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Neckermann P, Mohr M, Billmeier M, Karlas A, Boilesen DR, Thirion C, Holst PJ, Jordan I, Sandig V, Asbach B, Wagner R. Transgene expression knock-down in recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara vectors improves genetic stability and sustained transgene maintenance across multiple passages. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1338492. [PMID: 38380318 PMCID: PMC10877035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1338492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara is a versatile vaccine vector, well suited for transgene delivery, with an excellent safety profile. However, certain transgenes render recombinant MVA (rMVA) genetically unstable, leading to the accumulation of mutated rMVA with impaired transgene expression. This represents a major challenge for upscaling and manufacturing of rMVA vaccines. To prevent transgene-mediated negative selection, the continuous avian cell line AGE1.CR pIX (CR pIX) was modified to suppress transgene expression during rMVA generation and amplification. This was achieved by constitutively expressing a tetracycline repressor (TetR) together with a rat-derived shRNA in engineered CR pIX PRO suppressor cells targeting an operator element (tetO) and 3' untranslated sequence motif on a chimeric poxviral promoter and the transgene mRNA, respectively. This cell line was instrumental in generating two rMVA (isolate CR19) expressing a Macaca fascicularis papillomavirus type 3 (MfPV3) E1E2E6E7 artificially-fused polyprotein following recombination-mediated integration of the coding sequences into the DelIII (CR19 M-DelIII) or TK locus (CR19 M-TK), respectively. Characterization of rMVA on parental CR pIX or engineered CR pIX PRO suppressor cells revealed enhanced replication kinetics, higher virus titers and a focus morphology equaling wild-type MVA, when transgene expression was suppressed. Serially passaging both rMVA ten times on parental CR pIX cells and tracking E1E2E6E7 expression by flow cytometry revealed a rapid loss of transgene product after only few passages. PCR analysis and next-generation sequencing demonstrated that rMVA accumulated mutations within the E1E2E6E7 open reading frame (CR19 M-TK) or deletions of the whole transgene cassette (CR19 M-DelIII). In contrast, CR pIX PRO suppressor cells preserved robust transgene expression for up to 10 passages, however, rMVAs were more stable when E1E2E6E7 was integrated into the TK as compared to the DelIII locus. In conclusion, sustained knock-down of transgene expression in CR pIX PRO suppressor cells facilitates the generation, propagation and large-scale manufacturing of rMVA with transgenes hampering viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Madlen Mohr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Billmeier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ditte R. Boilesen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Parasitology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- InProTher APS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter J. Holst
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Parasitology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- InProTher APS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institue of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Atukorale VN, Weir JP, Meseda CA. Stability of the HSV-2 US-6 Gene in the del II, del III, CP77, and I8R- G1L Sites in Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara After Serial Passage of Recombinant Vectors in Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8010137. [PMID: 32204367 PMCID: PMC7157577 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a severely attenuated strain of vaccinia virus, is a promising vector platform for viral-vectored vaccine development because of its attributes of efficient transgene expression and safety profile, among others. Thus, transgene stability in MVA is important to assure immunogenicity and efficacy. The global GC content of the MVA genome is 33%, and GC-rich sequences containing runs of C or G nucleotides have been reported to be less stable with passage of MVA vectors in cells. The production of recombinant MVA vaccines requires a number of expansion steps in cell culture, depending on production scale. We assessed the effect of extensive passage of four recombinant MVA vectors on the stability of the GC-rich herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) US6 gene encoding viral glycoprotein D (gD2) inserted at four different genomic sites, including the deletion (del) II and del III sites, the CP77 gene locus (MVA_009–MVA_013) and the I8R-G1L intergenic region. Our data indicate that after 35 passages, there was a reduction in gD2 expression from del II, del III and CP77 sites. Sequencing analysis implicated US6 deletion and mutational events as responsible for the loss of gD2 expression. By contrast, 85.9% of recombinant plaques expressed gD2 from the I8R-G1L site, suggesting better accommodation of transgenes in this intergenic region. Thus, the I8R-G1L intergenic region may be more useful for transgene insertion for enhanced stability.
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Comparative Loss-of-Function Screens Reveal ABCE1 as an Essential Cellular Host Factor for Efficient Translation of Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00826-19. [PMID: 31088929 PMCID: PMC6520455 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00826-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Paramyxoviridae and Pneumoviridae families include important human and animal pathogens. To identify common host factors, we performed genome-scale siRNA screens with wild-type-derived measles, mumps, and respiratory syncytial viruses in the same cell line. A comparative bioinformatics analysis yielded different members of the coatomer complex I, translation factors ABCE1 and eIF3A, and several RNA binding proteins as cellular proteins with proviral activity for all three viruses. A more detailed characterization of ABCE1 revealed its essential role for viral protein synthesis. Taken together, these data sets provide new insight into the interactions between paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses and host cell proteins and constitute a starting point for the development of broadly effective antivirals. Paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses have similar life cycles and share the respiratory tract as a point of entry. In comparative genome-scale siRNA screens with wild-type-derived measles, mumps, and respiratory syncytial viruses in A549 cells, a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, we identified vesicular transport, RNA processing pathways, and translation as the top pathways required by all three viruses. As the top hit in the translation pathway, ABCE1, a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporters, was chosen for further study. We found that ABCE1 supports replication of all three viruses, confirming its importance for viruses of both families. More detailed characterization revealed that ABCE1 is specifically required for efficient viral but not general cellular protein synthesis, indicating that paramyxoviral and pneumoviral mRNAs exploit specific translation mechanisms. In addition to providing a novel overview of cellular proteins and pathways that impact these important pathogens, this study highlights the role of ABCE1 as a host factor required for efficient paramyxovirus and pneumovirus translation.
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4
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Alharbi NK. Poxviral promoters for improving the immunogenicity of MVA delivered vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:203-209. [PMID: 30148692 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1513439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a replication-deficient poxvirus, attenuated in chick embryo fibroblast primary cells. It has been utilised as a viral vector to develop many vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, influenza, and tuberculosis, MERS-CoV, and Ebola virus infection. There is accumulating data from many preclinical and clinical studies that highlights the excellent safety and immunogenicity of MVA. However, due to the complex nature of many pathogens and their pathogenicity, MVA vectored vaccine candidates need to be optimised to improve their immunogenicity. One of the main approaches to improve MVA immunogenicity focuses on optimising poxviral promoters that drive recombinant vaccine antigens, encoded within recombinant MVA vector genome. A number of promoters were described or optimised to improve the development of MVA based vaccines such as p7.5, pF11, and mH5 promoters. This review focuses on poxviral promoters, their optimisation, genetic stability, and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Khalaf Alharbi
- a Infectious Disease Research Department , King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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5
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Laksono BM, Grosserichter-Wagener C, de Vries RD, Langeveld SAG, Brem MD, van Dongen JJM, Katsikis PD, Koopmans MPG, van Zelm MC, de Swart RL. In Vitro Measles Virus Infection of Human Lymphocyte Subsets Demonstrates High Susceptibility and Permissiveness of both Naive and Memory B Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:e00131-18. [PMID: 29437964 PMCID: PMC5874404 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00131-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is characterized by a transient immune suppression, leading to an increased risk of opportunistic infections. Measles virus (MV) infection of immune cells is mediated by the cellular receptor CD150, expressed by subsets of lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and thymocytes. Previous studies showed that human and nonhuman primate memory T cells express higher levels of CD150 than naive cells and are more susceptible to MV infection. However, limited information is available about the CD150 expression and relative susceptibility to MV infection of B-cell subsets. In this study, we assessed the susceptibility and permissiveness of naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets from human peripheral blood or tonsils to in vitro MV infection. Our study demonstrates that naive and memory B cells express CD150, but at lower frequencies than memory T cells. Nevertheless, both naive and memory B cells proved to be highly permissive to MV infection. Furthermore, we assessed the susceptibility and permissiveness of various functionally distinct T and B cells, such as helper T (TH) cell subsets and IgG- and IgA-positive memory B cells, in peripheral blood and tonsils. We demonstrated that TH1TH17 cells and plasma and germinal center B cells were the subsets most susceptible and permissive to MV infection. Our study suggests that both naive and memory B cells, along with several other antigen-experienced lymphocytes, are important target cells of MV infection. Depletion of these cells potentially contributes to the pathogenesis of measles immune suppression.IMPORTANCE Measles is associated with immune suppression and is often complicated by bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, or gastroenteritis. Measles virus infects antigen-presenting cells and T and B cells, and depletion of these cells may contribute to lymphopenia and immune suppression. Measles has been associated with follicular exhaustion in lymphoid tissues in humans and nonhuman primates, emphasizing the importance of MV infection of B cells in vivo However, information on the relative susceptibility of B-cell subsets is scarce. Here, we compared the susceptibility and permissiveness to in vitro MV infection of human naive and memory T- and B-cell subsets isolated from peripheral blood or tonsils. Our results demonstrate that both naive and memory B cells are more permissive to MV infection than T cells. The highest infection levels were detected in plasma cells and germinal center B cells, suggesting that infection and depletion of these populations contribute to reduced host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta M Laksono
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christina Grosserichter-Wagener
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone A G Langeveld
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten D Brem
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Julik E, Reyes-del Valle J. Beyond vaccine dosage, genetic modifications to the current measles vaccine to overcome maternal passive immunity. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric measles infections still cause an unacceptable rate of childhood mortality. Despite the availability of an efficient preventative vaccine, measles virus can spread among the population of even developed countries. The availability of a reverse genetic system for measles, based on recombinant virus recovery from cDNA, allows application of the principles of intelligent vaccine design. Using this system, we recently demonstrated that a version of the current attenuated measles virus strain genetically modified to express higher levels of the viral hemagglutinin protein, the major target of neutralizing antibodies, is more immunogenic and resists passive immunity with a better immunogenicity profile in a mouse model than the current measles vaccine. The significance and practicality of this development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Julik
