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Sánchez-Sampedro L, Perdiguero B, Mejías-Pérez E, García-Arriaza J, Di Pilato M, Esteban M. The evolution of poxvirus vaccines. Viruses 2015; 7:1726-803. [PMID: 25853483 PMCID: PMC4411676 DOI: 10.3390/v7041726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
After Edward Jenner established human vaccination over 200 years ago, attenuated poxviruses became key players to contain the deadliest virus of its own family: Variola virus (VARV), the causative agent of smallpox. Cowpox virus (CPXV) and horsepox virus (HSPV) were extensively used to this end, passaged in cattle and humans until the appearance of vaccinia virus (VACV), which was used in the final campaigns aimed to eradicate the disease, an endeavor that was accomplished by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1980. Ever since, naturally evolved strains used for vaccination were introduced into research laboratories where VACV and other poxviruses with improved safety profiles were generated. Recombinant DNA technology along with the DNA genome features of this virus family allowed the generation of vaccines against heterologous diseases, and the specific insertion and deletion of poxvirus genes generated an even broader spectrum of modified viruses with new properties that increase their immunogenicity and safety profile as vaccine vectors. In this review, we highlight the evolution of poxvirus vaccines, from first generation to the current status, pointing out how different vaccines have emerged and approaches that are being followed up in the development of more rational vaccines against a wide range of diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- History, 18th Century
- History, 19th Century
- History, 20th Century
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Poxviridae/isolation & purification
- Smallpox/prevention & control
- Smallpox Vaccine/history
- Smallpox Vaccine/immunology
- Smallpox Vaccine/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Attenuated/history
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
- Vaccines, Synthetic/history
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sánchez-Sampedro
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Perdiguero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Ernesto Mejías-Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid-28049, Spain.
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2
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Chattopadhyay D, Ojha D, Mondal S, Goswami D. Validation of Antiviral Potential of Herbal Ethnomedicine. EVIDENCE-BASED VALIDATION OF HERBAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMCID: PMC7150199 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800874-4.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural products are the basis of treatment since the dawn of human civilization, and modern medicine has gradually developed, over the years, by scientific and observational efforts from traditional medicine. Today most of the synthetic drugs showed adverse and unacceptable side effects, however, impressive bioactivities with reduced toxicities were reported for many botanicals against several chronic or difficult-to-treat diseases. A whole range of viral diseases including human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Rabies, Dengue, and Herpes need effective drugs. Considerable research has been carried out on the pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutics of traditional medicines of diverse cultures, and many pharmaceutical companies have renewed their strategies for antiviral drug development where no effective drugs or vaccine exist. Thus, phytochemicals with antiviral potentials need to be studied in depth with standardization, chemical isolation, effectivity, molecular mechanism, along with in vivo toxicity and efficacy to reduce cost and time. This review will portray the scientific approaches and methodologies used for the development of antiviral leads from traditional medicines against selected genetically and functionally diverse viral infections.
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3
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Davis AD, Gordy PA, Bowen RA. Unique characteristics of bat rabies viruses in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus). Arch Virol 2012. [PMID: 23208279 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rabies virus infection has been documented in several North American bat species, including Eptesicus fuscus. The virus-host relationship between bats and rabies virus (RV) is not well understood. The incidence of non-lethal RV exposure, based on the presence of viral neutralizing antibodies, demonstrates that exposure to RV does not always lead to clinical infection in bats. It is unknown how the route of exposure, rabies virus variant, or health of the bat affects the outcome following exposure. This paper describes the pathogenesis of two big brown bat RV variants in homologous host species. Our study demonstrates that RV variants obtained from the same species of bat from similar geographical areas may result in a diverse clinical progression of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- April D Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Recently, numerous large-scale mumps outbreaks have occurred in vaccinated populations. Clinical isolates sequenced from these outbreaks have invariably been of genotypes distinct from those of vaccine viruses, raising concern that certain mumps virus strains may escape vaccine-induced immunity. To investigate this concern, sera obtained from children 6 weeks after receipt of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine were tested for the ability to neutralize a carefully selected group of genetically diverse mumps virus strains. Although the geometric mean neutralizing antibody titer of the sera was lower against some virus strains than others, all viruses were readily neutralized, arguing against immune escape.
