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Arya D, Jaggi U, Wang S, Tormanen K, Che M, Mahov S, Jin L, Ghiasi H. A novel GFP-based strategy to quantitate cellular spatial associations in HSV-1 viral pathogenesis. mBio 2024:e0145424. [PMID: 39248563 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01454-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodic reactivation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) triggers immune responses that result in corneal scarring (CS), known as herpes stromal keratitis (HSK). Despite considerable research, fully understanding HSK and eliminating it remains challenging due to a lack of comprehensive analysis of HSV-1-infected immune cells in both corneas and trigeminal ganglia (TG). We engineered a recombinant HSV-1 expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the virulent McKrae virus strain that does not require corneal scarification for efficient virus replication (GFP-McKrae). Next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis, along with in vitro and in vivo assays, showed that GFP-McKrae virus was similar to WT-McKrae virus. Furthermore, corneal cells infected with GFP-McKrae were quantitatively analyzed using image mass cytometry (IMC). The single-cell reconstruction data generated cellular maps of corneas based on the expression of 25 immune cell markers in GFP-McKrae-infected mice. Corneas from mock control mice showed the presence of T cells and macrophages, whereas corneas from GFP-McKrae-infected mice on days 3 and 5 post-infection (PI) exhibited increased immune cells. Notably, on day 3 PI, increased GFP expression was observed in closely situated clusters of DCs, macrophages, and epithelial cells. By day 5 PI, macrophages and T cells became prominent. Finally, immunostaining methods detected HSV-1 or GFP and gD proteins in latently infected TG. This study presents a valuable strategy for identifying cellular spatial associations in viral pathogenesis and holds promise for future therapeutic applications.IMPORTANCEThe goal of this study was to establish quantitative approaches to analyze immune cell markers in HSV-1-infected intact corneas and trigeminal ganglia from primary and latently infected mice. This allowed us to define spatial and temporal interactions between specific immune cells and their potential roles in virus replication and latency. To accomplish this important goal, we took advantage of the utility of GFP-McKrae virus as a valuable research tool while also highlighting its potential to uncover previously unrecognized cell types that play pivotal roles in HSV-1 replication and latency. Such insights will pave the way for developing targeted therapeutic approaches to tackle HSV-1 infections more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Arya
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mingtian Che
- Applied Genomics, Computation, and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Simeon Mahov
- Applied Genomics, Computation, and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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2
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Erek M, Matur E. Effects of different housing systems on the oxidative defence system, heterophil functions, cellular immune response and cytokines in laying hens. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39230878 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2395500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
1. This study investigated the effects of different housing systems on oxidative defence mechanisms, heterophil functions, cellular immune response and cytokine production in laying hens. One hundred and twenty laying hens were allocated into one of four groups: conventional cages, furnished cages, deep litter, and free range.2. Housing system did not affect malondialdehyde concentrations and enzymatic antioxidant status. Ascorbic acid values were higher in deep-litter hens than in those in conventional cages and free range.3. Phagocytic and chemotactic activities tended to rise in the deep-litter system, and oxidative burst was higher than in furnished cages. Cytotoxic T cells were decreased in furnished cages, both cytotoxic and helper T cells decreased in deep litter compared to free range.4. The IL-2 and IL-13 expression was higher in deep litter than in conventional cages, and IL-6 expression was higher in furnished cages than in free range.5. Housing system had no significant effects on the oxidative defence system; however, they affected heterophil functions, cellular defence mechanisms and cytokine production. The results suggested that breeders need to consider the housing system's potential effects on immune defence responses while applying a breeding strategy appropriate for animal welfare and consumer demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Erek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - E Matur
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Fazel F, Matsuyama-Kato A, Alizadeh M, Zheng J, Fletcher C, Gupta B, St-Denis M, Boodhoo N, Sharif S. A Marek's Disease Virus Messenger RNA-Based Vaccine Modulates Local and Systemic Immune Responses in Chickens. Viruses 2024; 16:1156. [PMID: 39066318 PMCID: PMC11281610 DOI: 10.3390/v16071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), caused by the Marek's disease virus, is a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens that can be controlled by vaccination. However, the current vaccines can limit tumor growth and death but not virus replication and transmission. The present study aimed to evaluate host responses following intramuscular injection of an mRNA vaccine encoding gB and pp38 proteins of the MDV within the first 36 h. The vaccine was injected in low and high doses using prime and prime-boost strategies. The expression of type I and II interferons (IFNs), a panel of interferon-stimulated genes, and two key antiviral cytokines, IL-1β and IL-2, were measured in spleen and lungs after vaccination. The transcriptional analysis of the above genes showed significant increases in the expression of MDA5, Myd88, IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ, IRF7, OAS, Mx1, and IL-2 in both the spleen and lungs within the first 36 h of immunization. Secondary immunization increased expression of all the above genes in the lungs. In contrast, only IFN-γ, MDA5, MyD88, Mx1, and OAS showed significant upregulation in the spleen after the secondary immunization. This study shows that two doses of the MDV mRNA vaccine encoding gB and pp38 antigens activate innate and adaptive responses and induce an antiviral state in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Hao X, Li J, Wang J, Zhou Z, Yuan X, Pan S, Zhu J, Zhang F, Yin S, Yang Y, Hu S, Shang S. Co-administration of chicken IL-2 alleviates clinical signs and replication of the ILTV chicken embryo origin vaccine by pre-activating natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 2023; 97:e0132223. [PMID: 37882519 PMCID: PMC10688355 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01322-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Chickens immunized with the infectious laryngotracheitis chicken embryo origin (CEO) vaccine (Medivac, PT Medion Farma Jaya) experience adverse reactions, hindering its safety and effective use in poultry flocks. To improve the effect of the vaccine, we sought to find a strategy to alleviate the respiratory reactions associated with the vaccine. Here, we confirmed that co-administering the CEO vaccine with chIL-2 by oral delivery led to significant alleviation of the vaccine reactions in chickens after immunization. Furthermore, we found that the co-administration of chIL-2 with the CEO vaccine reduced the clinical signs of the CEO vaccine while enhancing natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to decrease viral loads in their tissues, particularly in the trachea and conjunctiva. Importantly, we demonstrated that the chIL-2 treatment can ameliorate the replication of the CEO vaccine without compromising its effectiveness. This study provides new insights into further applications of chIL-2 and a promising strategy for alleviating the adverse reaction of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinjie Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Pan