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jorge Reyes-del Valle
- Process Development Group, Virus & Gene Therapy, Merck KGaA, Carlsbad, CA 92009, USA
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7
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Richetta M, Gómez E, Lucero MS, Chimeno Zoth S, Gravisaco MJ, Calamante G, Berinstein A. Comparison of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunizations combining MVA-vectored and plant-derived VP2 as a strategy against IBDV. Vaccine 2017; 35:142-148. [PMID: 27876199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Different immunogens such as subunit, DNA or live viral-vectored vaccines against Infectious Bursal Disease virus (IBDV) have been evaluated in the last years. However, the heterologous prime-boost approach using recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus (rMVA), which has shown promising results in both mammals and chickens, has not been tried against this pathogen yet. IBD is a highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease of poultry that affects mainly young chicks. It is caused by IBDV, a double-stranded RNA virus carrying its main antigenic epitopes on the capsid protein VP2. Our objective was to evaluate the immune response elicited by two heterologous prime-boost schemes combining an rMVA carrying the VP2 mature gene (rVP2) and a recombinant VP2 protein produced in Nicotiana benthamiana (pVP2), and to compare them with the performance of the homologous pVP2-pVP2 scheme usually used in our laboratory. The SPF chickens immunized with the three evaluated schemes elicited significantly higher anti-VP2 antibody titers (p<0.001) and seroneutralizing titers (p<0.05) and had less T-cell infiltration (p<0.001), histological damage (p<0.001) and IBDV particles (p<0.001) in their bursae of Fabricius when compared with control groups. No significant differences were found between both heterologous schemes and the homologous one. However, the rVP2-pVP2 scheme showed significantly higher anti-VP2 antibody titers than pVP2-rVP2 and a similar tendency was found in the seroneutralization assay. Conversely, pVP2-rVP2 had the best performance when evaluated through bursal parameters despite having a less potent humoral immune response. These findings suggest that the order in which rVP2 and pVP2 are combined can influence the immune response obtained. Besides, the lack of a strong humoral immune response did not lessen the ability to protect from IBDV challenge. Therefore, further research is needed to evaluate the mechanisms by which these immunogens are working in order to define the combination that performs better against IBDV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Bursa of Fabricius/pathology
- Chickens
- Drug Carriers/administration & dosage
- Infectious bursal disease virus/genetics
- Infectious bursal disease virus/immunology
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Nicotiana
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/metabolism
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Structural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Structural Proteins/immunology
- Viral Structural Proteins/isolation & purification
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Richetta
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Castelar, CC 25 B1712WAA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Evangelina Gómez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Castelar, CC 25 B1712WAA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María Soledad Lucero
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Castelar, CC 25 B1712WAA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Silvina Chimeno Zoth
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Castelar, CC 25 B1712WAA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - María José Gravisaco
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Castelar, CC 25 B1712WAA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Gabriela Calamante
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Castelar, CC 25 B1712WAA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Analía Berinstein
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, INTA, Castelar, CC 25 B1712WAA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917, C1033AAV Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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8
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Abstract
Antigenic drift of seasonal influenza viruses and the occasional introduction of influenza viruses of novel subtypes into the human population complicate the timely production of effective vaccines that antigenically match the virus strains that cause epidemic or pandemic outbreaks. The development of game-changing vaccines that induce broadly protective immunity against a wide variety of influenza viruses is an unmet need, in which recombinant viral vectors may provide. Use of viral vectors allows the delivery of any influenza virus antigen, or derivative thereof, to the immune system, resulting in the optimal induction of virus-specific B- and T-cell responses against this antigen of choice. This systematic review discusses results obtained with vectored influenza virus vaccines and advantages and disadvantages of the currently available viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D de Vries
- a Department of Viroscience , Erasmus MC , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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9
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Generation of a More Immunogenic Measles Vaccine by Increasing Its Hemagglutinin Expression. J Virol 2016; 90:5270-5279. [PMID: 26984727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00348-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Imported measles virus (MV) outbreaks are maintained by poor vaccine responders and unvaccinated people. A convenient but more immunogenic vaccination strategy would enhance vaccine performance, contributing to measles eradication efforts. We report here the generation of alternative pediatric vaccines against MV with increased expression of the H protein in the background of the current MV vaccine strain. We generated two recombinants: MVvac2-H2, with increased full-length H expression resulting in a 3-fold increase in H incorporation into virions, and MVvac2-Hsol, vectoring a truncated, soluble form of the H protein that is secreted into the supernatants of infected cells. Replication fitness was conserved despite the duplication of the H cistron for both vectors. The modification to the envelope of MVvac2-H2 conferred upon this virus a measurable level of resistance to in vitro neutralization by MV polyclonal immune sera without altering its thermostability. Most interestingly, both recombinant MVs with enhanced H expression were significantly more immunogenic than their parental strain in outbred mice, while MVvac2-H2 additionally proved more immunogenic after a single, human-range dose in genetically modified MV-susceptible mice. IMPORTANCE Measles incidence was reduced drastically following the introduction of attenuated vaccines, but progress toward the eradication of this virus has stalled, and MV still threatens unvaccinated populations. Due to the contributions of primary vaccine failures and too-young-to-be-vaccinated infants to this problem, more immunogenic measles vaccines are highly desirable. We generated two experimental MV vaccines based on a current vaccine's genome but with enriched production of the H protein, the main MV antigen in provoking immunity. One vaccine incorporated H at higher rates in the viral envelope, and the other secreted a soluble H protein from infected cells. The increased expression of H by these vectors improved neutralizing responses induced in two small-animal models of MV immunogenicity. The enhanced immunogenicity of these vectors, mainly from the MV that incorporates additional H, suggests their value as potential alternative pediatric MV vaccines.
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Haagmans BL, van den Brand JMA, Raj VS, Volz A, Wohlsein P, Smits SL, Schipper D, Bestebroer TM, Okba N, Fux R, Bensaid A, Solanes Foz D, Kuiken T, Baumgärtner W, Segalés J, Sutter G, Osterhaus ADME. An orthopoxvirus-based vaccine reduces virus excretion after MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels. Science 2015; 351:77-81. [PMID: 26678878 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections have led to an ongoing outbreak in humans, which was fueled by multiple zoonotic MERS-CoV introductions from dromedary camels. In addition to the implementation of hygiene measures to limit further camel-to-human and human-to-human transmissions, vaccine-mediated reduction of MERS-CoV spread from the animal reservoir may be envisaged. Here we show that a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine expressing the MERS-CoV spike protein confers mucosal immunity in dromedary camels. Compared with results for control animals, we observed a significant reduction of excreted infectious virus and viral RNA transcripts in vaccinated animals upon MERS-CoV challenge. Protection correlated with the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies to MERS-CoV. Induction of MVA-specific antibodies that cross-neutralize camelpox virus would also provide protection against camelpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | | | - V Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Asisa Volz
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Wohlsein
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia L Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo M Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nisreen Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Fux
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal [CReSA, IRTA-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)], Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Solanes Foz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal [CReSA, IRTA-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)], Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA, (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gerd Sutter
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Artemis One Health, Utrecht, Netherlands. Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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11
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Live-attenuated measles virus vaccine targets dendritic cells and macrophages in muscle of nonhuman primates. J Virol 2014; 89:2192-200. [PMID: 25473055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02924-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although live-attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccines have been used successfully for over 50 years, the target cells that sustain virus replication in vivo are still unknown. We generated a reverse genetics system for the live-attenuated MV vaccine strain Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ), allowing recovery of recombinant (r)MV(EZ). Three recombinant viruses were generated that contained the open reading frame encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) within an additional transcriptional unit (ATU) at various positions within the genome. rMV(EZ)EGFP(1), rMV(EZ)EGFP(3), and rMV(EZ)EGFP(6) contained the ATU upstream of the N gene, following the P gene, and following the H gene, respectively. The viruses were compared in vitro by growth curves, which indicated that rMV(EZ)EGFP(1) was overattenuated. Intratracheal infection of cynomolgus macaques with these recombinant viruses revealed differences in immunogenicity. rMV(EZ)EGFP(1) and rMV(EZ)EGFP(6) did not induce satisfactory serum antibody responses, whereas both in vitro and in vivo rMV(EZ)EGFP(3) was functionally equivalent to the commercial MV(EZ)-containing vaccine. Intramuscular vaccination of macaques with rMV(EZ)EGFP(3) resulted in the identification of EGFP(+) cells in the muscle at days 3, 5, and 7 postvaccination. Phenotypic characterization of these cells demonstrated that muscle cells were not infected and that dendritic cells and macrophages were the predominant target cells of live-attenuated MV. IMPORTANCE Even though MV strain Edmonston-Zagreb has long been used as a live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) to protect against measles, nothing is known about the primary cells in which the virus replicates in vivo. This is vital information given the push to move toward needle-free routes of vaccination, since vaccine virus replication is essential for vaccination efficacy. We have generated a number of recombinant MV strains expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein. The virus that best mimicked the nonrecombinant vaccine virus was formulated according to protocols for production of commercial vaccine virus batches, and was subsequently used to assess viral tropism in nonhuman primates. The virus primarily replicated in professional antigen-presenting cells, which may explain why this LAV is so immunogenic and efficacious.