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5
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Evgin L, Vähä-Koskela M, Rintoul J, Falls T, Le Boeuf F, Barrett JW, Bell JC, Stanford MM. Potent oncolytic activity of raccoonpox virus in the absence of natural pathogenicity. Mol Ther 2010; 18:896-902. [PMID: 20160706 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of oncolytic virus (OV) candidates currently in clinical trials are human viruses that have been engineered to be safer for patient administration by limiting normal cell targeting and replication. The newest OVs include viruses that cause no disease in humans, yet still have natural tumor tropism. Raccoonpox virus (RCNV) is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus of Poxviridae and closely related to vaccinia virus, yet has no known pathogenicity in any mammalian species. A screen of cells from the NCI-60 cancer cell panel using growth curves demonstrated greater than a log increase in replication of RCNV in nearly 74% of the cell lines tested, similar to other tested OV poxviruses. In normal cell lines, pretreatment with interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta resulted in significant inhibition of RCNV replication. In both xenograft and syngeneic models of solid tumors, injection of RCNV resulted in significantly slower tumor progression and increased survival of mice. RCNV treatment also prolonged survival in treatment-resistant models of brain tumors and decreased tumor burden by systemic administration in models of lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Evgin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa, Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Perea Arango I, Loza Rubio E, Rojas Anaya E, Olivera Flores T, Gonzalez de la Vara L, Gómez Lim MA. Expression of the rabies virus nucleoprotein in plants at high-levels and evaluation of immune responses in mice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:677-85. [PMID: 18270708 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-007-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants have been employed successfully as a low-cost system for the production of therapeutically valuable proteins including antibodies, antigens and hormones. Here, we report expression of a full-length nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus in transgenic tomato plants. The nucleoprotein was also transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by agroinfiltration. In both cases, the nucleoprotein was expressed at high levels, 1-5% of total soluble protein in tomato and 45% in N. benthamiana. Previously, only epitopes of the nucleoprotein had been expressed in plants. The presence and expression of the transgene was verified by PCR, Southern, northern and western blots. Mice were immunized both intraperitoneally (i.p.) and orally with tomato protein extracts containing the N protein induced the production of antibodies. The antibody titer of mice immunized i.p., was at least four times higher than that of mice immunized orally. These results were reflected in the challenge experiments where i.p.-immunized mice were partially protected against a peripheral virus challenge whereas orally immunized mice were not. This protection was comparable to that obtained in previous experiments employing different expression systems. Work is in progress to express both G and N proteins in transgenic plants and evaluate protection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Perea Arango
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato, 36500, Guanajuato, Mexico
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7
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Kucinskaite I, Juozapaitis M, Serva A, Zvirbliene A, Johnson N, Staniulis J, Fooks AR, Müller T, Sasnauskas K, Ulrich RG. Antigenic characterisation of yeast-expressed lyssavirus nucleoproteins. Virus Genes 2007; 35:521-9. [PMID: 17619134 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In Europe, three genotypes of the genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae, are present, classical rabies virus (RABV, genotype 1), European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1, genotype 5) and European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2, genotype 6). The entire authentic nucleoprotein (N protein) encoding sequences of RABV (challenge virus standard, CVS, strain), EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 were expressed in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at high level. Purification of recombinant N proteins by caesium chloride gradient centrifugation resulted in yields between 14-17, 25-29 and 18-20 mg/l of induced yeast culture for RABV-CVS, EBLV-1 and EBLV-2, respectively. The purified N proteins were evaluated by negative staining electron microscopy, which revealed the formation of nucleocapsid-like structures. The antigenic conformation of the N proteins was investigated for their reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against different lyssaviruses. The reactivity pattern of each mAb was virtually identical between immunofluorescence assay with virus-infected cells, and ELISA and dot blot assay using the corresponding recombinant N proteins. These observations lead us to conclude that yeast-expressed lyssavirus N proteins share antigenic properties with naturally expressed virus protein. These recombinant proteins have the potential for use as components of serological assays for lyssaviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
- Cloning, Molecular
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct
