1
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Kamel M, El-Sayed A. Utilization of herpesviridae as recombinant viral vectors in vaccine development against animal pathogens. Virus Res 2019; 270:197648. [PMID: 31279828 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Throughout the past few decades, numerous viral species have been generated as vaccine vectors. Every viral vector has its own distinct characteristics. For example, the family herpesviridae encompasses several viruses that have medical and veterinary importance. Attenuated herpesviruses are developed as vectors to convey heterologous immunogens targeting several serious and crucial pathogens. Some of these vectors have already been licensed for use in the veterinary field. One of their prominent features is their capability to accommodate large amount of foreign DNA, and to stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. A better understanding of vector-host interaction builds up a robust foundation for the future development of herpesviruses-based vectors. At the time, many molecular tools are applied to enable the generation of herpesvirus-based recombinant vaccine vectors such as BAC technology, homologous and two-step en passant mutagenesis, codon optimization, and the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This review article highlights the most important techniques applied in constructing recombinant herpesviruses vectors, advantages and disadvantages of each recombinant herpesvirus vector, and the most recent research regarding their use to control major animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Kamel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amr El-Sayed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Kanokudom S, Mahony TJ, Smith DR, Assavalapsakul W. Modulation of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection by virally encoded microRNAs. Virus Res 2018; 257:1-6. [PMID: 30193942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), is a member of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae in the order Herpesviridae and is a ubiquitous pathogen of cattle responsible for significant economic loss worldwide. The BoHV-1 genome encodes at least 10 BoHV-1 microRNA (miRNA) genes, whose functions remain poorly understood. This study sought to understand the role of three BoHV-1 miRNA genes, Bhv1-miR-B6, Bhv1-miR-B8 and Bhv1-miR-B9, which are located proximal to the BoHV-1 origins of replication (OriS). Therefore, plasmids expressing the precursor miRNA hairpins for the Bhv1-miR-B6, Bhv1-miR-B8, and Bhv1-miR-B9 genes were constructed and transfected into Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells prior to BoHV-1 infection. Interestingly, transient expression of either Bhv1-miR-B8 or Bhv1-miR-B9 in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells prior to infection resulted in partial suppression of BoHV-1 replication, quantified through estimating levels of glycoprotein C mRNA and protein levels. Putative interactions between the mature miRNA bhv1-miR-B8-3p and bhv1-miR-B9 and BoHV-1 transcripts were identified providing plausible pathways for these molecules to affect virus replication. Therefore, these two miRNAs are implicated in the post-transcriptional regulation of BoHV-1 transcripts important for virus replication and could be used to limit BoHV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitthichai Kanokudom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Timothy J Mahony
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya Campus, Nakornpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Guo JC, Tang YD, Zhao K, Wang TY, Liu JT, Gao JC, Chang XB, Cui HY, Tian ZJ, Cai XH, An TQ. Highly Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Homologous Recombination Promotes the Rapid Generation of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes of Pseudorabies Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2110. [PMID: 28066407 PMCID: PMC5179515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are powerful tools for the manipulation of the large genomes of DNA viruses, such as herpesviruses. However, the methods currently used to construct the recombinant viruses, an important intermediate link in the generation of BACs, involve the laborious process of multiple plaque purifications. Moreover, some fastidious viruses may be lost or damaged during these processes, making it impossible to generate BACs from these large-genome DNA viruses. Here, we introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 as a site-specific gene knock-in instrument that promotes the homologs recombination of a linearized transfer vector and the Pseudorabies virus genome through double incisions. The efficiency of recombination is as high as 86%. To our knowledge, this is the highest efficiency ever reported for Pseudorabies virus recombination. We also demonstrate that the positions and distances of the CRISPR/Cas9 single guide RNAs from the homology arms correlate with the efficiency of homologous recombination. Our work show a simple and fast cloning method of BACs with large genome inserted by greatly enhancing the HR efficiencies through CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology-directed repair mechanism, and this method could be of helpful for manipulating large DNA viruses, and will provide a successful model for insertion of large DNA fragments into other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Ji-Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Jia-Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Hong-Yu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Xue-Hui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
| | - Tong-Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin, China
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4
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Use of a current varicella vaccine as a live polyvalent vaccine vector. Vaccine 2016; 34:296-298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yang L, Li W, Mao L, Hao F, Wang Z, Zhang W, Deng J, Jiang J. Analysis on the complete genome of a novel caprine parainfluenza virus 3. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 38:29-34. [PMID: 26631811 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) is one of the most important viral respiratory pathogens for humans and for many animals. One unique caprine PIV3 (CPIV3) strain named JS2013 was isolated in Chinese goat flocks with respiratory diseases in 2013. Now, the complete genome sequence of the strain JS2013 had been determined. A total of 15 overlapping DNA clones, covering the entire genome of the virus, were obtained by primer walking RT-PCR. The sequences of the 3' and 5' termini of the viral genome were amplified by 3' and 5' RACE. The viral genome was 15,618 nucleotides (nt) in length, which was consisted of six genes in the order 5'-leader-N-P/C/V-M-F-HN-L-tailer-3'. The junction sequences between two genes were highly conserved gene start and stop signal sequences, and trinucleotide intergenic regions (IGR) similar to those of other reported PIV3 strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genomes of JS2013 with other strains of genus Respirovirus demonstrated that the JS2013 obviously differed from HPIV1, Sendai virus, HPIV3 and other reported BPIV3 genotypes. Further analysis of HN genes of JS2013 along with two more CPIV3 strains isolated later indicated that CPIV3 strains formed a separate cluster. The results presented here suggested that CPIV3 is a new member of the genus Respirovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenliang Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Li Mao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhongyu Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiawu Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jieyuan Jiang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing 210014, China.