- Dalian Sanyi Animal Medicine Co., Ltd, Dalian, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Shandong Binzhou Wohua Biotech Co., Ltd, Binzhou, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shi Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Zhao K, Li X, Lei B, Han Y, An T, Zhang W, Zhang H, Li B, Yuan W. Recombinant porcine Interferon-α and Interleukin-2 fusion protein (rPoIFNα+IL-2) shows potent anti-pseudorabies virus activity in vitro and in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2023; 279:109678. [PMID: 36758273 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) variants have been widely prevalent since 2011, leading to substantial losses to the swine industry. Although PRV can cause cross-species transmission and induce human infection, no drugs can currently prevent PRV infection. Interferons (IFNs) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) are important cytokines that mediate several biological functions including antiviral activity and immune regulation. In this study, we expressed and purified a recombinant porcine IFN-α and IL-2 fusion protein (rPoIFNα+IL-2), which did not show a cytotoxic effect on PK-15 cells. The antiviral activity was evaluated in PK-15 cells using the cytopathic effect inhibition method, and the results indicated that rPoIFNα+IL-2 can inhibit the replication of PRV, with an antiviral activity of approximately 104 U/mL. Moreover, the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was enhanced by rPoIFNα+IL-2. Additionally, rPoIFNα+IL-2 substantially increased the expression of IFN-stimulated genes, including IFIT1, ISG15, MX1, and OAS, which are critical for antiviral activity. Furthermore, rPoIFNα+IL-2 alleviated the clinical symptoms and reduced mortality in mice infected with PRV. Simultaneously, rPoIFNα+IL-2 increased the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 and inhibited the expression of IL-1β and IL-6. Additionally, the viral DNA copies in different tissues in the rPoIFNα+IL-2-treated group were lower than those in the untreated group. These findings indicate that rPoIFNα+IL-2 may serve as an antiviral agent for the prevention and treatment of PRV infection and may expand the potential function of IFN antiviral drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baishi Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Ying Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Chengde City Veterinary Drug Management Station, Chengde, China
| | - Bosen Li
- Chengde City Veterinary Drug Management Station, Chengde, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.
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Hirose S, Wang S, Jaggi U, Matundan HH, Kato M, Song XY, Molesworth-Kenyon SJ, Lausch RN, Ghiasi H. IL-17A expression by both T cells and non-T cells contribute to HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102486. [PMID: 36817487 PMCID: PMC9931899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that a recombinant HSV-1 expressing murine IL-2 (HSV-IL-2) causes CNS demyelination in different strains of mice and in a T cell-dependent manner. Since TH17 cells have been implicated in CNS pathology, in the present study, we looked into the effects of IL-17A-/- and three of its receptors on HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination. IL-17A-/- mice did not develop CNS demyelination, while IL-17RA-/-, IL-17RC-/-, IL-17RD-/- and IL-17RA-/-RC-/- mice developed CNS demyelination. Adoptive transfer of T cells from wild-type (WT) mice to IL-17A-/- mice or T cells from IL-17A-/- mice to Rag-/- mice induced CNS demyelination in infected mice. Adoptive T cell experiments suggest that both T cells and non-T cells expressing IL-17A contribute to HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination with no difference in the severity of demyelination between the two groups of IL-17A producing cells. IL-6, IL-10, or TGFβ did not contribute to CNS demyelination in infected mice. Transcriptome analysis between IL-17A-/- brain and spinal cord of infected mice with and without T cell transfer from WT mice revealed that "neuron projection extension involved in neuron projection guidance" and "ensheathment of neurons" pathways were associated with CNS demyelination. Collectively, the results indicate the importance of IL-17A in CNS demyelination and the possible involvement of more than three of IL-17 receptors in CNS demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Harry H. Matundan
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mihoko Kato
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Xue-Ying Song
- Applied Genomics, Computation, and Translational Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Robert N. Lausch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, Al, United States
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Impact of a Demyelination-Inducing Central Nervous System Virus on Expression of Demyelination Genes in Type 2 Lymphoid Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01934-20. [PMID: 33208451 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01934-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the role of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in central nervous system (CNS) demyelination using a model of CNS demyelination involving recombinant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) that constitutively expresses mouse interleukin 2 (HSV-IL-2). In this investigation, we studied how ILC2s respond to HSV-IL-2 at the cellular level using cytokine and gene expression profiling. ILC2s infected with HSV-IL-2 expressed higher levels of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, IP-10, MIP-2, and RANTES, which include proinflammatory cytokines, than did those infected with parental control virus. In contrast, TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-9, which are typically expressed by ILC2s, were not induced upon HSV-IL-2 infection. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of HSV-IL-2 infected ILC2s showed significant upregulation of over 350 genes and downregulation of 157 genes compared with parental virus-infected ILC2s. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis indicated that genes related to "mitosis" and "inflammatory response" were among the upregulated genes, suggesting that HSV-IL-2 infection drives the excessive proliferation and atypical inflammatory response of ILC2s. This change in ILC2 activation state could underlie the pathology of demyelinating diseases.IMPORTANCE Innate lymphocytes have plasticity and can change functionality; type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) can convert to ILC1 or ILC3 cells or change their activation state to produce IL-17 or IL-10 depending on environmental cues. In this study, we investigated the gene and cytokine profiles of ILC2s, which play a major role in HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination. ILC2s infected with HSV-IL-2 displayed a massive remodeling of cellular state. Additionally, ILC2s infected with HSV-IL-2 differed from those infected with parental HSV in cellular and viral gene expression profiles and in cytokine/chemokine induction, and they displayed enhanced activation and proinflammatory responses. These changes in ILC2 activation state could underlie the pathology of demyelinating diseases. These results also highlight the possible importance of pathogens as environmental cues to modify innate lymphocyte functionalities.
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Hirose S, Tormanen K, Kato M, Yu J, Ghiasi H. Protocol for a mouse CNS demyelination model induced by a combination of HSV-1 and IL-2. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100287. [PMID: 33521681 PMCID: PMC7820129 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2020.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Although viruses have been suggested to be a contributing environmental factor, conventional experimental MS mouse models do not account for this aspect. Here, we describe a mouse model to induce and evaluate demyelinating disease with both a viral and an immune component via ocular infection with a recombinant herpes simplex virus expressing murine interleukin-2. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hirose et al. (2020). We developed a model to induce demyelinating disease using HSV-1 expressing IL-2 Recombinant HSV-1 incorporates environmental (HSV-1) and immune factors (IL-2) We describe the steps to induce and evaluate demyelinating disease using our protocol
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirose
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mihoko Kato
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Jack Yu
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology & Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Hirose S, Jahani PS, Wang S, Jaggi U, Tormanen K, Yu J, Kato M, Akbari O, Ghiasi H. Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Induce CNS Demyelination in an HSV-IL-2 Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. iScience 2020; 23:101549. [PMID: 33083718 PMCID: PMC7522755 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that infection of different mouse strains with a recombinant HSV-1 expressing IL-2 (HSV-IL-2) caused CNS demyelination. Histologic examination of infected IL-2rα-/-, IL-2rβ-/-, and IL-2rγ-/- mice showed demyelination in the CNS of IL-2rα-/- and IL-2rβ-/- mice but not in the CNS of IL-2rγ-/--infected mice. No demyelination was detected in mice infected with control virus. IL-2rγ-/- mice that lack type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and ILCs, play important roles in host defense and inflammation. We next infected ILC1-/-, ILC2-/-, and ILC3-/- mice with HSV-IL-2 or wild-type (WT) HSV-1. In contrast to ILC1-/- and ILC3-/- mice, no demyelination was detected in the CNS of ILC2-/--sinfected mice. However, transfer of ILC2s from WT mice to ILC2-/- mice restored demyelination in infected recipient mice. CNS demyelination correlated with downregulation of CCL5 and CXCL10. This study demonstrates that ILC2s contribute to HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Hirose
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Pedram Shafiei Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ujjaldeep Jaggi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Kati Tormanen
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jack Yu
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Mihoko Kato
- Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Department of Surgery, Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, SSB3, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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An M2 Rather than a T H2 Response Contributes to Better Protection against Latency Reactivation following Ocular Infection of Naive Mice with a Recombinant Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Expressing Murine Interleukin-4. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00051-18. [PMID: 29491152 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00051-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We found previously that altering macrophage polarization toward M2 responses by injection of colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) was more effective in reducing both primary and latent infections in mice ocularly infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) than M1 polarization by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) injection. Cytokines can coordinately regulate macrophage and T helper (TH) responses, with interleukin-4 (IL-4) inducing type 2 TH (TH2) as well as M2 responses and IFN-γ inducing TH1 as well as M1 responses. We have now differentiated the contributions of these immune compartments to protection against latency reactivation and corneal scarring by comparing the effects of infection with recombinant HSV-1 in which the latency-associated transcript (LAT) gene was replaced with either the IL-4 (HSV-IL-4) or IFN-γ (HSV-IFN-γ) gene using infection with the parental (LAT-negative) virus as a control. Analysis of peritoneal macrophages in vitro established that the replacement of LAT with the IL-4 or IFN-γ gene did not affect virus infectivity and promoted polarization appropriately. Protection against corneal scarring was significantly higher in mice ocularly infected with HSV-IL-4 than in those infected with HSV-IFN-γ or parental virus. Levels of primary virus replication in the eyes and trigeminal ganglia (TG) were similar in the three groups of mice, but the numbers of gC+ cells were lower on day 5 postinfection in the eyes of HSV-IL-4-infected mice than in those infected with HSV-IFN-γ or parental virus. Latency and explant reactivation were lower in both HSV-IL-4- and HSV-IFN-γ-infected mice than in those infected with parental virus, with the lowest level of latency being associated with HSV-IL-4 infection. Higher latency correlated with higher levels of CD8, PD-1, and IFN-γ mRNA, while reduced latency and T-cell exhaustion correlated with lower gC+ expression in the TG. Depletion of macrophages increased the levels of latency in all ocularly infected mice compared with their undepleted counterparts, with macrophage depletion increasing latency in the HSV-IL-4 group greater than 3,000-fold. Our results suggest that shifting the innate macrophage immune responses toward M2, rather than M1, responses in HSV-1 infection would improve protection against establishment of latency, reactivation, and eye disease.IMPORTANCE Ocular HSV-1 infections are among the most frequent serious viral eye infections in the United States and a major cause of virus-induced blindness. As establishment of a latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia results in recurrent infection and is associated with corneal scarring, prevention of latency reactivation is a major therapeutic goal. It is well established that absence of latency-associated transcripts (LATs) reduces latency reactivation. Here we demonstrate that recombinant HSV-1 expressing IL-4 (an inducer of TH2/M2 responses) or IFN-γ (an inducer of TH1/M1 responses) in place of LAT further reduced latency, with HSV-IL-4 showing the highest overall protective efficacy. In naive mice, this higher protective efficacy was mediated by innate rather than adaptive immune responses. Although both M1 and M2 macrophage responses were protective, shifting macrophages toward an M2 response through expression of IL-4 was more effective in curtailing ocular HSV-1 latency reactivation.