- Gene Expression
- Immunoblotting
- Lyssavirus/genetics
- Lyssavirus/immunology
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleoproteins/biosynthesis
- Nucleoproteins/immunology
- Nucleoproteins/isolation & purification
- Protein Binding
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/isolation & purification
- Virosomes/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Kucinskaite
- Institute of Biotechnology, V. Graiciūno 8, 02241, Vilnius, Lithuania
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8
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Margalith M, Vilalta A. Sustained protective rabies neutralizing antibody titers after administration of cationic lipid-formulated pDNA vaccine. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2006; 4:2. [PMID: 16480501 PMCID: PMC1431525 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-4-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2006] [Accepted: 02/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Published data indicate that formulation of pDNA with cationic lipids could greatly enhance the response to a pDNA vaccine in larger mammals. The present work tested the influence of several pDNA:cationic lipid formulations on rabies neutralizing titers. Plasmid expressing Rabies G protein (CVS strain) was evaluated in vivo for ability to elicit neutralizing titers. pDNA:DMRIE-DOPE formulated at two DNA:cationic lipid molar ratios was compared in mice to a Vaxfectin™-pDNA formulation. Mouse data indicate that Vaxfectin™ is more effective than DMRIE-DOPE in eliciting neutralizing titers. In addition, the ratio of pDNA to DMRIE-DOPE can also affect neutralizing titers. Our data show that sustained neutralizing titers (120 days) can be obtained after a single administration of DMRIE-DOPE-formulated pDNA in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Margalith
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Adrián Vilalta
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Ct, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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9
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Seo JY, Kim KH, Kim SG, Oh MJ, Nam SW, Kim YT, Choi TJ. Protection of flounder against hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) with a DNA vaccine containing the glycoprotein gene. Vaccine 2005; 24:1009-15. [PMID: 16176849 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 06/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hirame rhabdovirus (HIRRV) is an important virus of cultured flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We tested the protective immunogenicity of DNA-based vaccines against this virus. Genes encoding the nucleocapsid protein (N) and the C-terminal half of the glycoprotein (G) were amplified by RT-PCR and separately cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA 3.1. The G protein expressed by transfected cells was detected by western blot analysis. PCR analyses demonstrated the presence of injected plasmids in fish muscle tissue at 14 days post injection. Immunocytochemistry of muscle tissue injected with the plasmid DNA showed expression of the target protein in myofibrils and sarcoplasm. Flounder fry with an average weight of 3 g were injected with 5 microg of plasmid DNA and challenged at 21 days after immunization. Fish injected with vector DNA or PBS showed >95% cumulative mortality by 16 days after inoculation with the virus. In contrast, fish injected with plasmids containing the N gene, G gene, or N + G gene mixture showed 70, 5, and 2.5% cumulative mortality, respectively. These results show that the G gene is effective for the induction of protective immunity against HIRRV infection in injected fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Pukyong National University, Nam-Gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
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10
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Lorenzen E, Lorenzen N, Einer-Jensen K, Brudeseth B, Evensen O. Time course study of in situ expression of antigens following DNA-vaccination against VHS in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) fry. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 19:27-41. [PMID: 15722229 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2004.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 10/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed as a time course study of fish vaccinated with 20 microg plasmid DNA vaccine encoding either the VHSV G-protein or the VHSV N-protein. Samples of the injection site were collected sequentially over a 7-week period. The study revealed an intense positive staining by immunohistochemistry for the viral G-protein mainly in the membrane of intact myocytes, most prominent by days 10-27, and with concomitant infiltration of inflammatory cells by days 13-38 that subsequently lead to a marked reduction in the number of myocytes expressing the G-protein. By immunofluorescence, infiltrating cells positive for MHC II, IgM, and C3 were demonstrated. By contrast, in fish vaccinated with the VHSV-N construct, fewer, diffusely positive myocytes were found, most prominent by days 13-38, these having a positive reaction for the N-protein mainly in the cytoplasm and variably in the membrane. N-protein positive myocytes did not attract infiltrating cells to the same degree. Positive reaction for the N-protein almost ceased by day 48 post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Lorenzen
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Hangøvej 2, DK-8200 Arhus N, Denmark.