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Understanding the molecular basis of disease is crucial to improving the design and construction of herpesviral vectors for veterinary vaccines. Vaccine 2015; 33:5897-904. [PMID: 26387436 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are associated with production losses in many animal production industries. Important examples of this are Marek's disease (MD) and bovine respiratory disease (BRD) which are significant issues in the chicken and cattle industries, respectively. Viruses play key roles in MD and BRD development and consequently have also been utilised in vaccination strategies to control these diseases. Despite the widespread availability and use of vaccines to control these diseases both are still major issues for their respective industries. Here the dual role of members of viruses from the family Herpesviridae in causation and control of MD and BRD will be discussed. The technologies that may lead to the development of improved vaccines to provide more sustainable control of MD and BRD will also be identified.
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Tobler K, Fraefel C. Infectious delivery of alphaherpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1227:217-230. [PMID: 25239748 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1652-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) can accommodate and stably propagate the genomes of large DNA viruses in E. coli. As DNA virus genomes are often per se infectious upon transfection into mammalian cells, their cloning in BACs and easy modification by homologous recombination in bacteria has become an important strategy to investigate the functions of individual virus genes. This chapter describes a strategy to clone the genomes of viruses of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily within the family of the Herpesviridae, which is a group of large DNA viruses that can establish both lytic and latent infections in most animal species including humans. The cloning strategy includes the following steps: (1) Construction of a transfer plasmid that contains the BAC backbone with selection and screening markers, and targeting sequences which support homologous recombination between the transfer plasmid and the alphaherpesvirus genome. (2) Introduction of the transfer plasmid sequences into the alphaherpesvirus genome via homologous recombination in mammalian cells. (3) Isolation of recombinant virus genomes containing the BAC backbone sequences from infected mammalian cells and electroporation into E. coli. (4) Preparation of infectious BAC DNA from bacterial cultures and transfection into mammalian cells. (5) Isolation and characterization of progeny virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Tobler
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Virology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland
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Robinson KE, Mahony TJ. Herpesvirus mutagenesis facilitated by infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (iBACs). Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1227:181-97. [PMID: 25239746 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1652-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A critical factor in the study of herpesviruses, their genes and gene functions is the capacity to derive mutants that harbor deletions, truncations, or insertions within the genetic elements of interest. Once constructed the impact of the introduced mutation on the phenotypic properties of the rescued virus can be determined in either in vitro or in vivo systems. However, the construction of such mutants by traditional virological mutagenesis techniques can be a difficult and laborious undertaking. The maintenance of a viral genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (iBAC), however, endows the capacity to manipulate the viral genome for mutagenesis studies with relative ease. Here, the construction and characterization of two gene deletion mutants of an alphaherpesvirus maintained as iBAC in combination with an inducible homologous recombination system in Escherichia coli is detailed. The methodology is generally applicable to any iBAC and is demonstrated to be a highly efficient and informative approach for mutant virus construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Robinson
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Ritchie Building (64C), Research Road, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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9
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Chen L, Yu B, Hua J, Ye W, Ni Z, Yun T, Deng X, Zhang C. Construction of a full-length infectious bacterial artificial chromosome clone of duck enteritis virus vaccine strain. Virol J 2013; 10:328. [PMID: 24195756 PMCID: PMC3827880 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Duck enteritis virus (DEV) is the causative agent of duck viral enteritis, which causes an acute, contagious and lethal disease of many species of waterfowl within the order Anseriformes. In recent years, two laboratories have reported on the successful construction of DEV infectious clones in viral vectors to express exogenous genes. The clones obtained were either created with deletion of viral genes and based on highly virulent strains or were constructed using a traditional overlapping fosmid DNA system. Here, we report the construction of a full-length infectious clone of DEV vaccine strain that was cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). Methods A mini-F vector as a BAC that allows the maintenance of large circular DNA in E. coli was introduced into the intergenic region between UL15B and UL18 of a DEV vaccine strain by homologous recombination in chicken embryoblasts (CEFs). Then, the full-length DEV clone pDEV-vac was obtained by electroporating circular viral replication intermediates containing the mini-F sequence into E. coli DH10B and identified by enzyme digestion and sequencing. The infectivity of the pDEV-vac was validated by DEV reconstitution from CEFs transfected with pDEV-vac. The reconstructed virus without mini-F vector sequence was also rescued by co-transfecting the Cre recombinase expression plasmid pCAGGS-NLS/Cre and pDEV-vac into CEF cultures. Finally, the in vitro growth properties and immunoprotection capacity in ducks of the reconstructed viruses were also determined and compared with the parental virus. Results The full genome of the DEV vaccine strain was successfully cloned into the BAC, and this BAC clone was infectious. The in vitro growth properties of these reconstructions were very similar to parental DEV, and ducks immunized with these viruses acquired protection against virulent DEV challenge. Conclusions DEV vaccine virus was cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome maintaining full-length genome without any deletions or destruction of the viral coding sequence, and the viruses rescued from the DEV-BAC clone exhibited wild-type phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. The generated infectious clone will greatly facilitate studies on the individual genes of DEV and applications in gene deletion or live vector vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Hall RN, Meers J, Mitter N, Fowler EV, Mahony TJ. The Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 genome is partially resistant to transposition. Avian Dis 2013; 57:380-6. [PMID: 23901750 DOI: 10.1637/10339-082912-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The propagation of herpesvirus genomes as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (iBAC) has enabled the application of highly efficient strategies to investigate gene function across the genome. One of these strategies, transposition, has been used successfully on a number of herpesvirus iBACs to generate libraries of gene disruption mutants. Gene deletion studies aimed at determining the dispensable gene repertoire of the Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (MeHV-1) genome to enhance the utility of this virus as a vaccine vector have been conducted in this report. A MeHV-1 iBAC was used in combination with the Tn5 and MuA transposition systems in an attempt to generate MeHV-1 gene interruption libraries. However, these studies demonstrated that Tn5 transposition events into the MeHV-1 genome occurred at unexpectedly low frequencies. Furthermore, characterization of genomic locations of the rare Tn5 transposon insertion events indicated a nonrandom distribution within the viral genome, with seven of the 24 insertions occurring within the gene encoding infected cell protein 4. Although insertion events with the MuA system occurred at higher frequency compared with the Tn5 system, fewer insertion events were generated than has previously been reported with this system. The characterization and distribution of these MeHV-1 iBAC transposed mutants is discussed at both the nucleotide and genomic level, and the properties of the MeHV-1 genome that could influence transposition frequency are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn N Hall
