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Mohamed HT, El-Sharkawy AA, El-Shinawi M, Schneider RJ, Mohamed MM. Inflammatory Breast Cancer: The Secretome of HCMV+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages Enhances Proliferation, Invasion, Colony Formation, and Expression of Cancer Stem Cell Markers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:899622. [PMID: 35847899 PMCID: PMC9281473 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.899622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly aggressive phenotype of breast cancer that is characterized by a high incidence early metastasis. We previously reported a significant association of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in the carcinoma tissues of IBC patients but not in the adjacent normal tissues. HCMV-infected macrophages serve as “mobile vectors” for spreading and disseminating virus to different organs, and IBC cancer tissues are highly infiltrated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that enhance IBC progression and promote breast cancer stem cell (BCSC)-like properties. Therefore, there is a need to understand the role of HCMV-infected TAMs in IBC progression. The present study aimed to test the effect of the secretome (cytokines and secreted factors) of TAMs derived from HCMV+ monocytes isolated from IBC specimens on the proliferation, invasion, and BCSC abundance when tested on the IBC cell line SUM149. HCMV+ monocytes were isolated from IBC patients during modified radical mastectomy surgery and tested in vitro for polarization into TAMs using the secretome of SUM149 cells. MTT, clonogenic, invasion, real-time PCR arrays, PathScan Intracellular Signaling array, and cytokine arrays were used to characterize the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs for their effect on the progression of SUM149 cells. The results showed that the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs expressed high levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 cytokines compared to HCMV- TAMs. In addition, the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs induced the proliferation, invasion, colony formation, and expression of BCSC-related genes in SUM149 cells compared to mock untreated cells. In addition, the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs activated the phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules p-STAT3, p-AMPKα, p-PRAS40, and p-SAPK/JNK in SUM149 cells. In conclusion, this study shows that the secretome of HCMV+ TAMs enhances the proliferation, invasion, colony formation, and BCSC properties by activating the phosphorylation of p-STAT3, p-AMPKα, p-PRAS40, and p-SAPK/JNK intracellular signaling molecules in IBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Taha Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Hossam Taha Mohamed,
| | | | - Mohamed El-Shinawi
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Galala University, Suez, Egypt
| | - Robert J. Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mona Mostafa Mohamed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Sector of International Cooperation, Galala University, Suez, Egypt
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Mehta A, Khasiyev F, Wright CB, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Elkind MSV, Gutierrez J. Intracranial Large Artery Stenosis and Past Infectious Exposures: Results From the NOMAS Cohort. Stroke 2022; 53:1589-1596. [PMID: 35105181 PMCID: PMC9038664 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial large artery stenosis (ILAS) is an important contributor to ischemic stroke in the United States and worldwide. There is evidence to suggest that chronic exposure to certain infectious agents may also be associated with ILAS. We aimed to study this association further in an ethnically diverse, prospective, population-based sample of Northern Manhattan. METHODS We enrolled a random sample of stroke-free participants from an urban, racially, and ethnically diverse community in 1993. Participants have been followed prospectively and a subset underwent brain magnetic resonance angiograms from 2003 to 2008. Intracranial stenoses of the circle of Willis and vertebrobasilar arteries were scored as 0=no stenosis, 1≤50% (or luminal irregularities), 2=50% to 69%, 3≥70% stenosis, and 4=flow gap. We summed the individual score of each artery to produce a global ILAS score (possible range, 0-44). Past infectious exposure to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 was determined using serum antibody titers. RESULTS Among 572 NOMAS (Northern Manhattan Study) participants (mean age 71.0±8.0 years, 60% women, 68% Hispanic) with available magnetic resonance angiogram and serological data, herpes simplex virus 2 (beta=0.051, P<0.001) and cytomegalovirus (beta=0.071, P<0.05) were associated with ILAS score after adjusting for demographics and vascular risk factors. Stratifying by anterior and posterior circulations, herpes simplex virus 2 remained associated with the anterior circulation (beta=0.055 P<0.01) but not with posterior circulation ILAS score. CONCLUSIONS Chronic infectious exposures, specifically herpes simplex virus 2 and cytomegalovirus were associated with asymptomatic ILAS as seen on magnetic resonance angiogram imaging. This may represent an additional target of intervention in the ongoing effort to stem the substantial global burden of strokes related to ILAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Mehta
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farid Khasiyev
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Clinton B. Wright
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ralph L. Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mitchell SV Elkind
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose Gutierrez
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Min CK, Shakya AK, Lee BJ, Streblow DN, Caposio P, Yurochko AD. The Differentiation of Human Cytomegalovirus Infected-Monocytes Is Required for Viral Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:368. [PMID: 32850474 PMCID: PMC7411144 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral dissemination is a key mechanism responsible for persistence and disease following human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Monocytes play a pivotal role in viral dissemination to organ tissue during primary infection and following reactivation from latency. For example, during primary infection, infected monocytes migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages, which then become a source of viral replication. In addition, because differentiated macrophages can survive for months to years, they provide a potential persistent infection source in various organ systems. We broadly note that there are three phases to infection and differentiation of HCMV-infected monocytes: (1) Virus