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Kreijtz JHCM, Goeijenbier M, Moesker FM, van den Dries L, Goeijenbier S, De Gruyter HLM, Lehmann MH, Mutsert GD, van de Vijver DAMC, Volz A, Fouchier RAM, van Gorp ECM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G, Osterhaus ADME. Safety and immunogenicity of a modified-vaccinia-virus-Ankara-based influenza A H5N1 vaccine: a randomised, double-blind phase 1/2a clinical trial. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:1196-207. [PMID: 25455987 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising viral vector platform for the development of an H5N1 influenza vaccine. Preclinical assessment of MVA-based H5N1 vaccines showed their immunogenicity and safety in different animal models. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the MVA-haemagglutinin-based H5N1 vaccine MVA-H5-sfMR in healthy individuals. METHODS In a single-centre, double-blind phase 1/2a study, young volunteers (aged 18-28 years) were randomly assigned with a computer-generated list in equal numbers to one of eight groups and were given one injection or two injections intramuscularly at an interval of 4 weeks of a standard dose (10(8) plaque forming units [pfu]) or a ten times lower dose (10(7) pfu) of the MVA-H5-sfMR (vector encoding the haemagglutinin gene of influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 virus [H5N1 subtype]) or MVA-F6-sfMR (empty vector) vaccine. Volunteers and physicians who examined and administered the vaccine were masked to vaccine assignment. Individuals who received the MVA-H5-sfMR vaccine were eligible for a booster immunisation 1 year after the first immunisation. Primary endpoint was safety. Secondary outcome was immunogenicity. The trial is registered with the Dutch Trial Register, number NTR3401. FINDINGS 79 of 80 individuals who were enrolled completed the study. No serious adverse events were identified. 11 individuals reported severe headache and lightheadedness, erythema nodosum, respiratory illness (accompanied by influenza-like symptoms), sore throat, or injection-site reaction. Most of the volunteers had one or more local (itch, pain, redness, and swelling) and systemic reactions (rise in body temperature, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, chills, malaise, and fatigue) after the first, second, and booster immunisations. Individuals who received the 10(7) dose had fewer systemic reactions. The MVA-H5-sfMR vaccine at 10(8) pfu induced significantly higher antibody responses after one and two immunisations than did 10(7) pfu when assessed with haemagglutination inhibition geometric mean titre at 8 weeks against H5N1 A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (30·2 [SD 3·8] vs 9·2 [2·3] and 108·1 [2·4] vs 15·8 [3·2]). 27 of 39 eligible individuals were enrolled in the booster immunisation study. A single shot of MVA-H5-sfMR 10(8) pfu prime immunisation resulted in higher antibody responses after the booster immunisation than did two shots of MVA-H5-sfMR at the ten times lower dose. INTERPRETATION The MVA-based H5N1 vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic and therefore the vaccine candidates arising from the MVA platform hold great promise for rapid development in response to a future influenza pandemic threat. However, the immunogenicity of this vaccine needs to be compared with conventional H5N1 inactivated non-adjuvanted vaccine candidates in head-to-head clinical trials. FUNDING European Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fleur M Moesker
- Viroscience Lab, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Michael H Lehmann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Viroscience Lab, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Artemis, Utrecht, Netherlands; Center for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.
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Altenburg AF, Kreijtz JHCM, de Vries RD, Song F, Fux R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G, Volz A. Modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA) as production platform for vaccines against influenza and other viral respiratory diseases. Viruses 2014; 6:2735-61. [PMID: 25036462 PMCID: PMC4113791 DOI: 10.3390/v6072735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses infections caused by influenza viruses, human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coronaviruses are an eminent threat for public health. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines available for hPIV, RSV and coronaviruses, and the available seasonal influenza vaccines have considerable limitations. With regard to pandemic preparedness, it is important that procedures are in place to respond rapidly and produce tailor made vaccines against these respiratory viruses on short notice. Moreover, especially for influenza there is great need for the development of a universal vaccine that induces broad protective immunity against influenza viruses of various subtypes. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a replication-deficient viral vector that holds great promise as a vaccine platform. MVA can encode one or more foreign antigens and thus functions as a multivalent vaccine. The vector can be used at biosafety level 1, has intrinsic adjuvant capacities and induces humoral and cellular immune responses. However, there are some practical and regulatory issues that need to be addressed in order to develop MVA-based vaccines on short notice at the verge of a pandemic. In this review, we discuss promising novel influenza virus vaccine targets and the use of MVA for vaccine development against various respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwen F Altenburg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fei Song
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
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14
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Volz A, Sutter G. Protective efficacy of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara in preclinical studies. Vaccine 2013; 31:4235-40. [PMID: 23523402 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a tissue culture-derived, highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (VACV) exhibiting characteristic defective replication in cells from mammalian hosts. In the 1960s MVA was originally generated as a candidate virus for safer vaccination against smallpox. Now, MVA is widely used in experimental vaccine development targeting important infectious diseases and cancer. Versatile technologies for genetic engineering, large-scale production, and quality control facilitate R&D of recombinant and non-recombinant MVA vaccines matching today's requirements for new biomedical products. Such vaccines are attractive candidates for delivering antigens from pathogens against which no, or no effective vaccine is available, including emerging infections caused by highly pathogenic influenza viruses, chikungunya virus, West Nile virus or zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Other directions are seeking valuable vaccines against highly complex diseases such as AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Here, we highlight examples of MVA candidate vaccines against infectious diseases, and review the efforts made to assess both the efficacy of vaccination and immune correlates of protection in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asisa Volz
- Lehrstuhl für Virologie, Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Zoonosen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany.