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Oem JK, Lee EY, Lee KK, Kim SH, Lee MH, Hyun BH. Molecular characterization of a Korean bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 isolate. Vet Microbiol 2013; 162:224-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Phylogenetic analysis of the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 from cattle herds revealing the existence of a genotype A strain in China. Virus Genes 2012; 45:542-7. [PMID: 22923090 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0810-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In 2009, a bovine parainfluenza virus (BPIV3), named as NM09, was isolated using MDBK cell culture from the nasal swabs of normal cattle in China. The NM09 isolate was characterized by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. Its complete genome was 15,456 nucleotides in length. Similar to other sequenced PIV strains, the NM09 virus consisted of six non-overlapping genes, which were predicted to encode nine proteins with conserved and complementary 3' leader and 5' trailer regions, conserved gene starts, gene stops, and trinucleotide intergenic sequences. Nucleotide phylogenetic analysis of matrix and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene demonstrated that this NM09 isolate belonged to BPIV3 genotype A instead of the previously reported BPIV3 genotype C in China. It is implicated that the different genotypes A and C might coexist infection for a long time in China.
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Dong XM, Zhu YM, Cai H, Lv C, Gao YR, Yu Z, Xue F. Studies on the pathogenesis of a Chinese strain of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 infection in Balb/c mice. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:199-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Viral bacterial artificial chromosomes: generation, mutagenesis, and removal of mini-F sequences. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:472537. [PMID: 22496607 PMCID: PMC3303620 DOI: 10.1155/2012/472537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance and manipulation of large DNA and RNA virus genomes had presented an obstacle for virological research. BAC vectors provided a solution to both problems as they can harbor large DNA sequences and can efficiently be modified using well-established mutagenesis techniques in Escherichia coli. Numerous DNA virus genomes of herpesvirus and pox virus were cloned into mini-F vectors. In addition, several reverse genetic systems for RNA viruses such as members of Coronaviridae and Flaviviridae could be established based on BAC constructs. Transfection into susceptible eukaryotic cells of virus DNA cloned as a BAC allows reconstitution of recombinant viruses. In this paper, we provide an overview on the strategies that can be used for the generation of virus BAC vectors and also on systems that are currently available for various virus species. Furthermore, we address common mutagenesis techniques that allow modification of BACs from single-nucleotide substitutions to deletion of viral genes or insertion of foreign sequences. Finally, we review the reconstitution of viruses from BAC vectors and the removal of the bacterial sequences from the virus genome during this process.
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15
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Back to BAC: the use of infectious clone technologies for viral mutagenesis. Viruses 2012; 4:211-35. [PMID: 22470833 PMCID: PMC3315213 DOI: 10.3390/v4020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vectors were first developed to facilitate the propagation and manipulation of large DNA fragments in molecular biology studies for uses such as genome sequencing projects and genetic disease models. To facilitate these studies, methodologies have been developed to introduce specific mutations that can be directly applied to the mutagenesis of infectious clones (icBAC) using BAC technologies. This has resulted in rapid identification of gene function and expression at unprecedented rates. Here we review the major developments in BAC mutagenesis in vitro. This review summarises the technologies used to construct and introduce mutations into herpesvirus icBAC. It also explores developing technologies likely to provide the next leap in understanding these important viruses.
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Isolation and genetic characterization of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 from cattle in China. Vet Microbiol 2011; 149:446-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Zhou F, Gao SJ. Recent advances in cloning herpesviral genomes as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:434-40. [PMID: 21245660 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.3.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are common but important pathogens in humans and animals. These viruses have large complex genomes encoding genes with diverse functions in different phases of their life cycle and associated diseases. In the last decade, genomes of herpesviruses cloned as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) have become powerful tools for delineating the functions of viral genes and understanding the pathogenesis of their associated diseases. Here we review the history of herpesviral genetics and recent advances in methods for cloning herpesviral genomes as infectious BACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Zhou
- Tumor virology Program, Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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18
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Azab W, Kato K, Abdel-Gawad A, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Equine herpesvirus 4: recent advances using BAC technology. Vet Microbiol 2011; 150:1-14. [PMID: 21292410 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The equine herpesviruses are major infectious pathogens that threaten equine health. Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is an important equine pathogen that causes respiratory tract disease, known as rhinopneumonitis, among horses worldwide. EHV-4 genome manipulation with subsequent understanding of the viral gene functions has always been difficult due to the limited number of susceptible cell lines and the absence of small-animal models of the infection. Efficient generation of mutants of EHV-4 would significantly contribute to the rapid and accurate characterization of the viral genes. This problem has been solved recently by the cloning of the genome of EHV-4 as a stable and infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) without any deletions of the viral genes. Very low copy BAC vectors are the mainstay of present genomic research because of the high stability of inserted clones and the possibility of mutating any gene target in a relatively short time. Manipulation of EHV-4 genome is now feasible using the power of BAC technology, and should aid greatly in assessing the role of viral genes in the virus-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Herpesvirus BACs: past, present, and future. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:124595. [PMID: 21048927 PMCID: PMC2965428 DOI: 10.1155/2011/124595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses with large and complicated genomes. Genetic manipulation and the generation of recombinant viruses have been extremely difficult. However, herpesvirus bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) that were developed approximately 10 years ago have become useful and powerful genetic tools for generating recombinant viruses to study the biology and pathogenesis of herpesviruses. For example, BAC-directed deletion mutants are commonly used to determine the function and essentiality of viral genes. In this paper, we discuss the creation of herpesvirus BACs, functional analyses of herpesvirus mutants, and future applications for studies of herpesviruses. We describe commonly used methods to create and mutate herpesvirus BACs (such as site-directed mutagenesis and transposon mutagenesis). We also evaluate the potential future uses of viral BACs, including vaccine development and gene therapy.