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Chandler VK, Wares JP. RNA expression and disease tolerance are associated with a "keystone mutation" in the ochre sea star Pisaster ochraceus. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3696. [PMID: 28828278 PMCID: PMC5562136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An overdominant mutation in an intron of the elongation factor 1-α (EF1A) gene in the sea star Pisaster ochraceus has shown itself to mediate tolerance to "sea star wasting disease", a pandemic that has significantly reduced sea star populations on the Pacific coast of North America. Here we use RNA sequencing of healthy individuals to identify differences in constitutive expression of gene regions that may help explain this tolerance phenotype. Our results show that individuals carrying this mutation have lower expression at a large contingent of gene regions. Individuals without this mutation also appear to have a greater cellular response to temperature stress, which has been implicated in the outbreak of sea star wasting disease. Given the ecological significance of P. ochraceus, these results may be useful in predicting the evolutionary and demographic future for Pacific intertidal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Katelyn Chandler
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - John P. Wares
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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Lee DH, Zandian M, Kuo J, Mott KR, Chen S, Arditi M, Ghiasi H. Suppression of IL-12p70 formation by IL-2 or following macrophage depletion causes T-cell autoreactivity leading to CNS demyelination in HSV-1-infected mice. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006401. [PMID: 28542613 PMCID: PMC5456410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established two mouse models of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination that differ from most other available models of multiple sclerosis (MS) in that they represent a mixture of viral and immune triggers. In the first model, ocular infection of different strains of mice with a recombinant HSV-1 that expresses murine IL-2 constitutively (HSV-IL-2) causes CNS demyelination. In the second model, depletion of macrophages causes CNS demyelination in mice that are ocularly infected with wild-type (WT) HSV-1. In the present study, we found that the demyelination in macrophage-intact mice infected with HSV-IL-2 was blocked by depletion of FoxP3-expressing cells, while concurrent depletion of macrophages restored demyelination. In contrast, demyelination was blocked in the macrophage-depleted mice infected with wild-type HSV-1 following depletion of FoxP3-expressing cells. In macrophage-depleted HSV-IL-2-infected mice, demyelination was associated with the activity of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, whereas in macrophage-depleted mice infected with WT HSV-1, demyelination was associated with CD4+ T cells. Macrophage depletion or infection with HSV-IL-2 caused an imbalance of T cells and TH1 responses as well as alterations in IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 but not other members of the IL-12 family or their receptors. Demyelination was blocked by adoptive transfer of macrophages that were infected with HSV-IL-12p70 or HSV-IL-12p40 but not by HSV-IL-12p35. These results indicate that suppression of IL-12p70 formation by IL-2 or following macrophage depletion causes T-cell autoreactivity leading to CNS demyelination in HSV-1-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhong Hyun Lee
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC – SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mandana Zandian
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC – SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jane Kuo
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC – SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. Mott
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC – SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shuang Chen
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSMC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSMC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, CSMC – SSB3, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Interrelationship of Primary Virus Replication, Level of Latency, and Time to Reactivation in the Trigeminal Ganglia of Latently Infected Mice. J Virol 2016; 90:9533-42. [PMID: 27512072 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01373-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We sought to determine the possibility of an interrelationship between primary virus replication in the eye, the level of viral DNA in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) during latency, and the amount of virus reactivation following ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Mice were infected with virulent (McKrae) or avirulent (KOS and RE) strains of HSV-1, and virus titers in the eyes and TG during primary infection, level of viral gB DNA in TG on day 28 postinfection (p.i.), and virus reactivation on day 28 p.i. as measured by explant reactivation were calculated. Our results suggest that the avirulent strains of HSV-1, even after corneal scarification, had lower virus titers in the eye, had less latency in the TG, and took a longer time to reactivate than virulent strains of HSV-1. The time to explant reactivation of avirulent strains of HSV-1 was similar to that of the virulent LAT((-)) McKrae-derived mutant. The viral dose with the McKrae strain of HSV-1 affected the level of viral DNA and time to explant reactivation. Overall, our results suggest that there is no absolute correlation between primary virus titer in the eye and TG and the level of viral DNA in latent TG and time to reactivation. IMPORTANCE Very little is known regarding the interrelationship between primary virus replication in the eye, the level of latency in TG, and the time to reactivate in the mouse model. This study was designed to answer these questions. Our results point to the absence of any correlation between the level of primary virus replication and the level of viral DNA during latency, and neither was an indicator of how rapidly the virus reactivated following explant TG-induced reactivation.