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15
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Wang F, Feng X, Zheng Q, Hou H, Cao R, Zhou B, Liu Q, Liu X, Pang R, Zhao J, Deng W, Chen P. Multiple linear epitopes (B-cell, CTL and Th) of JEV expressed in recombinant MVA as multiple epitope vaccine induces a protective immune response. Virol J 2012; 9:204. [PMID: 22985466 PMCID: PMC3511265 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitope-based vaccination might play an important role in the protective immunity against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the immune characteristics of recombinant MVA carrying multi-epitope gene of JEV (rMVA-mep). The synthetic gene containing critical epitopes (B-cell, CTL and Th) of JEV was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pGEM-K1L, and the rMVA-mep was prepared. BALB/c mice were immunized with different dosages of purified rMVA-mep and the immune responses were determined in the form of protective response against JEV, antibodies titers (IgG1 and IgG2a), spleen cell lymphocyte proliferation, and the levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-4 cytokines. The results showed that live rMVA-mep elicited strongly immune responses in dose-dependent manner, and the highest level of immune responses was observed from the groups immunized with 107 TCID50 rMVA-mep among the experimental three concentrations. There were almost no difference of cytokines and neutralizing antibody titers among 107 TCID50 rMVA-mep, recombinant ED3 and inactivated JEV vaccine. It was noteworthy that rMVA-mep vaccination potentiates the Th1 and Th2-type immune responses in dose-dependent manner, and was sufficient to protect the mice survival against lethal JEV challenge. These findings demonstrated that rMVA-mep can produce adequate humoral and cellular immune responses, and protection in mice, which suggested that rMVA-mep might be an attractive candidate vaccine for preventing JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnosis and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Kruczek A, Cutland C, Madhi SA. Effect of maternal HIV infection on measles susceptibility during early infancy: implications for optimizing protection of the infant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The measles virus was first isolated as the causative pathogen of measles approximately 50 years ago by John Enders and Thomas Peebles. Despite a safe and effective vaccine extant for nearly the same amount of time, control of measles nevertheless remains a challenge in developing countries. This article investigates the possible contribution of maternal HIV infection on measles susceptibility in infants. The current WHO position on measles vaccination in HIV-infected children recommends vaccinating asymptomatic HIV-infected infants as early as 6 months of age, followed with two additional doses at 9 and 18 months. This is rarely implemented due to logistical constraints related to early HIV diagnosis in infants and access to vaccines in low-resource settings. In addition, measles vaccine safety and immunogenicity in HIV-infected children are based on very low levels of scientific evidence. There are no specific recommendations for measles immunization of HIV-uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers. We reviewed the available data on transplacental transfer of measles antibody and the influence of HIV, the findings of which suggest that consideration should be given to extending early measles immunization to all infants born to HIV-infected women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare Cutland
- Department of Science & Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases & Medical Research Council: Respiratory & Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- Department of Science & Technology/National Research Foundation: Vaccine Preventable Diseases & Medical Research Council: Respiratory & Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Soweto, South Africa
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17
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de Vries RD, Yüksel S, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Specific CD8(+) T-lymphocytes control dissemination of measles virus. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:388-95. [PMID: 19950186 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Measles continues to be an important cause of childhood mortality in developing countries. Measles virus (MV) is lymphotropic and infects high percentages of B- and T-lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues. Cellular immunity is considered crucial for viral clearance; however, MV-specific T-lymphocytes generated during primary infection also constitute a potential target for MV infection. We therefore aimed to identify T-lymphocyte subsets that can clear MV infection without becoming infected. To this end, we infected human EBV transformed B-lymphoblastic cell lines (B-LCL) with a recombinant MV strain expressing enhanced GFP, and co-cultured these with non-infected B-LCL resulting in rapid viral spread. MV-specific CD8(+) T-cell clones efficiently suppressed MV dissemination in autologous and HLA-matched, but not in HLA-mismatched B-LCL. In contrast, CD4(+) T-cell clones could not control MV dissemination but became a target for MV infection themselves. Furthermore, PBMC collected 6-9 months after acute measles and stimulated with autologous MV-infected B-LCL also efficiently suppressed MV dissemination; this was mediated by the fraction containing CD8(+) T-lymphocytes. In conclusion, we have developed a powerful tool to study cellular immunity against measles, and demonstrate that control of MV dissemination is mediated by virus-specific CD8(+) rather than by CD4(+) T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D de Vries
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Modified H5 promoter improves stability of insert genes while maintaining immunogenicity during extended passage of genetically engineered MVA vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 28:1547-57. [PMID: 19969118 PMCID: PMC2821965 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have engineered recombinant (r) Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) to express multiple antigens under the control of either of two related vaccinia synthetic promoters (pSyn) with early and late transcriptional activity or the modified H5 (mH5) promoter which has predominant early activity. We sequentially passaged these constructs and analyzed their genetic stability by qPCR, and concluded that rMVA expressing multiple antigens using the mH5 promoter exhibit remarkable genetic stability and maintain potent immunogenicity after serial passage. In contrast, rMVA expressing antigens using engineered vaccinia synthetic E/L (pSyn I or II) promoters are genetically unstable. Progressive accumulation of antigen loss variants resulted in a viral preparation with lower immunogenicity after serial passage. Metabolic labeling, followed by cold chase revealed little difference in stability of proteins expressed from mH5 or pSyn promoter constructs. We conclude that maintenance of genetic stability which is achieved using mH5, though not with pSyn promoters, is linked to timing, not the magnitude of expression levels of foreign antigen, which is more closely associated with immunogenicity of the vaccine.
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19
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Earl PL, Cotter C, Moss B, VanCott T, Currier J, Eller LA, McCutchan F, Birx DL, Michael NL, Marovich MA, Robb M, Cox JH. Design and evaluation of multi-gene, multi-clade HIV-1 MVA vaccines. Vaccine 2009; 27:5885-95. [PMID: 19654066 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) expressing HIV-1 genes are promising vaccine candidates. Toward the goal of conducting clinical trials with one or a cocktail of recombinant viruses, four rMVAs expressing env and gag-pol genes from primary HIV-1 isolates representing predominant subtypes from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Thailand (A, C, D, and CRF01_AE, respectively) were constructed. Efficient expression, processing, and function of Env and Gag were demonstrated. All inserted genes were shown to be genetically stable after repeated passage in cell culture. Strong HIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses were elicited in mice immunized with each individual vaccine candidate. The MVA/CMDR vaccine candidate expressing CRF01_AE genes has elicited HIV-specific T-cell responses in two independent Phase I clinical trials. Further testing of the other rMVA is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Elucidating and minimizing the loss by recombinant vaccinia virus of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression resulting from spontaneous mutations and positive selection. J Virol 2009; 83:7176-84. [PMID: 19420086 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00687-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
While characterizing modified vaccinia virus recombinants (rMVAs) containing human immunodeficiency virus env and gag-pol genes, we detected nonexpressing mutants by immunostaining individual plaques. In many cases, the numbers of mutants increased during successive passages, indicating strong selection pressure. This phenomenon provided an opportunity to investigate the formation of spontaneous mutations in vaccinia virus, which encodes its own cytoplasmic replication system, and a challenge to reduce the occurrence of mutations for vaccine production. Analysis of virus from individual plaques indicated that loss of expression was due to frameshift mutations, mostly by addition or deletion of a single nucleotide in runs of four to six Gs or Cs, and large deletions that included MVA DNA flanking the recombinant gene. Interruption of the runs of Gs and Cs by silent codon alterations and moving the recombinant gene to a site between essential, highly conserved MVA genes eliminated or reduced frameshifts and viable deletion mutants, respectively. The rapidity at which nonexpressing mutants accumulated depended on the individual env and gag-pol genes and their suppressive effects on virus replication. Both the extracellular and transmembrane domains contributed to the selection of nonexpressing Env mutants. Stability of an unstable Env was improved by swapping external or transmembrane domains with a more stable Env. Most dramatically, removal of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains stabilized even the most highly unstable Env. Understanding the causes of instability and taking preemptive actions will facilitate the development of rMVA and other poxviruses as human and veterinary recombinant vaccines.
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Abstract
The cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) model has proven to be a suitable small animal model for measles virus pathogenesis to fill the niche between tissue culture and studies in macaques. Similar to mice, inbred cotton rats are available in a microbiologically defined quality with an ever-increasing arsenal of reagents and methods available for the study of infectious diseases. Cotton rats replicate measles virus in the respiratory tract and (depending on virus strain) in lymphoid organs. They can be infected with vaccine, wild-type, and recombinant measles viruses and have been used to study viruses with genetic modifications. Other areas of study include efficacy testing of antivirals and vaccines. The cotton rat also has been an informative animal model to investigate measles virus-induced immune suppression and suppression of vaccination by maternal antibodies. In addition, the cotton rat promises to be a useful model for the study of polymicrobial disease (interaction between measles virus and secondary pathogens).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Niewiesk