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11
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Lodmell DL, Esposito JJ, Ewalt LC. Live vaccinia-rabies virus recombinants, but not an inactivated rabies virus cell culture vaccine, protect B-lymphocyte-deficient A/WySnJ mice against rabies: considerations of recombinant defective poxviruses for rabies immunization of immunocompromised individuals. Vaccine 2004; 22:3329-33. [PMID: 15308356 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Presently, commercially available cell culture rabies vaccines for humans and animals consist of the five inactivated rabies virus proteins. The vaccines elicit a CD4+ helper T-cell response and a humoral B-cell response against the viral glycoprotein (G) resulting in the production of virus neutralizing antibody. Antibody against the viral nucleoprotein (N) is also present, but the mechanism(s) of its protection is unclear. HIV-infected individuals with low CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and individuals undergoing treatment with immunosuppressive drugs have an impaired neutralizing antibody response after pre- and post-exposure immunization with rabies cell culture vaccines. Here we show the efficacy of live vaccinia-rabies virus recombinants, but not a cell culture vaccine consisting of inactivated rabies virus, to elicit elevated levels of neutralizing antibody in B-lymphocyte deficient A/WySnJ mice. The cell culture vaccine also failed to protect the mice, whereas a single immunization of a vaccinia recombinant expressing the rabies virus G or co-expressing G and N equally protected the mice up to 18 months after vaccination. The data suggest that recombinant poxviruses expressing the rabies virus G, in particular replication defective poxviruses such as canarypox or MVA vaccinia virus that undergo abortive replication in non-avian cells, or the attenuated vaccinia virus NYVAC, should be evaluated as rabies vaccines in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Lodmell
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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12
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Lodmell DL, Parnell MJ, Bailey JR, Ewalt LC, Hanlon CA. Rabies DNA vaccination of non-human primates: post-exposure studies using gene gun methodology that accelerates induction of neutralizing antibody and enhances neutralizing antibody titers. Vaccine 2002; 20:2221-8. [PMID: 12009276 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exposure DNA vaccination protects non-human primates against rabies virus. Post-exposure protection of monkeys against rabies virus by DNA vaccination has not been attempted. Presumably, post-exposure experiments have not been undertaken because neutralizing antibody is usually slow to be induced after DNA vaccination. In this study, we initially attempted to accelerate the induction of neutralizing antibody by varying the route and site of DNA vaccination and booster frequency. Gene gun (GG) vaccinations above axillary and inguinal lymph nodes or in ear pinnae generated higher levels of neutralizing antibody than intradermal (ID) needle vaccinations in the pinnae. Concurrent GG booster vaccinations above axillary and inguinal lymph nodes and in ear pinnae, 3 days after primary vaccination, accelerated detectable neutralizing antibody. GG booster vaccinations also resulted in higher neutralizing antibody levels and increased the durability of this response. Post-exposure vaccination with DNA or the human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), in combination with an one-time treatment with human rabies immune globulin (HRIG), protected 50 and 75% of the monkeys, respectively, as compared to 75% mortality of the controls. These data will be useful for the refinement, development, and implementation of future pre- and post-exposure rabies DNA vaccination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Lodmell
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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13
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Champion JM, Kean RB, Rupprecht CE, Notkins AL, Koprowski H, Dietzschold B, Hooper DC. The development of monoclonal human rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies as a substitute for pooled human immune globulin in the prophylactic treatment of rabies virus exposure. J Immunol Methods 2000; 235:81-90. [PMID: 10675760 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To provide a more defined and safer replacement for the human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) from pooled serum which is currently used for treatment of exposure to rabies virus we have developed a series of human rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Mouse-human heterohybrid myeloma cells producing rabies virus-specific human monoclonal antibodies were prepared using B cells obtained from volunteers recently-immunized with a commercial rabies virus vaccine (HDCV). Cell lines producing antibody which neutralized the Evelyn-Rokitnicki-Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strain in vitro were cloned and the resulting monoclonal antibodies characterized for isotype, specificity against a variety of rabies virus isolates, and neutralization capacity. The ability of the monoclonal antibodies to neutralize a variety of rabies virus strains in vitro correlated with their binding specificity for these viruses in an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbant assay (ELISA). A number of these antibodies have proven suitable for the formulation of a prophylactic human monoclonal antibody-based reagent which would provide significant advantages to the HRIG in having defined, reproducible specificity, lessened possibility of contamination with viral pathogens, and consistent availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Champion
- Center for Neurovirology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Rm. 454 JAH, 1020 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA
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14