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Mahony TJ. Bovine herpesvirus: What is missing from our understanding of the relationship between BoHV-1 and BoHV-5? Vet J 2010; 184:124-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gabev E, Fraefel C, Ackermann M, Tobler K. Cloning of Bovine herpesvirus type 1 and type 5 as infectious bacterial artifical chromosomes. BMC Res Notes 2009; 2:209. [PMID: 19828032 PMCID: PMC2770474 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-2-209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine herpesviruses type 1 (BoHV1) and type 5 (BoHV5) are two closely related pathogens of cattle. The identity of the two viruses on the amino acid level averages 82%. Despite their high antigenetic similarities the two pathogens induce distinctive clinical signs. BoHV1 causes respiratory and genital tract infections while BoHV5 leads to severe encephalitis in calves. Findings The viral genomes of BoHV1 and BoHV5 were cloned as infectious bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). First, recombinant viruses carrying the genetic elements for propagation in bacteria were generated. Second, DNA from these recombinant viruses were transferred into prokaryotic cells. Third, DNA from these bacteria were transferred into eukaryotic cells. Progeny viruses from BAC transfections showed similar kinetics as their corresponding wild types. Conclusion The two viral genomes of BoHV1 and BoHV5 cloned as BACs are accessible to the tools of bacterial genetics. The ability to easily manipulate the viral genomes on a molecular level in future experiments will lead to a better understanding of the difference in pathogenesis induced by these two closely related bovine herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni Gabev
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Glazov EA, Horwood PF, Assavalapsakul W, Kongsuwan K, Mitchell RW, Mitter N, Mahony TJ. Characterization of microRNAs encoded by the bovine herpesvirus 1 genome. J Gen Virol 2009; 91:32-41. [PMID: 19793906 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is a ubiquitous and important pathogen of cattle worldwide. This study reports the identification of 10 microRNA (miRNA) genes, Bhv1-mir-B1-Bhv1-mir-B10, encoded by the BoHV-1 genome that were processed into 12 detectable mature miRNAs as determined by ultra-high throughput sequencing bioinformatics analyses of small RNA libraries and expression studies. We found that four of the miRNA genes were present as two copies in the BoHV-1 genome, resulting in a total of 14 miRNA encoding loci. Unique features of the BoHV-1 miRNAs include evidence of bidirectional transcription and a close association of two miRNA genes with the origin of replication, including one miRNA that is encoded within the origin of replication. The miRNA gene Bhv1-mir-B5 was encoded on the opposite DNA strand to the latency associated transcript, potentially giving rise to antisense transcripts originating from this locus. The association of herpesvirus miRNAs with latency appears to be a common feature in the alphaherpesviruses. Analyses of the BoHV-5 genome for putative miRNA gene orthologues identified a high degree of evolutionary conservation for nine of the BoHV-1 miRNA genes. The possible roles for BoHV-1 miRNAs in the regulation of known BoHV-1 transcription units and the genetics of the BoHV-1 genotypes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A Glazov
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Ipswich Road, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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Glazov EA, Kongsuwan K, Assavalapsakul W, Horwood PF, Mitter N, Mahony TJ. Repertoire of bovine miRNA and miRNA-like small regulatory RNAs expressed upon viral infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6349. [PMID: 19633723 PMCID: PMC2713767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) and other types of small regulatory RNAs play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. Several distinct classes of small regulatory RNAs have been discovered in recent years. To extend the repertoire of small RNAs characterized in mammals and to examine relationship between host miRNA expression and viral infection we used Illumina's ultrahigh throughput sequencing approach. We sequenced three small RNA libraries prepared from cell line derived from the adult bovine kidney under normal conditions and upon infection of the cell line with Bovine herpesvirus 1. We used a bioinformatics approach to distinguish authentic mature miRNA sequences from other classes of small RNAs and short RNA fragments represented in the sequencing data. Using this approach we detected 219 out of 356 known bovine miRNAs and 115 respective miRNA* sequences. In addition we identified five new bovine orthologs of known mammalian miRNAs and discovered 268 new cow miRNAs many of which are not identifiable in other mammalian genomes and thus might be specific to the ruminant lineage. In addition we found seven new bovine mirtron candidates. We also discovered 10 small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) loci that give rise to small RNA with possible miRNA-like function. Results presented in this study extend our knowledge of the biology and evolution of small regulatory RNAs in mammals and illuminate mechanisms of small RNA biogenesis and function. New miRNA sequences and the original sequencing data have been submitted to miRNA repository (miRBase) and NCBI GEO archive respectively. We envisage that these resources will facilitate functional annotation of the bovine genome and promote further functional and comparative genomics studies of small regulatory RNA in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Glazov
- Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (EAG); (TJM)
| | - Kritaya Kongsuwan
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wanchai Assavalapsakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul F. Horwood
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Ritchie Building, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Ritchie Building, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Mahony
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, Ritchie Building, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (EAG); (TJM)