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Much of our current understanding of measles has come from experiments in non-human primates. In 1911, Goldberger and Anderson showed that macaques inoculated with filtered secretions from measles patients developed measles, thus demonstrating that the causative agent of this disease was a virus. Since then, different monkey species have been used for experimental measles virus infections. Moreover, infection studies in macaques demonstrated that serial passage of the virus in vivo and in vitro resulted in virus attenuation, providing the basis for all current live-attenuated measles vaccines. This chapter will review the macaque model for measles, with a focus on vaccination and immunopathogenesis studies conducted over the last 15 years. In addition, recent data are highlighted demonstrating that the application of a recombinant measles virus strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein dramatically increased the sensitivity of virus detection, both in living and sacrificed animals, allowing new approaches to old questions on measles vaccination and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Michael B. A. Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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Huisman W, Schrauwen EJA, Tijhaar E, Süzer Y, Pas SD, van Amerongen G, Sutter G, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus ADME. Evaluation of vaccination strategies against infection with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) based on recombinant viral vectors expressing FIV Rev and OrfA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 126:332-8. [PMID: 18952300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it has become clear that cell-mediated immunity is playing a role in the control of lentivirus infections. In particular, cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses have been associated with improved outcome of infection, especially those directed against the regulatory proteins like Rev and Tat, which are expressed early after infection. Therefore, there is considerable interest in lentiviral vaccine candidates that can induce these types of immune responses. In the present study, we describe the construction and characterisation of expression vectors based on recombinant Semliki Forest virus system and modified vaccinia virus Ankara for the expression of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) accessory proteins Rev and OrfA. These recombinant viral vectors were used to immunize cats using a prime-boost regimen and the protective efficacy of this vaccination strategy was assessed after challenge infection of immunized cats with FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Huisman
- Erasmus MC, Institute of Virology, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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de Vries RD, Stittelaar KJ, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Measles vaccination: new strategies and formulations. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1215-23. [PMID: 18844595 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.8.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease. With 1 million deaths reported in 1996, measles was the leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths. However, in recent years, significant progress has been made in measles control, reducing deaths attributed to measles to 454,000 in 2004 and 242,000 in 2006. The main strategy behind this reduction has been the improvement of vaccination coverage and implementation of a second opportunity for immunization with the live-attenuated measles vaccine. The Measles Initiative, a partnership between the American Red Cross, CDC, UNICEF, WHO and UN Foundation, has had a significant role in this achievement. Here, we provide an overview of old and new vaccination strategies, and discuss changes in the route of administration of the existing live-attenuated vaccine, the development of new-generation nonreplicating measles virus vaccine candidates and attempts to use recombinant measles virus as a vector for vaccination against other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D de Vries
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Isolation of measles virus in tissue culture by Enders and colleagues in the 1960s led to the development of the first measles vaccines. An inactivated vaccine provided only short-term protection and induced poor T cell responses and antibody that did not undergo affinity maturation. The response to this vaccine primed for atypical measles, a more severe form of measles, and was withdrawn. A live attenuated virus vaccine has been highly successful in protection from measles and in elimination of endemic measles virus transmission with the use of two doses. This vaccine is administered by injection between 9 and 15 months of age. Measles control would be facilitated if infants could be immunized at a younger age, if the vaccine were thermostable, and if delivery did not require a needle and syringe. To these ends, new vaccines are under development using macaques as an animal model and various combinations of the H, F, and N viral proteins. Promising studies have been reported using DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, and virus-vectored vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Griffin
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St. Rm E5132 Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Pan CH, Jimenez GS, Nair N, Wei Q, Adams RJ, Polack FP, Rolland A, Vilalta A, Griffin DE. Use of Vaxfectin adjuvant with DNA vaccine encoding the measles virus hemagglutinin and fusion proteins protects juvenile and infant rhesus macaques against measles virus. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1214-21. [PMID: 18524884 PMCID: PMC2519314 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00120-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A measles virus vaccine for infants under 6 months of age would help control measles. DNA vaccines hold promise, but none has provided full protection from challenge. Codon-optimized plasmid DNAs encoding the measles virus hemagglutinin and fusion glycoproteins were formulated with the cationic lipid-based adjuvant Vaxfectin. In mice, antibody and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production were increased by two- to threefold. In macaques, juveniles vaccinated at 0 and 28 days with 500 microg of DNA intradermally or with 1 mg intramuscularly developed sustained neutralizing antibody and H- and F-specific IFN-gamma responses. Infant monkeys developed sustained neutralizing antibody and T cells secreting IFN-gamma and interleukin-4. Twelve to 15 months after vaccination, vaccinated monkeys were protected from an intratracheal challenge: viremia was undetectable by cocultivation and rashes did not appear, while two naïve monkeys developed viremia and rashes. The use of Vaxfectin-formulated DNA is a promising approach to the development of a measles vaccine for young infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiung Pan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
Macaques have served as models for more than 70 human infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents—bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually transmitted, oncogenic, degenerative neurologic, potential bioterrorism, and miscellaneous other diseases. Historically, macaques played a major role in establishing the etiology of yellow fever, polio, and prion diseases. With rare exceptions (Chagas disease, bartonellosis), all of the infectious diseases in this review are of Old World origin. Perhaps most surprising is the large number of tropical (16), newly emergent (7), and bioterrorism diseases (9) that have been modeled in macaques. Many of these human diseases (e.g., AIDS, hepatitis E, bartonellosis) are a consequence of zoonotic infection. However, infectious agents of certain diseases, including measles and tuberculosis, can sometimes go both ways, and thus several human pathogens are threats to nonhuman primates including macaques. Through experimental studies in macaques, researchers have gained insight into pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment and vaccine approaches for many human infectious diseases, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other infectious agents for which macaques have been a uniquely valuable resource for biomedical research, and particularly vaccinology, include influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis E virus, papillomavirus, smallpox virus, Mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacter pylori, Yersinia pestis, and Plasmodium species. This review summarizes the extensive past and present research on macaque models of human infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray B Gardner
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Dose-dependent protection against or exacerbation of disease by a polylactide glycolide microparticle-adsorbed, alphavirus-based measles virus DNA vaccine in rhesus macaques. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:697-706. [PMID: 18287579 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00045-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Measles remains an important cause of vaccine-preventable child mortality. Development of a low-cost, heat-stable vaccine for infants under the age of 6 months could improve measles control by facilitating delivery at the time of other vaccines and by closing a window of susceptibility prior to immunization at 9 months of age. DNA vaccines hold promise for development, but achieving protective levels of antibody has been difficult and there is an incomplete understanding of protective immunity. In the current study, we evaluated the use of a layered alphavirus DNA/RNA vector encoding measles virus H (SINCP-H) adsorbed onto polylactide glycolide (PLG) microparticles. In mice, antibody and T-cell responses to PLG-formulated DNA were substantially improved compared to those to naked DNA. Rhesus macaques received two doses of PLG/SINCP-H delivered either intramuscularly (0.5 mg) or intradermally (0.5 or 0.1 mg). Antibody and T-cell responses were induced but not sustained. On challenge, the intramuscularly vaccinated monkeys did not develop rashes and had lower viremias than vector-treated control monkeys. Monkeys vaccinated with the same dose intradermally developed rashes and viremia. Monkeys vaccinated intradermally with the low dose developed more severe rashes, with histopathologic evidence of syncytia and intense dermal and epidermal inflammation, eosinophilia, and higher viremia compared to vector-treated control monkeys. Protection after challenge correlated with gamma interferon-producing T cells and with early production of high-avidity antibody that bound wild-type H protein. We conclude that PLG/SINCP-H is most efficacious when delivered intramuscularly but does not provide an advantage over standard DNA vaccines for protection against measles.
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Correlation of immunogenicities and in vitro expression levels of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara HIV vaccines. Vaccine 2007; 26:486-93. [PMID: 18155813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to correlate the in vitro level of HIV Env expression by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) with immunogenicity in mice. A 5-fold difference in Env synthesis was achieved at the translational level by the presence or absence of an out-of-frame initiation codon upstream of the env gene. This perturbation had no effect on the size or processing of Env. In contrast to the variation in Env synthesis, the rMVAs produced similar amounts of HIV Gag, which were expressed from identical cassettes. Mice immunized with the higher Env expressing rMVAs had about 15-fold higher titers of Env antibodies and several fold higher frequencies of Env-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells than mice immunized with the low expresser. The greater immune response achieved by high expression was maintained over a 100-fold dose range. Importantly, enhanced Env immune responses did not come at the expense of lower Gag T cell responses. These data suggest that for high immunogenicity, rMVAs should be engineered to produce the most recombinant protein that can be achieved without compromising the growth and stability of the rMVA.
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Enhanced cell surface expression, immunogenicity and genetic stability resulting from a spontaneous truncation of HIV Env expressed by a recombinant MVA. Virology 2007; 372:260-72. [PMID: 18048074 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During propagation of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) encoding HIV 89.6 Env, a few viral foci stained very prominently. Virus cloned from such foci replicated to higher titers than the parent and displayed enhanced genetic stability on passage. Sequence analysis showed a single nucleotide deletion in the 89.6 env gene of the mutant that caused a frame shift and truncation of 115 amino acids from the cytoplasmic domain. The truncated Env was more highly expressed on the cell surface, induced higher antibody responses than the full-length Env, reacted with HIV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and mediated CD4/co-receptor-dependent fusion. Intramuscular (i.m.), intradermal (i.d.) needleless, and intrarectal (i.r.) catheter inoculations gave comparable serum IgG responses. However, intraoral (i.o.) needleless injector route gave the highest IgA in lung washings and i.r. gave the highest IgA and IgG responses in fecal extracts. Induction of CTL responses in the spleens of individual mice as assayed by intracellular cytokine staining was similar with both the full-length and truncated Env constructs. Induction of acute and memory CTL in the spleens of mice immunized with the truncated Env construct by i.d., i.o., and i.r. routes was comparable and higher than by the i.m. route, but only the i.r. route induced CTL in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Thus, truncation of Env enhanced genetic stability as well as serum and mucosal antibody responses, suggesting the desirability of a similar modification in MVA-based candidate HIV vaccines.