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Susta L, Diel DG, Courtney S, Cardenas-Garcia S, Sundick RS, Miller PJ, Brown CC, Afonso CL. Expression of chicken interleukin-2 by a highly virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus leads to decreased systemic viral load but does not significantly affect mortality in chickens. Virol J 2015; 12:122. [PMID: 26253150 PMCID: PMC4528788 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, interleukin 2 (IL-2) has been shown to decrease replication or attenuate pathogenicity of numerous viral pathogens (herpes simplex virus, vaccinia virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus) by activating natural killer cells (NK), cytotoxic T lymphocytes and expanding subsets of memory cells. In chickens, IL-2 has been shown to activate T cells, and as such it might have the potential to affect replication and pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). METHODS To assess the effect of IL-2 during NDV infection in chickens, we produced a recombinant virulent NDV strain expressing chicken IL-2 (rZJ1-IL2). The effects of IL-2 expression were investigated in vivo using the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in day-old chicks and pathogenesis experiments in 4-week-old chickens. In these studies, rZJ1-IL2 was compared to a control virus expressing the green fluorescent protein (rZJ1-GFP). Assessed parameters included survival curves, detailed histological and immunohistochemical grading of lesions in multiple organs, and virus isolation in blood, spleen and mucosal secretions of infected birds. RESULTS At the site of infection (eyelid), expression of IL-2 was demonstrated in areas of rZJ-IL2 replication, confirming IL-2 production in vivo. Compared to rZJ1-GFP strain, rZJ1-IL2 caused milder lesions and displayed decreased viral load in blood, spleen and mucosal secretions of infected birds. In the rZJ1-IL2-infected group, virus level in the blood peaked at day 4 post-infection (pi) (10(3.46) EID50 /0.1 ml) and drastically decreased at day 5 pi (10(0.9) EID50/0.1 ml), while in the rZJ1-GFP-infected group virus levels in the blood reached 10(5.35) EID50/0.1 ml at day 5. However, rZJ1-IL2-infected groups presented survival curves similar to control birds infected with rZJ1-GFP, with comparable clinical signs and 100 % mortality. Further, expression of IL-2 did not significantly affect the ICPI scores, compared to rZJ1-GFP strain. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of chicken IL-2 during virulent NDV replication in naïve chickens decreased viral titers in blood, spleens, oral and cloacal secretions on day 4-5 post infection. This is consistent with the previously described role of IL-2 in enhancing the clearance of viruses in mammals, such as human respiratory syncytial virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Susta
- USDA ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605, USA. .,Present address: Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Diego G Diel
- USDA ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605, USA. .,Present address: Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Sean Courtney
- USDA ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| | - Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia
- USDA ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| | - Roy S Sundick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Patti J Miller
- USDA ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| | - Corrie C Brown
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| | - Claudio L Afonso
- USDA ARS, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
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Mutations within the pathogenic region of herpes simplex virus 1 gK signal sequences alter cell surface expression and neurovirulence. J Virol 2014; 89:2530-42. [PMID: 25505072 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03506-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED To investigate the role of the signal sequences of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) gK on virus replication and viral pathogenesis, we constructed recombinant viruses with or without mutations within the signal sequences of gK. These recombinant viruses expressed two additional copies of the mutated (MgK) or native (NgK) form of the gK gene in place of the latency-associated transcript with a myc epitope tag to facilitate detection at their 3' ends. The replication of MgK virus was similar to that of NgK both in vitro and in vivo, as well as in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of latently infected mice. The levels of gB and gK transcripts in the corneas, TG, and brains of infected mice on days 3 and 5 postinfection were markedly virus and time dependent, as well as tissue specific. Mutation in the signal sequence of gK in MgK virus blocked cell surface expression of gK-myc in rabbit skin cells, increased 50% lethal dose, and decreased corneal scarring in ocularly infected mice compared to the NgK or revertant (RgK) virus. MgK and NgK viruses, and not the RgK virus, showed a reduced extent of explant reactivation at the lower dose of ocular infection but not at the higher dose. However, the time of reactivation was not affected by overexpression of the different forms of gK. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that the 8mer peptide (ITAYGLVL) within the signal sequence of gK promotes cell surface expression of gK in infected cells and ocular pathogenesis in infected mice. IMPORTANCE In this study, we show for the first time that mutations within the signal sequence of gK blocked cell surface expression of inserted recombinant gK in vitro. Furthermore, this blockage in cell surface expression was correlated with higher 50% lethal dose and less corneal scarring in vivo. Thus, these studies point to a key role for the 8mer within the signal sequence of gK in HSV-1-induced pathogenicity.