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Cloning of the genome of equine herpesvirus 4 strain TH20p as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. Arch Virol 2009; 154:833-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0382-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Robinson KE, Meers J, Gravel JL, McCarthy FM, Mahony TJ. The essential and non-essential genes of Bovine herpesvirus 1. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2851-2863. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an economically important pathogen of cattle associated with respiratory and reproductive disease. To further develop BoHV-1 as a vaccine vector, a study was conducted to identify the essential and non-essential genes required for in vitro viability. Random-insertion mutagenesis utilizing a Tn5 transposition system and targeted gene deletion were employed to construct gene disruption and gene deletion libraries, respectively, of an infectious clone of BoHV-1. Transposon insertion position and confirmation of gene deletion were determined by direct sequencing. The essential or non-essential requirement of either transposed or deleted open reading frames (ORFs) was assessed by transfection of respective BoHV-1 DNA into host cells. Of the 73 recognized ORFs encoded by the BoHV-1 genome, 33 were determined to be essential and 36 to be non-essential for virus viability in cell culture; determining the requirement of the two dual copy ORFs was inconclusive. The majority of ORFs were shown to conform to the in vitro requirements of BoHV-1 homologues encoded by human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1). However, ORFs encoding glycoprotein K (UL53), regulatory, membrane, tegument and capsid proteins (UL54, UL49.5, UL49, UL35, UL20, UL16 and UL7) were shown to differ in requirement when compared to HHV-1-encoded homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E. Robinson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joanne Meers
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Gravel
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Fiona M. McCarthy
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy J. Mahony
- Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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A bovine herpesvirus type 1 mutant virus specifying a carboxyl-terminal truncation of glycoprotein E is defective in anterograde neuronal transport in rabbits and calves. J Virol 2008; 82:7432-42. [PMID: 18480434 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00379-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) is an important component of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in cattle. The ability of BHV-1 to transport anterogradely from neuronal cell bodies in trigeminal ganglia (TG) to nerve ending in the noses and corneas of infected cattle following reactivation from latency plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of BRDC and maintenance of BHV-1 in the cattle population. We have constructed a BHV-1 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone by inserting an excisable BAC plasmid sequence in the long intergenic region between the glycoprotein B (gB) and UL26 genes. A BAC-excised, reconstituted BHV-1 containing only the 34-bp loxP sequence within the gB-UL26 intergenic region was highly infectious in calves, retained wild-type virulence properties, and reactivated from latency following treatment with dexamethasone. Using a two-step Red-mediated mutagenesis system in Escherichia coli, we constructed a gE cytoplasmic tail-truncated BHV-1 and a gE-rescued BHV-1. Following primary infection, the gE cytoplasmic tail-truncated virus was efficiently transported retrogradely from the nerve endings in the nose and eye to cell bodies in the TG of calves and rabbits. However, following dexamethasone-induced reactivation from latency, the gE mutant virus was not isolated from nasal and ocular sheddings. Reverse transcriptase PCR assays detected VP5 transcription in the TG of rabbits infected with gE-rescued and gE cytoplasmic tail-truncated viruses during primary infection and after dexamethasone treatment but not during latency. Therefore, the BHV-1gE cytoplasmic tail-truncated virus reactivated in the TG; however, it had defective anterograde transport from TG to nose and eye in calves and rabbits.
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27
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An overlapping bacterial artificial chromosome system that generates vectorless progeny for channel catfish herpesvirus. J Virol 2008; 82:3872-81. [PMID: 18234790 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02152-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are important pathogens of humans and other animals. Herpesvirus infectious clones that can reconstitute phenotypically wild-type (wt) virus are extremely valuable tools for elucidating the roles of specific genes in virus pathophysiology as well as for making vaccines. Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 (channel catfish herpesvirus [CCV]) is economically very important and is the best characterized of the herpesviruses that occur primarily in bony fish and amphibians. Here, we describe the cloning of the hitherto recalcitrant CCV genome as three overlapping subgenomic bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). These clones allowed us to regenerate vectorless wt CCVs with a phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of the wt CCV from which the BACs were derived. To test the recombinogenic systems, we next used the overlapping BACs to construct a full-length CCV BAC by replacing the CCV ORF5 with the BAC cassette and cotransfecting CCO cells. The viral progeny that we used to transform Escherichia coli and the resulting BAC had only one of the 18-kb terminal repeated regions. Both systems suggest that one of the terminal repeat regions is lost during the replicative stage of the CCV life cycle. We also demonstrated the feasibility of introducing a targeted mutation into the CCV BAC infectious clone by constructing a CCV ORF12 deletion mutant and showed that ORF12 encodes a nonessential protein for virus replication. This is the first report of the generation of an infectious BAC clone of a member of the fish and amphibian herpesviruses and its use to generate recombinants.