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de Swart RL, Ludlow M, de Witte L, Yanagi Y, van Amerongen G, McQuaid S, Yüksel S, Geijtenbeek TBH, Duprex WP, Osterhaus ADME. Predominant infection of CD150+ lymphocytes and dendritic cells during measles virus infection of macaques. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:e178. [PMID: 18020706 PMCID: PMC2077902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) is hypothesized to enter the host by infecting epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, followed by viremia mediated by infected monocytes. However, neither of these cell types express signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (CD150), which has been identified as the receptor for wild-type MV. We have infected rhesus and cynomolgus macaques with a recombinant MV strain expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP); thus bringing together the optimal animal model for measles and a virus that can be detected with unprecedented sensitivity. Blood samples and broncho-alveolar lavages were collected every 3 d, and necropsies were performed upon euthanasia 9 or 15 d after infection. EGFP production by MV-infected cells was visualized macroscopically, in both living and sacrificed animals, and microscopically by confocal microscopy and FACS analysis. At the peak of viremia, EGFP fluorescence was detected in skin, respiratory and digestive tract, but most intensely in all lymphoid tissues. B- and T-lymphocytes expressing CD150 were the major target cells for MV infection. Highest percentages (up to 30%) of infected lymphocytes were detected in lymphoid tissues, and the virus preferentially targeted cells with a memory phenotype. Unexpectedly, circulating monocytes did not sustain productive MV infection. In peripheral tissues, large numbers of MV-infected CD11c+ MHC class-II+ myeloid dendritic cells were detected in conjunction with infected T-lymphocytes, suggesting transmission of MV between these cell types. Fluorescent imaging of MV infection in non-human primates demonstrated a crucial role for lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of measles and measles-associated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Heterologous prime-boost strategy to immunize very young infants against measles: pre-clinical studies in rhesus macaques. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:672-85. [PMID: 17971812 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Infants in developing countries are at high risk of developing severe clinical measles if they become infected during the "window of vulnerability" (age 4-9 months), when declining maternal antibodies do not protect against wild virus, yet impede successful immunization by attenuated measles vaccine. We developed two Sindbis replicon-based DNA vaccines expressing measles virus hemagglutinin and fusion protein with the goal of priming young infants to respond safely and effectively to subsequent boosting with attenuated measles vaccine. Intradermal prime with DNA vaccines by needle-free injection followed by aerosol or parenteral boost with licensed measles vaccine was well tolerated by juvenile and young infant rhesus macaques, and protected against clinical measles and viremia on wild-type virus challenge. A proteosome-measles vaccine administered alone (three doses) or as a boost following DNA vaccine priming was also safe and protective. These promising results pave the way for clinical trials to assess this prime-boost strategy.
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de Swart RL, van den Hoogen BG, Kuiken T, Herfst S, van Amerongen G, Yüksel S, Sprong L, Osterhaus ADME. Immunization of macaques with formalin-inactivated human metapneumovirus induces hypersensitivity to hMPV infection. Vaccine 2007; 25:8518-28. [PMID: 17996988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, is an important cause of acute respiratory tract disease. In the 1960s, vaccination with formalin-inactivated paramyxovirus preparations--respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and measles virus (MV)--resulted in predisposition for enhanced disease upon natural infection. We have produced a formalin-inactivated hMPV preparation (FI-hMPV), which was used to immunize young cynomolgus macaques. Six days after challenge FI-hMPV-primed monkeys had developed eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchiolitis, indicative of a hypersensitivity response. This study indicates that formalin-inactivated hMPV vaccines have the same propensity to predispose for immune-mediated disease as inactivated RSV and MV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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El Mubarak HS, Yüksel S, van Amerongen G, Mulder PGH, Mukhtar MM, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. Infection of cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) with different wild-type measles viruses. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2028-2034. [PMID: 17554037 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82804-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Both rhesus and cynomolgus macaques have been used as animal models for measles vaccination and immunopathogenesis studies. A number of studies have suggested that experimental measles virus (MV) infection induces more-characteristic clinical features in rhesus than in cynomolgus monkeys. In the present study, both macaque species were infected with two different wild-type MV strains and clinical, virological and immunological parameters were compared. The viruses used were a genotype C2 virus isolated in The Netherlands in 1991 (MV-Bil) and a genotype B3 virus isolated from a severe measles case in Sudan in 1997 (MV-Sudan). Following infection, all rhesus monkeys developed a skin rash and conjunctivitis, which were less obvious in cynomolgus monkeys. Fever was either mild or absent in both species. Virus reisolation profiles from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and broncho-alveolar lavage cells and the kinetics of MV-specific IgM and IgG responses were largely identical in the two animal species. However, in animals infected with MV-Sudan, viraemia appeared earlier and lasted longer than in animals infected with MV-Bil. This was also reflected by the earlier appearance of MV-specific serum IgM antibodies after infection with MV-Sudan. Collectively, these data show that cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are equally susceptible to wild-type MV infection, although infection in the skin seems to follow a different course in rhesus macaques. MV-Sudan proved more pathogenic for non-human primates than MV-Bil, which may render it more suitable for use in future pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sittana El Mubarak
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Yüksel
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul G H Mulder
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Antonis AFG, van der Most RG, Suezer Y, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Daus F, Sutter G, Schrijver RS. Vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV) proteins protects calves against RSV challenge. Vaccine 2007; 25:4818-27. [PMID: 17499893 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and calves. Bovine RSV (bRSV) is a natural pathogen for cattle, and bRSV infection in calves shares many features with the human infection. Thus, bRSV infection in cattle provides the ideal setting to evaluate the safety and efficacy of novel RSV vaccine strategies. Here, we have evaluated the efficacy and safety of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA)-based vaccine candidates, expressing the bovine RSV-F protein, either or not in combination with the G protein, in colostrums-deprived SPF calves born by caesarean section. Vaccination induced bRSV-specific IgG and CD8 T cell responses. Importantly, no IgE responses were detected. After bRSV challenge, rMVA vaccinated calves experienced less severe symptoms of lower respiratory tract disease compared to the mock-immunized control group. Immunized animals showed reduced pulmonary virus loads, and no eosinophilic infiltration or enhanced respiratory distress. In conclusion, candidate rMVA/bRSV vaccines induced protective and safe immune responses in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan F G Antonis
- Animal Sciences Group, Division of Infectious Diseases, P.O. Box 65, NL-8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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36
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Weyer J, Rupprecht CE, Mans J, Viljoen GJ, Nel LH. Generation and evaluation of a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine for rabies. Vaccine 2007; 25:4213-22. [PMID: 17434244 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has become a vaccine vector of choice for recombinant vaccine development. A MVA-based rabies vaccine would be advantageous for use as a vaccine for dogs (and wildlife), particularly if it proves innocuous and efficacious by the oral route. Here, the generation and immunological testing of a recombinant MVA expressing a rabies virus glycoprotein gene is described. In a murine model, higher dosages of recombinant MVA were needed to induce equivocal immune responses as with Vaccinia Copenhagen or Vaccinia Western Reserve recombinants, when administered by a parenteral route. The MVA recombinant was not immunogenic or efficacious when administered per os in naïve mice. The ability of the recombinant MVA to induce anamnestic responses in dogs and raccoons was also investigated. Recombinant MVA boosted humoral immune responses in these animals when administered peripherally, but not when administered orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Weyer
- University of Pretoria, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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37
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Albarran Y Carvajal A, de la Garza A, Cruz Quiroz BJC, Vazquez Zea E, Díaz Estrada I, Mendez Fuentez E, López Contreras M, Andrade-Manzano A, Padilla S, Varela AR, Rosales R. MVA E2 recombinant vaccine in the treatment of human papillomavirus infection in men presenting intraurethral flat condyloma: a phase I/II study. BioDrugs 2007; 21:47-59. [PMID: 17263589 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200721010-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiologic agent for warts and cervical cancer. In Mexico, the death rate from cervical cancer is extremely high, and statistical data show that since 1990 the number of deaths is increasing. Condylomas and cancer of the penis are the most common lesions presented in men; bladder and prostate cancer in men are also associated with the presence of HPV. Since HPV is transmitted by sexual intercourse, treating both partners is necessary in order to eliminate the virus in the population. Approaches to this include preventative vaccines such as Gardasil, and therapeutic vaccines to treat established infections in both men and women. This will be the only way to decrease the numbers of deaths due to this malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a phase I/II clinical trial to evaluate the potential use of the recombinant vaccinia viral vaccine MVA E2 (composed of modified vaccinia virus Ankara [MVA] expressing the E2 gene of bovine papillomavirus) to treat flat condyloma lesions associated with oncogenic HPV in men. Fifty male patients with flat condyloma lesions were treated with either MVA E2 therapeutic vaccine or fluorouracil (5-fluorouracil). Thirty men received the therapeutic vaccine, at a total of 10(6) virus particles per dose, administered directly into the urethra once every week over a 4-week period. Twenty control patients were treated with 5% fluorouracil 1mL twice weekly over a 4-week period directly into the urethra. Reduction of lesions or absence of papillomavirus infection was monitored by colposcopy and histologic analysis. The immune response after MVA E2 treatment was determined by measuring the antibodies against the MVA E2 virus and by analyzing the lymphocyte cytotoxic activity against cancer cells bearing oncogenic papillomavirus. Presence of papillomavirus was determined by the Hybrid Capture method. RESULTS Twenty-eight of 30 patients showed no lesion or presence of papillomavirus as diagnosed by colposcopy and brush histologic examination after 4 weeks of MVA E2 treatment. These patients showed complete elimination of flat condyloma in the urethra and no acetowhite spots were detected over the prepuce. In two other patients the acetowhite spots and flat condyloma did not diminish. All patients developed antibodies against the MVA E2 vaccine and E2 protein, and generated a specific cytotoxic response against papilloma-transformed cells. Viral DNA was not detected in MVA E2-treated patients. In the control group, 13 of 20 patients were free of lesions. Three of these patients had recurrence of lesions after 3 months of treatment and none of the patients developed specific antibodies against cancer cells. In contrast, patients treated with MVA E2 did not show any recurrence of lesions after 1 year of treatment. In addition, none of the patients had local or systemic adverse effects according to the WHO classification 1-4. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic vaccination with MVA E2 proved to be very effective in stimulating the immune system against papillomavirus, and in generating regression of flat condyloma lesions in men.