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A comparative study of experimental mouse models of central nervous system demyelination. Gene Ther 2014; 21:599-608. [PMID: 24718267 PMCID: PMC4047154 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Several mouse models of multiple sclerosis (MS) are now available. We have established a mouse model, in which ocular infection with a recombinant HSV-1 that expresses murine IL-2 constitutively (HSV-IL-2) causes CNS demyelination in different strains of mice. This model differs from most other models in that it represents a mixture of viral and immune triggers. In the present study, we directly compared MOG35–55, MBP35–47, and PLP190–209 models of EAE with our HSV-IL-2-induced MS model. Mice with HSV-IL-2-induced and MOG-induced demyelinating diseases demonstrated a similar pattern and distribution of demyelination in their brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In contrast, no demyelination was detected in the optic nerves of MBP- and PLP-injected mice. IFN-β injections significantly reduced demyelination in brains of all groups, in the spinal cords of the MOG and MBP groups, and completely blocked it in the spinal cords of the PLP and HSV-IL-2 groups as well as in optic nerves of MOG and HSV-IL-2 groups. In contrast to IFN-β treatment, IL-12p70 protected the HSV-IL-2 group from demyelination, while IL-4 was not effective at all in preventing demyelination. MOG-injected mice showed clinical signs of paralysis and disease-related mortality whereas mice in the other treatment groups did not. Collectively, the results indicate that the HSV-IL-2 model and the MOG model complement each other and, together, provide unique insights into the heterogeneity of human MS.
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Mott KR, Allen SJ, Zandian M, Akbari O, Hamrah P, Maazi H, Wechsler SL, Sharpe AH, Freeman GJ, Ghiasi H. Inclusion of CD80 in HSV targets the recombinant virus to PD-L1 on DCs and allows productive infection and robust immune responses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87617. [PMID: 24475315 PMCID: PMC3903765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD80 plays a critical role in stimulation of T cells and subsequent control of infection. To investigate the effect of CD80 on HSV-1 infection, we constructed a recombinant HSV-1 virus that expresses two copies of the CD80 gene in place of the latency associated transcript (LAT). This mutant virus (HSV-CD80) expressed high levels of CD80 and had similar virus replication kinetics as control viruses in rabbit skin cells. In contrast to parental virus, this CD80 expressing recombinant virus replicated efficiently in immature dendritic cells (DCs). Additionally, the susceptibility of immature DCs to HSV-CD80 infection was mediated by CD80 binding to PD-L1 on DCs. This interaction also contributed to a significant increase in T cell activation. Taken together, these results suggest that inclusion of CD80 as a vaccine adjuvant may promote increased vaccine efficacy by enhancing the immune response directly and also indirectly by targeting to DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Mott
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sariah J. Allen
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mandana Zandian
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hadi Maazi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Wechsler
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, the Department of Ophthalmology, the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, and the Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Arlene H. Sharpe
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns & Allen Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gu L, Han Y, Liu W, Mao Y, Li J, Wang H. The expression of IL-2 and IL-4 in CD4(+) T cells from mouse lymph nodes and spleen during HSV-1-induced facial palsy. Inflamm Res 2013; 63:117-25. [PMID: 24281729 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is regarded as an important underlying cause of Bell's palsy, but the immunologic mechanism remains unknown. Here, we employed a mouse facial paralysis model to investigate the expressions of CD4(+) T lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)-2 and -4 in the left draining cervical lymph nodes (LCLN) and spleen, as well as the inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids (GCs). METHODS HSV-1 was inoculated into the surface of the posterior auricle to generate the facial paralysis model. The paralyzed mice were divided into three groups; in one group without any treatment, mice were killed at different time points, and those in the other two groups were injected with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) or with a combination of MPSS and GC receptor blocker (RU486). The expression levels of CD4(+) T lymphocytes and CD4(+)-IL-2(+) and CD4(+)-IL-4(+) cells in the LCLN and spleen were detected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RESULTS Expression levels of CD4(+), IL-2, and IL-4 first increased then decreased in LCLN and spleen and peaked 5 and 7 days, respectively, after the manifestation of facial paralysis. All the data at the peak points were significantly different compared with control (p < 0.05), and these effects were inhibited by MPSS. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CD4(+), IL-2, and IL-4 participate in the HSV-1-induced facial paralysis immune response. MPSS can effectively attenuate HSV-1-mediated nervous system damage, which is associated with its inhibitory effect on expression of these inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Gu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250022, People's Republic of China
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Role of interleukin-2 and herpes simplex virus 1 in central nervous system demyelination in mice. J Virol 2013; 87:12102-9. [PMID: 23986600 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02241-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that ocular infection of different strains of mice with recombinant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) constitutively expressing interleukin-2 (IL-2) provokes central nervous system (CNS) demyelination and optic neuropathy, as determined by changes in visual evoked cortical potentials and pathological changes in the optic nerve and CNS, whereas recombinant viruses expressing IL-4, gamma interferon, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, or IL-12p70 do not induce this neuropathy. The goal of this study was to dissect the mechanism underlying the interplay between the immune system (elevation of IL-2) and an environmental factor (infection with HSV-1) that elicits this pathology. Similar results were obtained upon delivery of IL-2 into the mouse brain using osmotic minipumps or injection of mice with recombinant IL-2 protein, IL-2 DNA, or IL-2 synthetic peptides prior to infection with wild-type (wt) HSV-1 strains McKrae and KOS. The critical role of IL-2 is further supported by our data, indicating that a single mutation at position T27A in IL-2 completely blocks the HSV-1-induced pathology. This study shows a novel model of autoimmunity in which viral infection and enhanced IL-2 cause CNS demyelination.