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Goto H, Minamoto N, Ito H, Ito N, Sugiyama M, Kinjo T, Kawai A. Mapping of epitopes and structural analysis of antigenic sites in the nucleoprotein of rabies virus. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:119-27. [PMID: 10640549 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-1-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear epitopes on the rabies virus nucleoprotein (N) recognized by six MAbs raised against antigenic sites I (MAbs 6-4, 12-2 and 13-27) and IV (MAbs 6-9, 7-12 and 8-1) were investigated. Based on our previous studies on sites I and IV, 24 consecutively overlapping octapeptides and N- and C-terminal-deleted mutant N proteins were prepared. Results showed that all three site I epitopes studied and two site IV epitopes (for MAbs 8-1 and 6-9) mapped to aa 358-367, and that the other site IV epitope of MAb 7-12 mapped to aa 375-383. Tests using chimeric and truncated proteins showed that MAb 8-1 also requires the N-terminal sequence of the N protein to recognize its binding region more efficiently. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that all three site I-specific MAbs and one site IV-specific MAb (7-12) stained the N antigen that was diffusely distributed in the whole cytoplasm; the other two site IV-specific MAbs (6-9 and 8-1) detected only the N antigen in the cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (CIB). An antigenic site II-specific MAb (6-17) also detected CIB-associated N antigen alone. Furthermore, the level of diffuse N antigens decreased after treatment of infected cells with cycloheximide. These results suggest that epitopes at site I are expressed on the immature form of the N protein, but epitope structures of site IV MAbs 6-9 and 8-1 are created and/or exposed only after maturation of the N protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Goto
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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15
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Lewis PJ, Babiuk LA. Altering the cellular location of an antigen expressed by a DNA-based vaccine modulates the immune response. J Virol 1999; 73:10214-23. [PMID: 10559338 PMCID: PMC113075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.10214-10223.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for DNA vaccines encoding mutated versions of the same antigen to modulate immune responses in C3H/HeN mice was investigated. We created expression plasmids that encoded several versions of glycoprotein D (gD) from bovine herpesvirus 1, including authentic membrane-anchored glycoprotein (pSLRSV.AgD), a secreted glycoprotein (pSLRSV.SgD), and an intracellular protein (pSLRSV.CgD). Immunization of an inbred strain of mice with these plasmids resulted in highly efficacious and long-lasting humoral and cell-mediated immunity. We also demonstrated that the cell compartment in which plasmid-encoded gD was expressed caused a deviation in the serum immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype profile as well as the predominant cytokines secreted from the draining lymph node. Immunization of C3H/HeN mice with DNA vaccines encoding cell-associated forms of gD resulted in a predominance of serum IgG2a and gamma interferon-secreting cells within the spleens and draining lymph nodes. In contrast, mice immunized with a secreted form of this same antigen displayed immune responses characterized by greater levels of interleukin 4 in the draining lymph node and IgG1 as the predominant serum isotype. We also showed evidence of compartmentalization of distinct immune responses within different lymphoid organs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- COS Cells
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/blood
- Immunoglobulin Isotypes/immunology
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymph Nodes
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Neutralization Tests
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Transfection
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Lewis
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E3, Canada
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Slifka MK, Ahmed R. Long-term humoral immunity against viruses: revisiting the issue of plasma cell longevity. Trends Microbiol 1996; 4:394-400. [PMID: 8899965 PMCID: PMC7133309 DOI: 10.1016/0966-842x(96)10059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive documentation of prolonged antibody responses following vaccination or acute viral infection, the mechanisms behind long-term antibody production are not fully understood. We propose the hypothesis that long-lived plasma cells are an important, yet largely overlooked, component of long-term humoral immunity.
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17
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De Franco M, Massa S, Vassão RC, Siqueira M, Sant'Anna OA. Polygenic control of antibody production and correlation with vaccine induced resistance to rabies virus in high and low antibody responder mice. Arch Virol 1996; 141:1397-406. [PMID: 8856022 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The amplification of "high" (H) and "low" (L) multispecific antibody responses achieved respectively by H and L lines of selection GP represents a valuable tool in the genetic study of host-infection interactions. These lines were obtained by bidirectional selective breeding for high (HGP) or low (LGP) antibody production to natural complex antigens. HGP and LGP parental lines and reciprocal F1 hybrids, as well as their F2 segregants and backcrosses were submitted to immunization and challenge with rabies virus CVS strain. Acquired resistance was 1000-fold higher in HGP than LGP mice, with a dominance effect to low antibody production observed in F1 hybrids. An association between high antibody response and acquired resistance (P < 0.001) in F2 segregant mice was noticed. The genetic study was performed in these several populations, with a single dose of 104.5-fold LD50 CVS. We could demonstrate 3 independent loci regulating the anti-rabies antibody production, that are distinct, at least in part, from the 10 genes controlling the antigen selection response (sheep erythrocytes) of selection GP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Franco
