infectious rotavirus containing a novel gene segment derived from cDNA. In this review, we describe each steps of rotavirus replication to understand the background to the establishment of a reverse genetics system for rotavirus, and summarize the reverse genetics systems for segmented dsRNA viruses including rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Komoto
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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48
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Arnoldi F, Campagna M, Eichwald C, Desselberger U, Burrone OR. Interaction of rotavirus polymerase VP1 with nonstructural protein NSP5 is stronger than that with NSP2. J Virol 2007; 81:2128-37. [PMID: 17182692 PMCID: PMC1865955 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus morphogenesis starts in intracellular inclusion bodies called viroplasms. RNA replication and packaging are mediated by several viral proteins, of which VP1, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and VP2, the core scaffolding protein, were shown to be sufficient to provide replicase activity in vitro. In vivo, however, viral replication complexes also contain the nonstructural proteins NSP2 and NSP5, which were shown to be essential for replication, to interact with each other, and to form viroplasm-like structures (VLS) when coexpressed in uninfected cells. In order to gain a better understanding of the intermediates formed during viral replication, this work focused on the interactions of NSP5 with VP1, VP2, and NSP2. We demonstrated a strong interaction of VP1 with NSP5 but only a weak one with NSP2 in cotransfected cells in the absence of other viral proteins or viral RNA. By contrast, we failed to coimmunoprecipitate VP2 with anti-NSP5 antibodies or NSP5 with anti-VP2 antibodies. We constructed a tagged form of VP1, which was found to colocalize in viroplasms and in VLS formed by NSP5 and NSP2. The tagged VP1 was able to replace VP1 structurally by being incorporated into progeny viral particles. When applying anti-tag-VP1 or anti-NSP5 antibodies, coimmunoprecipitation of tagged VP1 with NSP5 was found. Using deletion mutants of NSP5 or different fragments of NSP5 fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein, we identified the 48 C-terminal amino acids as the region essential for interaction with VP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arnoldi
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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49
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Roldão A, Vieira HLA, Charpilienne A, Poncet D, Roy P, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Oliveira R. Modeling rotavirus-like particles production in a baculovirus expression vector system: Infection kinetics, baculovirus DNA replication, mRNA synthesis and protein production. J Biotechnol 2007; 128:875-94. [PMID: 17289202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea in children worldwide, responsible for more than half a million deaths in children per year. Rotavirus-like particles (Rota VLPs) are excellent vaccine candidates against rotavirus infection, since they are non-infectious, highly immunogenic, amenable to large-scale production and safer to produce than those based on attenuated viruses. This work focuses on the analysis and modeling of the major events taking place inside Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells infected by recombinant baculovirus that may be critical for the expression of rotavirus viral proteins (VPs). For model validation, experiments were performed adopting either a co-infection strategy, using three monocistronic recombinant baculovirus each one coding for viral proteins VP(2), VP(6) and VP(7), or single-infection strategies using a multigene baculovirus coding for the three proteins of interest. A characteristic viral DNA (vDNA) replication rate of 0.19+/-0.01 h(-1) was obtained irrespective of the monocistronic or multigene vector employed, and synthesis of progeny virus was found to be negligible in comparison to intracellular vDNA concentrations. The timeframe for vDNA, mRNA and VP synthesis tends to decrease with increasing multiplicity of infection (MOI) due to the metabolic burden effect. The protein synthesis rates could be ranked according to the gene size in the multigene experiments but not in the co-infection experiments. The model exhibits acceptable prediction power of the dynamics of intracellular vDNA replication, mRNA synthesis and VP production for the three proteins involved. This model is intended to be the basis for future Rota VLPs process optimisation and also a means to evaluating different baculovirus constructs for Rota VLPs production.
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50
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Pesavento JB, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Prasad BVV. Rotavirus proteins: structure and assembly. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 309:189-219. [PMID: 16913048 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30773-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major pathogen of infantile gastroenteritis. It is a large and complex virus with a multilayered capsid organization that integrates the determinants of host specificity, cell entry, and the enzymatic functions necessary for endogenous transcription of the genome that consists of 11 dsRNA segments. These segments encode six structural and six nonstructural proteins. In the last few years, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of both the structural and functional aspects of a variety of molecular processes involved in the replication of this virus. Studies leading to this progress using of a variety of structural and biochemical techniques including the recent application of RNA interference technology have uncovered several unique and intriguing features related to viral morphogenesis. This review focuses on our current understanding of the structural basis of the molecular processes that govern the replication of rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Pesavento
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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