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de Waal L, Süzer Y, Wyatt LS, Sintnicolaas K, Sutter G, Moss B, Osterhaus ADME, de Swart RL. T Cell Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion and Attachment Proteins in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:669-78. [PMID: 17201662 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular immune response to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is considered important in both protection and immunopathogenesis. We have studied the HLA class I- and class II-restricted T cell responses to RSV fusion (F) and attachment (G) proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy young adults. PBMCs were stimulated with autologous cells infected with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) expressing RSV F (rMVA-F) or G (rMVA-G). In rMVA-F-stimulated bulk cultures F-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses were demonstrated, whereas in rMVA-G-stimulated cultures only G-specific CD4(+) T cell responses were detected. Using a set of overlapping peptides spanning the F protein, a number of the F-specific T cell responses could be mapped to different antigenic regions, whereas for the G protein only CD4(+) T cell responses recognizing the central conserved domain could be detected. These results suggest that the RSV glycoprotein-specific T cell response is directed to a number of different epitopes. Further studies must be performed to confirm the apparent inability of the RSV G protein to induce CD8(+) T cell responses. The rMVA-based in vitro stimulation protocol will be useful to define protein-specific T cell responses in different viral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon de Waal
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Wei H, Wang H, Hou S, Hu S, Fan K, Fan X, Zhu T, Guo Y. DRB genotyping in cynomolgus monkeys from China using polymerase chain reaction -sequence-specific primers. Hum Immunol 2006; 68:135-44. [PMID: 17321904 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Revised: 10/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cynomolgus macaques are relevant models for human diseases and transplantation. In each case, a complete understanding of these models requires knowledge of the macaque major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Because of high polymorphism and multiple genes per haplotype, it has been difficult to develop a rapid typing method for cynomolgus monkey MHC class II. We developed a simple and rapid polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) strategy for Chinese cynomolgus monkey DRB locus typing. Forty Chinese cynomolgus monkeys originating from the Guangxi Province in China were included in the study. Twenty nine cynomolgus monkey allele-specific primer pairs were designed based on published Macaca fascicularis (Mafa)-DRB locus gene sequences. Allele-specific PCR products ranged in size from 143 to 253 bp; 5' and 3' Mafa-DRB locus allele specific primers were located in the second exon. Specific PCR product gel purification was followed by direct sequencing in both directions. Our data showed prominent variability in the number of Mafa-DRB sequences ranging from 2 to 7 per animal. This analysis demonstrated that most of the amplicons were identical to Mafa-DRB sequences that our PCR primers were to amplify. However, 98 to 99% similarity was noticed in the case of Mafa-DRB4*0101, Mafa-DRB*W2101, and Mafa-DRB*W4901 sequences. The observed mismatches were located in nonpolymorphic regions. Thus, haplotype analysis confirmed the existence of allelic associations published earlier. In addition, we propose a new DRB sequence. The established medium-resolution PCR-SSP technique appears to be a highly reproducible and discriminatory typing method for detecting polymorphisms of DRB genes in Chinese cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Wei
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Andrei G, Gammon DB, Fiten P, De Clercq E, Opdenakker G, Snoeck R, Evans DH. Cidofovir resistance in vaccinia virus is linked to diminished virulence in mice. J Virol 2006; 80:9391-401. [PMID: 16973545 PMCID: PMC1617232 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00605-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cidofovir [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine (HPMPC)] is recognized as a promising drug for the treatment of poxvirus infections, but drug resistance can arise by a mechanism that is poorly understood. We show here that in vitro selection for high levels of resistance to HPMPC produces viruses encoding two substitution mutations in the virus DNA polymerase (E9L) gene. These mutations are located within the regions of the gene encoding the 3'-5' exonuclease (A314T) and polymerase (A684V) catalytic domains. These mutant viruses exhibited cross-resistance to other nucleoside phosphonate drugs, while they remained sensitive to other unrelated DNA polymerase inhibitors. Marker rescue experiments were used to transfer A314T and/or A684V alleles into a vaccinia virus Western Reserve strain. Either mutation alone could confer a drug resistance phenotype, although the degree of resistance was significantly lower than when virus encoded both mutations. The A684V substitution, but not the A314T change, also conferred a spontaneous mutator phenotype. All of the HPMPC-resistant recombinant viruses exhibited reduced virulence in mice, demonstrating that these E9L mutations are inextricably linked to reduced fitness in vivo. HPMPC, at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 5 days, still protected mice against intranasal challenge with the drug-resistant virus with A314T and A684V mutations. Our studies show that proposed drug therapies offer a reasonable likelihood of controlling orthopoxvirus infections, even if the viruses encode drug resistance markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Andrei
- Laboratory of Virology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
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41
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de Swart RL, LiCalsi C, Quirk AV, van Amerongen G, Nodelman V, Alcock R, Yüksel S, Ward GH, Hardy JG, Vos H, Witham CL, Grainger CI, Kuiken T, Greenspan BJ, Gard TG, Osterhaus ADME. Measles vaccination of macaques by dry powder inhalation. Vaccine 2006; 25:1183-90. [PMID: 17084489 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Measles vaccination via the aerosol route has proven effective under field conditions, using vaccine reconstituted prior to nebulization. Inhalation of a dry powder aerosol vaccine would have additional benefits, including easier logistics of administration, reduced cold chain dependence and the potential of single dose administration. We have evaluated two candidate dry powder measles vaccine formulations in macaques. Specific immune responses were demonstrated, but levels of immunity were lower than in animals vaccinated by injection or by nebulized aerosol. These studies provide proof of principle that dry powder inhalation is a possible route for measles vaccination, but suggest that either the vaccine formulation or the method of delivery need to be improved for a better immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chavan R, Marfatia KA, An IC, Garber DA, Feinberg MB. Expression of CCL20 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not Flt3-L, from modified vaccinia virus ankara enhances antiviral cellular and humoral immune responses. J Virol 2006; 80:7676-87. [PMID: 16840346 PMCID: PMC1563727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02748-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is currently in clinical development as a safe vaccine against smallpox and heterologous infectious diseases, its immunogenicity is likely limited due to the inability of the virus to replicate productively in mammalian hosts. In light of recent data demonstrating that vaccinia viruses, including MVA, preferentially infect antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play crucial roles in generating antiviral immunity, we hypothesized that expression of specific cytokines and chemokines that mediate APC recruitment and activation from recombinant MVA (rMVA) vectors would enhance the immunogenicity of these vectors. To test this hypothesis, we generated rMVAs that express murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (mGM-CSF), human CCL20/human macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (hCCL20/hMIP-3alpha), or human fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (hFlt3-L), factors predicted to increase levels of dendritic cells (DCs), to recruit DCs to sites of immunization, or to promote maturation of DCs in vivo, respectively. These rMVAs also coexpress the well-characterized, immunodominant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein (NP) antigen that enabled sensitive and quantitative assessment of antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses following immunization of BALB/c mice. Our results demonstrate that immunization of mice with rMVAs expressing mGM-CSF or hCCL20, but not hFlt3-L, results in two- to fourfold increases of cellular immune responses directed against vector-encoded antigens and 6- to 17-fold enhancements of MVA-specific antibody titers, compared to those responses elicited by nonadjuvanted rMVA. Of note, cytokine augmentation of cellular immune responses occurs when rMVAs are given as primary immunizations but not when they are used as booster immunizations, suggesting that these APC-modulating proteins, when used as poxvirus-encoded adjuvants, are more effective at stimulating naïve T-cell responses than in promoting recall of preexisting memory T-cell responses. Our results demonstrate that a strategy to express specific genetic adjuvants from rMVA vectors can be successfully applied to enhance the immunogenicity of MVA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chavan
- Emory University Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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43
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de Swart RL, Kuiken T, Fernandez-de Castro J, Papania MJ, Bennett JV, Valdespino JL, Minor P, Witham CL, Yüksel S, Vos H, van Amerongen G, Osterhaus ADME. Aerosol measles vaccination in macaques: preclinical studies of immune responses and safety. Vaccine 2006; 24:6424-36. [PMID: 16934375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The comparative efficacy and safety of measles vaccination via the aerosol route versus subcutaneous injection has not been fully resolved. We vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with the live-attenuated Edmonston-Zagreb measles virus (MV) vaccine and compared different routes of administration in the immunocompetent and the immunocompromised host. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of aerosol vaccination using devices similar to those previously used in humans were comparable to those in animals vaccinated by injection. No evidence for a safety hazard associated with the route of vaccination was detected. The results of this study support further clinical evaluation of aerosol vaccination for measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Dr Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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44
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Ishii K, Hasegawa H, Nagata N, Mizutani T, Morikawa S, Suzuki T, Taguchi F, Tashiro M, Takemori T, Miyamura T, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y. Induction of protective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection using highly attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus DIs. Virology 2006; 351:368-80. [PMID: 16678878 PMCID: PMC7111839 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has recently been identified as the causative agent of SARS. We constructed a series of recombinant DIs (rDIs), a highly attenuated vaccinia strain, expressing a gene encoding four structural proteins (E, M, N and S) of SARS-CoV individually or simultaneously. These rDIs elicited SARS-CoV-specific serum IgG antibody and T-cell responses in vaccinated mice following intranasal or subcutaneous administration. Mice that were subcutaneously vaccinated with rDIs expressing S protein with or without other structural proteins induced a high level of serum neutralizing IgG antibodies and demonstrated marked protective immunity against SARS-CoV challenge in the absence of a mucosal IgA response. These results indicate that the potent immune response elicited by subcutaneous injection of rDIs containing S is able to control mucosal infection by SARS-CoV. Thus, replication-deficient DIs constructs hold promise for the development of a safe and potent SARS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Ishii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Shigeru Morikawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Suzuki
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Taguchi
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-001, Japan
| | - Toshitada Takemori
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Corresponding author. Fax: +81 3 5285 1150.