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Zhu JH, Wang J, Cai B, Zhao W, Zhu Y, Chao R, Chen L, Xue H, Ying BL, Li CP, Hu QL, Sha J, Esposito JJ. Immunogenicity and relative attenuation of different vaccinia-rabies virus recombinants. Arch Virol 1996; 141:1055-65. [PMID: 8712923 DOI: 10.1007/bf01718609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity and relative attenuation were examined for the following Tian Tan strain vaccinia-rabies recombinant viruses: 1) NGc-1, which coexpresses the glycoprotein (G) and nucleocapsid protein (N) of the rabies virus Challenge Virus Standard (CVS) strain; 2) Nc-1, which expresses the CVS N; 3) Gc-2, Gc-3, Gc-4, and Gc-5, which express CVS G via promoters from different vaccinia strains or from different vaccinia genome loci; 4) Ga-1, which expresses the G of rabies virus strain aG; and 5) Gas-1; which expresses the carboxyltruncated G ectodomain (Gs) of strain aG. All but Nc-1 and Gas-1 induced rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) and protected groups of mice at very high frequencies from intramuscular (IM) or intracranial (IC) challenge with CVS or SW1 Shanghai dog street rabies virus (SRV); Nc-1 and Gas-1 were partly protective, more frequently against IM challenge. NGc-1 and Gc-5 appeared to induce high levels of VNAs sooner after immunization than the other constructs in mice. Relative attenuation assessed by IM infection of neonatal mice, IC infection of adult mice, and intradermal infection of rabbits with varying doses was best for NGc-1. All the recombinants were at least 100-fold more attenuated than the parent, Tian Tan vaccinia virus. Gc-2, Gc-3, Gc-4, Gc-5, and NGc-1 induced VNAs after immunization of dogs, and a subset of VNA-positive animals vaccinated with NGc-1 or Gc-3 were protected against an otherwise lethal IM injection of SRV at 21 days after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Zhu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Ministry of Public Health, People's Republic of China
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19
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Lodmell DL, Smith JS, Esposito JJ, Ewalt LC. Cross-protection of mice against a global spectrum of rabies virus variants. J Virol 1995; 69:4957-62. [PMID: 7609065 PMCID: PMC189311 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.8.4957-4962.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies, a continuing worldwide problem, kills tens of thousands of people and millions of animals each year. The problem is most severe in developing countries, where cell culture-derived vaccines are unaffordable and the available nervous tissue-derived vaccines are often of questionable immunogenicity and may produce neurological complications. To determine the feasibility of developing a vaccine with worldwide applicability, we investigated whether recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either the glycoprotein (G), the nucleoprotein (N), or both the G and N (GN) of the challenge virus strain (CVS) of rabies virus would cross-protect mice against 17 rabies virus isolates representing the spectrum of rabies virus variants found worldwide. The results were compared with the commercially available human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV). Among mice injected with any of the 17 viruses, > or = 95% were protected by vaccination with recombinant viruses expressing G or GN, and > or = 85% of the mice were protected by the HDCV. The recombinant virus expressing N was less protective, protecting against only 11 of the 17 viruses. Antibody prepared against the G of the strains used in the vaccines neutralized all 17 viruses, and sera from mice infected with any one virus variant cross-neutralized all of the other viruses. Thus, no antigenic differences that would potentiate vaccine failures were identified. These studies suggest that a single rabies virus strain or its G would protect globally against wild-type rabies viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Lodmell
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA
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20
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Goto H, Minamoto N, Ito H, Luo TR, Sugiyama M, Kinjo T, Kawai A. Expression of the nucleoprotein of rabies virus in Escherichia coli and mapping of antigenic sites. Arch Virol 1995; 140:1061-74. [PMID: 7611878 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Investigations were performed to delineate the antigenic sites I and IV of rabies virus nucleoprotein (N), the former of which is well conserved among the rabies and rabies-related viruses. The N cDNA of the RC-HL strain was inserted into an expression vector pET3a, with which the E. coli BL21(DE3) was transformed. Upon induction with isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactoside, the transformants produced a protein with a size (56 k-Da) almost identical to that of the authentic N protein. The protein also reacted with a panel of our N protein-specific monoclonal antibodies (N-MAbs) including the antibodies against the antigenic sites I and IV. By using the cDNA, various deletion mutants were generated and expressed in E. coli to examine the reactivity of mutant proteins with N-MAbs by Western blot analysis. Deletion of the C-terminal 67 amino acid residues did not abolish their reactivity with any of the N-MAbs specific for the sites I and IV. When 91 residues or more were deleted from the C-terminus, however, the protein lost the reactivity, indicating that the antigenic sites I and IV are mapped to a small region which is comprised of at most 24 amino acid residues from positions 360 to 383. Comparison of the 24-amino acid sequence with the corresponding region of N protein of several other Lyssavirus strains suggests that the antigenic site I is mapped to positions 360 to 369.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Goto
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Japan
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21
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Montaño-Hirose JA, Lafage M, Lafon M. Measurement of rabies virus N protein in rabies vaccines. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1995; 146:217-24. [PMID: 7481094 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2516(96)80582-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we designed a capture ELISA using a monoclonal antibody specific for the N protein, the major protein of the rabies virus nucleocapsid, to measure the N protein content in rabies vaccines. Free N protein content was compared in the two types of rabies vaccine currently used in humans: suckling mouse brain (SMB) vaccine prepared from rabies virus-infected brain tissue, and tissue culture (TC) vaccine prepared from supernatants of rabies virus-infected cells. It was found that SMB vaccines contained considerably higher amounts of N protein than most of the TC vaccines. Possible implications concerning the efficacy of rabies vaccines are discussed.