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28
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Yoshii H, Somboonthum P, Takahashi M, Yamanishi K, Mori Y. Cloning of full length genome of varicella-zoster virus vaccine strain into a bacterial artificial chromosome and reconstitution of infectious virus. Vaccine 2007; 25:5006-12. [PMID: 17540483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) Oka vaccine strain (vOka) has been cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), and several BAC clones with the vOka genome have been obtained. Infectious viruses were reconstituted in MRC-5 cells transfected with the vOka-BAC DNA clones. The clones were distributed into two groups based on differences in amino acids found in ORF 62/71 region among the vOka-BAC clones. The recombinant vOka (rvOka) grew slower than recombinant Oka parental virus (rpOka), pOka and vOka. This is the first report that the vOka genome was cloned into BAC vector. The rvOka-BAC system would be useful as a vector for construction of recombinant live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Yoshii
- Laboratory of Virology and Vaccinology, Division of Biomedical Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 7-6-8, Saito-Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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29
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Muylkens B, Meurens F, Schynts F, Farnir F, Pourchet A, Bardiau M, Gogev S, Thiry J, Cuisenaire A, Vanderplasschen A, Thiry E. Intraspecific bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants carrying glycoprotein E deletion as a vaccine marker are virulent in cattle. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2149-2154. [PMID: 16847110 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines used in control programmes of Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) utilize highly attenuated BoHV-1 strains marked by a deletion of the glycoprotein E (gE) gene. Since BoHV-1 recombinants are obtained at high frequency in experimentally coinfected cattle, the consequences of recombination on the virulence of gE-negative BoHV-1 were investigated. Thus, gE-negative BoHV-1 recombinants were generated in vitro from several virulent BoHV-1 and one mutant BoHV-1 deleted in the gC and gE genes. Four gE-negative recombinants were tested in the natural host. All the recombinants were more virulent than the gE-negative BoHV-1 vaccine and the gC- and gE-negative parental BoHV-1. The gE-negative recombinant isolated from a BoHV-1 field strain induced the highest severe clinical score. Latency and reactivation studies showed that three of the recombinants were reexcreted. Recombination can therefore restore virulence of gE-negative BoHV-1 by introducing the gE deletion into a different virulence background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Muylkens
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | - François Meurens
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | | | - Frédéric Farnir
- Department of Animal Production, Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | - Aldo Pourchet
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | - Marjorie Bardiau
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | - Sacha Gogev
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | - Julien Thiry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | - Adeline Cuisenaire
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | - Alain Vanderplasschen
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster 20 B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman (Liège), Belgium
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Dewals B, Boudry C, Gillet L, Markine-Goriaynoff N, de Leval L, Haig DM, Vanderplasschen A. Cloning of the genome of Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 as an infectious and pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:509-517. [PMID: 16476972 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), carried asymptomatically by wildebeest, causes malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) following cross-species transmission to a variety of susceptible species of the order Artiodactyla. The study of MCF pathogenesis has been impeded by an inability to produce recombinant virus, mainly due to the fact that AlHV-1 becomes attenuated during passage in culture. In this study, these difficulties were overcome by cloning the entire AlHV-1 genome as a stable, infectious and pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). A modified loxP-flanked BAC cassette was inserted in one of the two large non-coding regions of the AlHV-1 genome. This insertion allowed the production of an AlHV-1 BAC clone stably maintained in bacteria and able to regenerate virions when transfected into permissive cells. The loxP-flanked BAC cassette was excised from the genome of reconstituted virions by growing them in permissive cells stably expressing Cre recombinase. Importantly, BAC-derived AlHV-1 virions replicated comparably to the virulent (low-passage) AlHV-1 parental strain and induced MCF in rabbits that was indistinguishable from that of the virulent parental strain. The availability of the AlHV-1 BAC is an important advance for the study of MCF that will allow the identification of viral genes involved in MCF pathogenesis, as well as the production of attenuated recombinant candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dewals
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - C Boudry
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L Gillet
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - N Markine-Goriaynoff
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - L de Leval
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - D M Haig
- The Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - A Vanderplasschen
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Immunology-Vaccinology (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Muylkens B, Meurens F, Schynts F, de Fays K, Pourchet A, Thiry J, Vanderplasschen A, Antoine N, Thiry E. Biological characterization of bovine herpesvirus 1 recombinants possessing the vaccine glycoprotein E negative phenotype. Vet Microbiol 2006; 113:283-91. [PMID: 16321480 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular recombination is a frequent event during the replication cycle of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Recombinant viruses frequently arise and survive in cattle after concomitant nasal infections with two BoHV-1 mutants. The consequences of this process, related to herpesvirus evolution, have to be assessed in the context of large use of live marker vaccines based on glycoprotein E (gE) gene deletion. In natural conditions, double nasal infections by vaccine and wild-type strains are likely to occur. This situation might generate virulent recombinant viruses inducing a serological response indistinguishable from the vaccine one. This question was addressed by generating in vitro BoHV-1 recombinants deleted in the gE gene from seven wild-type BoHV-1 strains and one mutant strain deleted in the genes encoding gC and gE. In vitro growth properties were assessed by virus production, one step growth kinetics and plaque size assay. Heterogeneity in the biological properties was shown among the investigated recombinant viruses. The results demonstrated that some recombinants, in spite of their gE minus phenotype, have biological characteristics close to wild-type BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Muylkens
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Arii J, Hushur O, Kato K, Kawaguchi Y, Tohya Y, Akashi H. Construction of an infectious clone of canine herpesvirus genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1054-63. [PMID: 16515874 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine herpesvirus (CHV) is an attractive candidate not only for use as a recombinant vaccine to protect dogs from a variety of canine pathogens but also as a viral vector for gene therapy in domestic animals. However, developments in this area have been impeded by the complicated techniques used for eukaryotic homologous recombination. To overcome these problems, we used bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) to generate infectious BACs. Our findings may be summarized as follows: (i) the CHV genome (pCHV/BAC), in which a BAC flanked by loxP sites was inserted into the thymidine kinase gene, was maintained in Escherichia coli; (ii) transfection of pCHV/BAC into A-72 cells resulted in the production of infectious virus; (iii) the BAC vector sequence was almost perfectly excisable from the genome of the reconstituted virus CHV/BAC by co-infection with CHV/BAC and a recombinant adenovirus that expressed the Cre recombinase; and (iv) a recombinant virus in which the glycoprotein C gene was deleted was generated by lambda recombination followed by Flp recombination, which resulted in a reduction in viral titer compared with that of the wild-type virus. The infectious clone pCHV/BAC is useful for the modification of the CHV genome using bacterial genetics, and CHV/BAC should have multiple applications in the rapid generation of genetically engineered CHV recombinants and the development of CHV vectors for vaccination and gene therapy in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Arii