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Zandian M, Mott KR, Allen SJ, Dumitrascu O, Kuo JZ, Ghiasi H. Use of cytokine immunotherapy to block CNS demyelination induced by a recombinant HSV-1 expressing IL-2. Gene Ther 2011; 18:734-42. [PMID: 21412284 PMCID: PMC3118258 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We previously have described a model of multiple sclerosis (MS) in which constitutive expression of murine interleukin (IL)-2 by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (HSV-IL-2) causes central nervous system (CNS) demyelination in different strains of mice. In the current study, we investigated whether this HSV-IL-2-induced demyelination can be blocked using recombinant viruses expressing different cytokines or by injection of plasmid DNA. We have found that coinfection of HSV-IL-2-infected mice with recombinant viruses expressing IL-12p35, IL-12p40 or IL-12p35+IL-12p40 did not block the CNS demyelination, and that coinfection with a recombinant virus expressing interferon (IFN)-γ exacerbated it. In contrast, coinfection with a recombinant virus expressing IL-4 reduced demyelination, whereas coinfection of HSV-IL-2-infected mice with a recombinant HSV-1 expressing the IL-12 heterodimer (HSV-IL-12p70) blocked the CNS demyelination in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, injection of IL-12p70 DNA blocked HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination in a dose-dependent manner and injection of IL-35 DNA significantly reduced CNS demyelination. Injection of mice with IL-12p35 DNA, IL-12p40 DNA, IL-12p35+IL-12p40 DNA or IL-23 DNA did not have any effect on HSV-IL-2-induced demyelination, whereas injection of IL-27 DNA increased the severity of the CNS demyelination in the HSV-IL-2-infected mice. This study demonstrates for the first time that IL-12p70 can block HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination and that IL-35 can also reduce this demyelination, whereas IFN-γ and IL-27 exacerbated the demyelination in the CNS of the HSV-IL-2-infected mice. Our results suggest a potential role for IL-12p70 and IL-35 signaling in the inhibition of HSV-IL-2-induced immunopathology by preventing development of autoaggressive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zandian
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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IL-2 suppression of IL-12p70 by a recombinant HSV-1 expressing IL-2 induces T-cell auto-reactivity and CNS demyelination. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16820. [PMID: 21364747 PMCID: PMC3041759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the role of cellular infiltrates in CNS demyelination in immunocompetent mice, we have used a model of multiple sclerosis (MS) in which different strains of mice are infected with a recombinant HSV-1 expressing IL-2. Histologic examination of the mice infected with HSV-IL-2 demonstrates that natural killer cells, dendritic cells, B cells, and CD25 (IL-2rα) do not play any role in the HSV-IL-2-induced demyelination. T cell depletion, T cell knockout and T cell adoptive transfer experiments suggest that both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells contribute to HSV-IL-2-induced CNS demyelination with CD8+ T cells being the primary inducers. In the adoptive transfer studies, all of the transferred T cells irrespective of their CD25 status at the time of transfer were positive for expression of FoxP3 and depletion of FoxP3 blocked CNS demyelination by HSV-IL-2. The expression levels of IL-12p35 relative to IL-12p40 differed in BM-derived macrophages infected with HSV-IL-2 from those infected with wild-type HSV-1. HSV-IL-2-induced demyelination was blocked by injecting HSV-IL-2-infected mice with IL-12p70 DNA. This study demonstrates that suppression of the IL-12p70 function of macrophages by IL-2 causes T cells to become auto-aggressive. Interruption of this immunoregulatory axis results in demyelination of the optic nerve, the spinal cord and the brain by autoreactive T cells in the HSV-IL-2 mouse model of MS.