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22
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Steinhoff U, Müller U, Schertler A, Hengartner H, Aguet M, Zinkernagel RM. Antiviral protection by vesicular stomatitis virus-specific antibodies in alpha/beta interferon receptor-deficient mice. J Virol 1995; 69:2153-8. [PMID: 7884863 PMCID: PMC188883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.4.2153-2158.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of innate, alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-dependent protection versus specific antibody-mediated protection against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was evaluated in IFN-alpha/beta receptor-deficient mice (IFN-alpha/beta R0/0 mice). VSV is a close relative to rabies virus that causes neurological disease in mice. In contrast to normal mice, IFN-alpha/beta R0/0 mice were highly susceptible to infection with VSV because of ubiquitous high viral replication. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that neutralizing antibodies against the glycoprotein of VSV (VSV-G) protected these mice efficiently against systemic infection and against peripheral subcutaneous infection but protected only to a limited degree against intranasal infection with VSV. In contrast, VSV-specific T cells or antibodies specific for the nucleoprotein of VSV (VSV-N) were unable to protect IFN-alpha/beta R0/0 mice against VSV. These results demonstrate that mice are extremely sensitive to VSV if IFN-alpha/beta is not functional and that under these conditions, neutralizing antibody responses mediate efficient protection, but apparently only against extraneuronal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Steinhoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Dorfman N, Dietzschold B, Kajiyama W, Fu ZF, Koprowski H, Notkins AL. Development of human monoclonal antibodies to rabies. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1994; 13:397-402. [PMID: 7860096 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1994.13.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A total of nine human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to rabies virus were generated from peripheral B lymphocytes of subjects immunized with human diploid cell rabies vaccine by somatic cell hybridization. The MAbs were analyzed for their antigen-binding specificities using ELISA, Western blot, and immunoprecipitation assays. The different assays made it possible to identify MAbs directed to the surface glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, nominal phosphoprotein, and matrix protein. One of the MAbs that recognized the surface glycoprotein neutralized rabies virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dorfman
- Laboratory of Oral Medicine, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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24
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Fujii H, Mannen K, Takita-Sonoda Y, Hirai K, Cruz-Abrenica MS, Kawano Y, Nishizono A, Mifune K. Target cells of cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed to the individual structural proteins of rabies virus. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:721-6. [PMID: 7854213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb01847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Target cells of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) directed to the individual structural proteins (except for the large polymerase (L) protein) of rabies virus were established by expressing only the respective protein in murine neuroblastoma (NA) and murine macrophage (J774-1) cell lines. Mice infected with the ERA strain of rabies virus developed CTL responses to all of these rabies virus proteins. The cytotoxic activity was abrogated by pretreatment of the effector cells with anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and complement but not with anti-CD4 MAb. Cell lysis by CTL was blocked in the presence of anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1 antibodies in J774-1 cell lines. Rabies virus-infected cells express these proteins at the surface, which can be recognized and lysed by the respective CTL. Mice immunized with beta-propiolactone-inactivated virus induced a CTL response against glycoprotein but not against internal viral components. This assay system might be useful for further analysis of the possible contribution of these proteins in the cell-mediated immune protection against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujii
- Department of Microbiology, Oita Medical University, Japan
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