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Gillet L, Daix V, Donofrio G, Wagner M, Koszinowski UH, China B, Ackermann M, Markine-Goriaynoff N, Vanderplasschen A. Development of bovine herpesvirus 4 as an expression vector using bacterial artificial chromosome cloning. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:907-917. [PMID: 15784885 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80718-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Several features make bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) attractive as a backbone for use as a viral expression vector and/or as a model to study gammaherpesvirus biology. However, these developments have been impeded by the difficulty in manipulating its large genome using classical homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells. In the present study, the feasibility of exploiting bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) cloning and prokaryotic recombination technology for production of BoHV-4 recombinants was explored. Firstly, the BoHV-4 genome was BAC cloned using two potential insertion sites. Both sites of insertion gave rise to BoHV-4 BAC clones stably maintained in bacteria and able to regenerate virions when transfected into permissive cells. Reconstituted virus replicated comparably to wild-type parental virus and the loxP-flanked BAC cassette was excised by growing them on permissive cells stably expressing Cre recombinase. Secondly, BoHV-4 recombinants expressing Ixodes ricinus anti-complement protein I or II (IRAC I/II) were produced using a two-step mutagenesis procedure in Escherichia coli. Both recombinants induced expression of high levels of functional IRAC molecules in the supernatant of infected cells. This study demonstrates that BAC cloning and prokaryotic recombination technology are powerful tools for the development of BoHV-4 as an expression vector and for further fundamental studies of this gammaherpesvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gillet
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - V Daix
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - G Donofrio
- Dipartimento di Salute Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Sezione di Malattie Infettive degli Animali, Università degli Studi di Parma, I-43100 Parma, Italy
| | - M Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - U H Koszinowski
- Department of Virology, Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - B China
- Food Sciences Department (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M Ackermann
- Institute for Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - N Markine-Goriaynoff
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - A Vanderplasschen
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (B43b), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Kawaguchi Y, Tanaka M. [BAC system: A novel method for manipulation of herpesvirus genomes based on bacterial genetics]. Uirusu 2005; 54:255-64. [PMID: 15745165 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.54.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although methods for reverse genetics of herpesviruses have been established in early 1980s, the steps are laborious and time-consuming. In 1997, Dr. Koszinwski's group reported a novel approach for the construction of herpesvirus mutants, based on cloning the viral genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) in E. coli. This technique allows the maintenance of viral genomes as plasmid in E. coli and the reconstitution of viral progeny by transfection of the BAC plasmid into eukaryotic cells. Any genetics modification of the viral genome in E. coli using bacterial genetics is possible, thereby facilitating the introduction of mutagenesis into herpesvirus genome. This 'BAC system' has opened new avenues for reverse and forward genetics of herpesviruses in basic research and in vector development for human therapy. Here we describe the principle of the 'BAC system' in herpesvirus researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Kanda T, Yajima M, Ahsan N, Tanaka M, Takada K. Production of high-titer Epstein-Barr virus recombinants derived from Akata cells by using a bacterial artificial chromosome system. J Virol 2004; 78:7004-15. [PMID: 15194777 PMCID: PMC421639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.13.7004-7015.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 02/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome in Burkitt's lymphoma-derived cell line Akata was cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector. The BAC clone, designated AK-BAC, was rapidly and precisely modified by means of efficient homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. This system was used to produce recombinant EBVs with transgenes. An expression cassette of green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inserted into AK-BAC, and the resultant BAC clone, AK-BAC-GFP, was transfected into Akata cells. We found that transfected BAC plasmids efficiently formed episomes in EBV-positive Akata cells. Mixtures of wild-type and AK-BAC-GFP viruses were then produced and used to infect EBV-negative Akata cells. We obtained cell clones that harbored only AK-BAC-GFP but no wild-type episome. These cell clones produced infectious viruses after stimulating virus production, and the recombinant viruses of AK-BAC-GFP efficiently immortalized primary B lymphocytes. We further revised the method so that any kind of cDNA could be rapidly inserted into the unique I-PpoI site that had been artificially introduced into AK-BAC. The AK-BAC system will have a broad range of applications, such as genetic analyses of various viral gene products and development of viral vectors for human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teru Kanda
- Center for Virus Vector Development, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
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White RE, Calderwood MA, Whitehouse A. Generation and precise modification of a herpesvirus saimiri bacterial artificial chromosome demonstrates that the terminal repeats are required for both virus production and episomal persistence. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:3393-3403. [PMID: 14645920 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) is the prototype gamma-2 herpesvirus, and shares considerable homology with the human gammaherpesviruses Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Epstein–Barr virus. The generation of herpesvirus mutants is a key facet in the study of virus biology. The use of F-factor-based bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) to clone and modify the genomes of herpesviruses has enhanced the variety, precision and simplicity of mutant production. Here we describe the cloning of the genome of HVS non-transforming strain A11-S4 into a BAC. The cloning of the BAC elements disrupts open reading frame (ORF) 15 but the HVS-BAC can still replicate at levels similar to wild-type virus, and can persistently infect fibroblasts. The HVS-BAC was modified by RecA-mediated recombination initially to substitute reporter genes and also to delete the terminal repeats (TR). After deletion of the TR, the HVS-BAC fails to enter a productive virus lytic cycle, and cannot establish a persistent episomal infection when transfected into fibroblast cell lines. This shows that while ORF 15 is dispensable for virus function in vitro, the TR is required for both virus latency and lytic virus production. In addition, the HVS-BAC promises to be a valuable tool that can be used for the routine and precise production and analysis of viral mutants to further explore gammaherpesvirus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E White