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Mott KR, Wechsler SL, Ghiasi H. Ocular infection of mice with an avirulent recombinant HSV-1 expressing IL-4 and an attenuated HSV-1 strain generates virulent recombinants in vivo. Mol Vis 2010; 16:2153-62. [PMID: 21139679 PMCID: PMC2994333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the relative impact of overexpression of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 4 (IL-4), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expressing recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) on altering immune responses in ocularly infected mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were co-infected ocularly with avirulent HSV-1 strain KOS and avirulent recombinant HSV-1 expressing murine IL-4 (HSV-IL-4). Controls mice were co-infected with KOS+HSV-IL-2 or KOS+HSV-IFNγ. Following ocular infection, virus replication in the eye, corneal scarring (CS), and survival were determined. We also isolated recombinant viruses from eye and trigeminal ganglia of KOS+HSV-IL-4 infected mice. RESULTS In this study we found that ocular infection of BALB/c mice with a mixture of HSV-IL-4 and KOS resulted in increased death and increased eye disease. In contrast, when mice were infected in one eye with KOS and the other eye with HSV-IL-4 no death or eye disease was seen. Intraperitoneal co-infection of mice with KOS and HSV-IL-4 also did not result in HSV-1 induced death. Interestingly, ocular infection of mice with a mixture of HSV-IL-2 and KOS did not have any effect on severity of the disease in infected mice. We isolated recombinant viruses from KOS+HSV-IL-4 infected mice eye and trigeminal ganglia. Some of the isolated viruses were more neurovirulent then either parental virus. Infection of macrophages with IL-4 expressing virus down-regulated IL-12 production by macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a role for IL-4 in suppression of immune response and generation of virulent viruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R. Mott
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, CSMC Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven L. Wechsler
- Virology Research, The Gavin S. Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA,The Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research Laboratories, CSMC Burns & Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA
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Zandian M, Belisle R, Mott KR, Nusinowitz S, Hofman FM, Ghiasi H. Optic neuritis in different strains of mice by a recombinant HSV-1 expressing murine interleukin-2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:3275-82. [PMID: 19234357 PMCID: PMC6217944 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors have shown previously that a recombinant HSV-1 that constitutively expresses two copies of murine IL-2 (HSV-IL-2) induces demyelination by activated CD8(+) T cells in the brain and spinal cord of ocularly infected female BALB/c mice. The present study was conducted to determine whether the ocular infection with this recombinant virus induces optic neuritis independent of virus dose, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) background, or sex. METHODS Female BALB/c, C57BL/6, SJL/6, and 129SVE mice and male BALB/c mice were ocularly infected with different doses of recombinant HSV-IL-2 virus. Demyelination of optic nerves in infected mice was monitored histologically using Luxol fast blue staining and by measurement of visual-evoked cortical potentials (VECPs). RESULTS Both focal and diffuse regions of demyelination of the optic nerves were observed in the HSV-IL-2-infected mice as early as day 10 after infection and as late as day 60 after infection (the final experimental time point) in all strains of mice tested. Optic nerve demyelination was not observed in control mice ocularly infected with HSV-IL-4 or wild-type HSV-1. VECP responses were delayed significantly in the HSV-IL-2-infected mice compared with mice infected with control viruses. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate for the first time that a combination of viral infection and constitutive expression of IL-2, but not IFN-gamma or IL-4, can result in demyelination and visual impairment in the optic nerves of ocularly infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Zandian
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Raelene Belisle
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kevin R. Mott
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven Nusinowitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Florence M. Hofman
- Department of Pathology, USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Homayon Ghiasi
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, Los Angeles, California
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Osorio Y, La Point SF, Nusinowitz S, Hofman FM, Ghiasi H. CD8+-dependent CNS demyelination following ocular infection of mice with a recombinant HSV-1 expressing murine IL-2. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:1-18. [PMID: 15817260 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2004] [Revised: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases comprise a spectrum of immunopathologic syndromes in which myelin, the fatty covering of nerve cell fibers in the brain and spinal cord, is destroyed. In this study, we have shown for the first time that ocular infection of BALB/c mice with a recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) expressing IL-2 (HSV-IL-2) results in CNS demyelination as determined by light microscopy and EM. The demyelinated lesions involve periventricular white matter, brain stem, and spinal cord white matter. Demyelination was detected in the CNS of infected mice up to 75 days (the longest time point tested) post HSV-IL-2 infection. In contrast, mice infected with HSV-IFN-gamma or HSV-IL-4, which are identical to HSV-IL-2 but express IFN-gamma or IL-4 instead of IL-2, did not exhibit demyelination. Control mice infected with wild-type HSV-1 or parental virus also remained free of these symptoms. During early times (days 3-7), post-infection with HSV-IL-2 virus, a T(H)1 + T(H)2 pattern of cytokines was produced by lymphocytes of infected mice while mice infected with HSV-IFN-gamma or control viruses produced a T(H)1 pattern of cytokine. By day 21 post-infection, all infected groups exhibited a T(H)1 pattern of response. Immunohistochemistry and FACS analyses of infiltrates in the brains and spinal cords of HSV-IL-2-infected mice showed elevations in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and macrophages. However, T cell depletion studies suggest that only central memory CD8+ T cells are directly involved in the demyelination process, with macrophages being involved through a bystander effect.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/pathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Keratitis, Herpetic/immunology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/pathology
- Keratitis, Herpetic/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanira Osorio
- Center for Neurobiology and Vaccine Development, Ophthalmology Research, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Burns and Allen Research Institute, CSMC-D2024, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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