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45
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Dudek T, Knipe DM. Replication-defective viruses as vaccines and vaccine vectors. Virology 2006; 344:230-9. [PMID: 16364753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The classical viral vaccine approaches using inactivated virus or live-attenuated virus have not been successful for some viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus or herpes simplex virus. Therefore, new types of vaccines are needed to combat these infections. Replication-defective mutant viruses are defective for one or more functions that are essential for viral genome replication or synthesis and assembly of viral particles. These viruses are propagated in complementing cell lines expressing the missing gene product; however, in normal cells, they express viral gene products but do not replicate to form progeny virions. As vaccines, these mutant viruses have advantages of both classical types of viral vaccines in being as safe as inactivated virus but expressing viral antigens inside infected cells so that MHC class I and class II presentation can occur efficiently. Replication-defective viruses have served both as vaccines for the virus itself and as a vector for the expression of heterologous antigens. The potential advantages and disadvantages of these vaccines are discussed as well as contrasting them with single-cycle mutant virus vaccines and replicon/amplicon versions of vaccines. Replication-defective viruses have also served as important probes of the host immune response in helping to define the importance of the first round of infected cells in the host immune response, the mechanisms of activation of innate immune response, and the role of the complement pathway in humoral immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dudek
- Program in Biological Sciences and Public Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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46
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de Swart RL, Yüksel S, Osterhaus ADME. Relative contributions of measles virus hemagglutinin- and fusion protein-specific serum antibodies to virus neutralization. J Virol 2005; 79:11547-51. [PMID: 16103210 PMCID: PMC1193617 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.11547-11551.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative contribution of measles virus hemagglutinin (H)- or fusion protein (F)-specific antibodies to virus neutralization (VN) has not been demonstrated. We have depleted these specific antibodies from sera collected from young adults, who had been vaccinated during childhood, by prolonged incubation with viable transfected human melanoma cells expressing H or F. Simultaneous depletion of antibodies of both specificities completely abrogated VN activity. Depletion of F-specific antibodies only had a minimal effect, whereas removal of H-specific antibodies resulted in almost complete reduction of VN activity. These results demonstrate that measles virus neutralizing antibodies are mainly directed to the H protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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47
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Pan CH, Valsamakis A, Colella T, Nair N, Adams RJ, Polack FP, Greer CE, Perri S, Polo JM, Griffin DE. Modulation of disease, T cell responses, and measles virus clearance in monkeys vaccinated with H-encoding alphavirus replicon particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11581-8. [PMID: 16037211 PMCID: PMC1187989 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504592102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles remains a major worldwide problem partly because of difficulties with vaccination of young infants. New vaccine strategies need to be safe and to provide sustained protective immunity. We have developed Sindbis virus replicon particles that express the measles virus (MV) hemagglutinin (SIN-H) or fusion (SIN-F) proteins. In mice, SIN-H induced high-titered, dose-dependent, MV-neutralizing antibody after a single vaccination. SIN-F, or SIN-H and SIN-F combined, induced somewhat lower responses. To assess protective efficacy, juvenile macaques were vaccinated with a single dose of 10(6) or 10(8) SIN-H particles and infant macaques with two doses of 10(8) particles. A dose of 10(8) particles induced sustained levels of high-titered, MV-neutralizing antibody and IFN-gamma-producing memory T cells, and most monkeys were protected from rash when challenged with wild-type MV 18 months later. After challenge, there was a biphasic appearance of H- and F-specific IFN-gamma-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vaccinated monkeys, with peaks approximately 1 and 3-4 months after challenge. Viremia was cleared within 14 days, but MV RNA was detectable for 4-5 months. These studies suggest that complete clearance of MV after infection is a prolonged, phased, and complex process influenced by prior vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiung Pan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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48
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Stittelaar KJ, van Amerongen G, Kondova I, Kuiken T, van Lavieren RF, Pistoor FHM, Niesters HGM, van Doornum G, van der Zeijst BAM, Mateo L, Chaplin PJ, Osterhaus ADME. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara protects macaques against respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus. J Virol 2005; 79:7845-51. [PMID: 15919938 PMCID: PMC1143678 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.12.7845-7851.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of classical smallpox vaccines based on vaccinia virus (VV) is associated with severe complications in both naive and immune individuals. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a highly attenuated replication-deficient strain of VV, has been proven to be safe in humans and immunocompromised animals, and its efficacy against smallpox is currently being addressed. Here we directly compare the efficacies of MVA alone and in combination with classical VV-based vaccines in a cynomolgus macaque monkeypox model. The MVA-based smallpox vaccine protected macaques against a lethal respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus and is therefore an important candidate for the protection of humans against smallpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koert J Stittelaar
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Building Hoboken, Room Ee 17.26, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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El Mubarak HS, De Swart RL, Osterhaus ADME, Schutten M. Development of a semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR for the detection of measles virus. J Clin Virol 2005; 32:313-7. [PMID: 15780811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Revised: 07/09/2004] [Accepted: 08/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Real-time detection of polymerase chain reactions allows convenient detection and quantification of virus-derived nucleic acids in clinical specimens. We have developed a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of measles virus (MV) genomic RNA, and compared it to a well-established conventional RT-PCR assay. Based on a serial dilution of the live-attenuated MV Edmonston Zagreb vaccine, the detection limits were approximately 0.1 and 0.02 cell culture infectious dose 50% units (CCID50) per test for the conventional and TaqMan RT-PCR assays, respectively. Furthermore, tissue materials spiked with known quantities of MV were equally well detected in both assays. The TaqMan assay was linear within a range of 10(4.4) to 10(-0.6)CCID50/ml, with an intra-assay variability lower than 3% and an inter-assay variability ranging from 1.5% at 10(4.4)CCID50/ml to 8.7% at 10(-0.6)CCID50/ml. The TaqMan assay could detect representative wild-type viruses from the currently active MV clades, and could detect MV genome in clinical specimens obtained from measles patients. Finally, quantification of MV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or broncho-alveolar lavage cells from cynomolgus macaques collected at different time points after experimental infection showed a good correlation with virus isolation data. In conclusion, the TaqMan assay developed is specific, sensitive, rapid and reproducible, and can be of use for diagnostic purposes or for studies on the pathogenesis of measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S El Mubarak
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Chen Z, Zhang L, Qin C, Ba L, Yi CE, Zhang F, Wei Q, He T, Yu W, Yu J, Gao H, Tu X, Gettie A, Farzan M, Yuen KY, Ho DD. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces protective neutralizing antibodies primarily targeting the receptor binding region. J Virol 2005; 79:2678-88. [PMID: 15708987 PMCID: PMC548443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2678-2688.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with a killed or inactivated viral vaccine provides significant protection in animals against challenge with certain corresponding pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs). However, the promise of this approach in humans is hampered by serious concerns over the risk of leaking live severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) viruses. In this study, we generated a SARS vaccine candidate by using the live-attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as a vector. The full-length SARS-CoV envelope Spike (S) glycoprotein gene was introduced into the deletion III region of the MVA genome. The newly generated recombinant MVA, ADS-MVA, is replication incompetent in mammalian cells and highly immunogenic in terms of inducing potent neutralizing antibodies in mice, rabbits, and monkeys. After two intramuscular vaccinations with ADS-MVA alone, the 50% inhibitory concentration in serum was achieved with reciprocal sera dilutions of more than 1,000- to 10,000-fold in these animals. Using fragmented S genes as immunogens, we also mapped a neutralizing epitope in the region of N-terminal 400 to 600 amino acids of the S glycoprotein (S400-600), which overlaps with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-binding region (RBR; S318-510). Moreover, using a recombinant soluble RBR-Fc protein, we were able to absorb and remove the majority of the neutralizing antibodies despite observing that the full S protein tends to induce a broader spectrum of neutralizing activities in comparison with fragmented S proteins. Our data suggest that a major mechanism for neutralizing SARS-CoV likely occurs through blocking the interaction between virus and the cellular receptor ACE2. In addition, ADS-MVA induced potent immune responses which very likely protected Chinese rhesus monkeys from pathogenic SARS-CoV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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