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael A Calderwood
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adrian Whitehouse
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Chang WLW, Barry PA. Cloning of the full-length rhesus cytomegalovirus genome as an infectious and self-excisable bacterial artificial chromosome for analysis of viral pathogenesis. J Virol 2003; 77:5073-83. [PMID: 12692210 PMCID: PMC153942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.9.5073-5083.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigorous investigation of many functions encoded by cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) requires analysis in the context of virus-host interactions. To facilitate the construction of rhesus CMV (RhCMV) mutants for in vivo studies, a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cassette was engineered into the intergenic region between unique short 1 (US1) and US2 of the full-length viral genome by Cre/lox-mediated recombination. Infectious virions were recovered from rhesus fibroblasts transfected with pRhCMV/BAC-EGFP. However, peak virus yields of cells infected with reconstituted progeny were 10-fold lower than wild-type RhCMV, suggesting that inclusion of the 9-kb BAC sequence impeded viral replication. Accordingly, pRhCMV/BAC-EGFP was further modified to enable efficient excision of the BAC vector from the viral genome after transfection into mammalian cells. Allelic exchange was performed in bacteria to substitute the cre recombinase gene for egfp. Transfection of rhesus fibroblasts with pRhCMV/BAC-Cre resulted in a pure progeny population lacking the vector backbone without the need of further manipulation. The genomic structure of the BAC-reconstituted virus, RhCMV-loxP(r), was identical to that of wild-type RhCMV except for the residual loxP site. The presence of the loxP sequence did not alter the expression profiles of neighboring open reading frames. In addition, RhCMV-loxP(r) replicated with wild-type kinetics both in tissue culture and seronegative immunocompetent macaques. Restriction analysis of the viral genome present within individual BAC clones and virions revealed that (i) RhCMV exhibits a simple genome structure and that (ii) there is a variable number of a 750-bp iterative sequence present at the S terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L William Chang
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Medical Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
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Narayanan K, Warburton PE. DNA modification and functional delivery into human cells using Escherichia coli DH10B. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31:e51. [PMID: 12711696 PMCID: PMC154239 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gng051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of almost the complete human genome as cloned BAC libraries represents a valuable resource for functional genomic analysis, which, however, has been somewhat limited by the ability to modify and transfer this DNA into mammalian cells intact. Here we report a novel comprehensive Escherichia coli-based vector system for the modification, propagation and delivery of large human genomic BAC clones into mammalian cells. The GET recombination inducible homologous recombination system was used in the BAC host strain E.coli DH10B to precisely insert an EGFPneo cassette into the vector portion of a approximately 200 kb human BAC clone, providing a relatively simple method to directly convert available BAC clones into suitable vectors for mammalian cells. GET recombination was also used for the targeted deletion of the asd gene from the E.coli chromosome, resulting in defective cell wall synthesis and diaminopimelic acid auxotrophy. Transfer of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin gene into E.coli DH10B asd(-) rendered it competent to invade HeLa cells and deliver DNA, as judged by transient expression of green fluorescent protein and stable neomycin-resistant colonies. The efficiency of DNA transfer and survival of HeLa cells has been optimized for incubation time and multiplicity of infection of invasive E.coli with HeLa cells. This combination of E.coli-based homologous recombination and invasion technologies using BAC host strain E.coli DH10B will greatly improve the utility of the available BAC libraries from the human and other genomes for gene expression and functional genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaran Narayanan
- Department of Human Genetics, Box 1498, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1425 Madison Avenue, East Building 14-52A, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Mahony TJ, McCarthy FM, Gravel JL, Young PL. Rapid and efficient construction of recombinant bovine herpesvirus 1 genomes. J Virol Methods 2003; 107:269-74. [PMID: 12505643 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle. Recombinant bovine herpesvirus 1 viruses (rBoHV) have been studied extensively as potential vaccines for BoHV-1 associated diseases. A method is described which advances protocols used currently for constructing rBoHV by producing recombinant viruses free of parent virus. The method, restriction endonuclease mediated recombination (REMR), utilises a unique NsiI site in the BoHV-1 genome. Following NsiI digestion the two genomic fragments are prevented from recombining by dephosphorylation. However, when the genomic fragments are co-transfected into a susceptible cell-line with a third DNA fragment (DNA bridge), which encodes DNA homologous to the digested viral termini, the three DNA molecules are able to undergo homologous recombination and produce infectious BoHV-1. During the recombination process foreign DNA within the DNA bridge is incorporated into the BoHV-1 genome, producing rBoHV. In the absence of the DNA bridge virus reconstitution does not occur thus eliminating contamination by the nonrecombinant parent virus. As REMR used an NsiI site occurring naturally in the BoHV-1 genome it can be used for the insertion of foreign DNA into the genome without any prior modifications. REMR could also be applied to any herpesvirus for which the genome sequence is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mahony
- Queensland Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Gehrmann Laboratories, Research Road, 4072, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Trapp S, Osterrieder N, Keil GM, Beer M. Mutagenesis of a bovine herpesvirus type 1 genome cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome: analysis of glycoprotein E and G double deletion mutants. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:301-306. [PMID: 12560561 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of bovine herpesvirus type 1 Schönböken was cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) by inserting mini F plasmid sequences into the glycoprotein (g) E gene. The resulting BAC clone, pBHV-1DeltagE, was transfected into bovine kidney cells and viable gE-negative BHV-1 (BHV-1DeltagE) was recovered. By RecE/T mutagenesis in Escherichia coli, the gG open reading frame was deleted from pBHV-1DeltagE. From the mutated BAC, double negative BHV-1DeltagE-gG was reconstituted and its growth properties were compared to those of rescuant viruses in which the gE gene was restored (BHV-1rev, BHV-1DeltagG). The mutant viruses did not exhibit markedly lowered virus titres. Plaque sizes of BHV-1DeltagE, BHV-1DeltagE-gG and BHV-1DeltagG, however, were reduced by 19 to 55 % compared to parental strain Schönböken or BHV-1rev. Our results suggested that gE and gG function independently from each other in cell-to-cell spread, because an additive effect on plaque formation was observed in the gE/gG double deletion mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Trapp
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Boddenblick 5a, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Boddenblick 5a, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Günther M Keil
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Boddenblick 5a, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute for Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institutes, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Boddenblick 5a, D-17498 Insel Riems, Germany
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