enters and traffics to the nucleus through a virus receptor ligand engagement event that activates a unique signalsome that initiates the monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation process. (2) Following initial infection, HCMV undergoes a "quiescence-like state" in monocytes lasting for several weeks and promotes monocyte differentiation into macrophages. While, the initial event is triggered by the receptor-ligand engagement, the long-term cellular activation is maintained by chronic viral-mediated signaling events. (3) Once HCMV infected monocytes differentiate into macrophages, the expression of immediate early viral (IE) genes is detectable, followed by viral replication and long term infectious viral particles release. Herein, we review the detailed mechanisms of each phase during infection and differentiation into macrophages and discuss the biological significance of the differentiation of monocytes in the pathogenesis of HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Ki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Akhalesh K Shakya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Byeong-Jae Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Daniel N Streblow
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Patrizia Caposio
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Andrew D Yurochko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Center of Excellence in Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
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4
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L'Huillier AG, Ferreira VH, Ku T, Bahinskaya I, Kumar D, Humar A. Improving our mechanistic understanding of the indirect effects of CMV infection in transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:2495-2504. [PMID: 30916879 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an immunomodulatory virus that indirectly increases the risk for bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. However, the pathogenesis of this phenomenon is poorly understood. We determined whether inflammatory responses to different Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands are blunted during CMV infection in solid-organ transplant (SOT) patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 38 SOT patients with and without CMV were incubated in the presence of various viral, fungal, and bacterial TLR ligands. Cytokines were measured in the supernatant by multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients had blunted cytokine responses to bacterial, fungal, and viral ligands during CMV infection when compared to the absence of CMV infection. This was independent of viral load, clinical presentation of CMV infection or immunosuppression, supporting the clinical observation in SOT recipients that CMV infection increases susceptibility to bacterial, fungal, and other viral infections. Moreover, in the absence of CMV infection, patients with subsequent CMV infection had lower cytokines in response to TLR ligands compared to those without subsequent CMV infection, suggesting that inherent differences in patients not directly related to CMV also contribute to this increased susceptibility. In summary, these data provide novel ex vivo evidence to support indirect effects of CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud G L'Huillier
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor H Ferreira
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terrance Ku
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilona Bahinskaya
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Atul Humar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Becker J, Kinast V, Döring M, Lipps C, Duran V, Spanier J, Tegtmeyer PK, Wirth D, Cicin-Sain L, Alcamí A, Kalinke U. Human monocyte-derived macrophages inhibit HCMV spread independent of classical antiviral cytokines. Virulence 2019; 9:1669-1684. [PMID: 30403913 PMCID: PMC7000197 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1535785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of healthy individuals with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is usually unnoticed and results in life-long latency, whereas HCMV reactivation as well as infection of newborns or immunocompromised patients can cause life-threatening disease. To better understand HCMV pathogenesis we studied mechanisms that restrict HCMV spread. We discovered that HCMV-infected cells can directly trigger plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to mount antiviral type I interferon (IFN-I) responses, even in the absence of cell-free virus. In contrast, monocyte-derived cells only expressed IFN-I when stimulated by cell-free HCMV, or upon encounter of HCMV-infected cells that already produced cell-free virus. Nevertheless, also in the absence of cell-free virus, i.e., upon co-culture of infected epithelial/endothelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages (moMΦ) or dendritic cells (moDC), antiviral responses were induced that limited HCMV spread. The induction of this antiviral effect was dependent on cell-cell contact, whereas cell-free supernatants from co-culture experiments also inhibited virus spread, implying that soluble factors were critically needed. Interestingly, the antiviral effect was independent of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IFN-I as indicated by cytokine inhibition experiments using neutralizing antibodies or the vaccinia virus-derived soluble IFN-I binding protein B18R, which traps human IFN-α and IFN-β. In conclusion, our results indicate that human macrophages and dendritic cells can limit HCMV spread by IFN-I dependent as well as independent mechanisms, whereas the latter ones might be particularly relevant for the restriction of HCMV transmission via cell-to-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Becker
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Volker Kinast
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Marius Döring
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Christoph Lipps
- b Model Systems for Infection and Immunity , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Veronica Duran
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Pia-Katharina Tegtmeyer
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- b Model Systems for Infection and Immunity , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- c Department of Vaccinology , Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , Braunschweig , Germany.,d German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) , Hannover-Braunschweig site , Germany.,e Institute for Virology , Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- f Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa , Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- a Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School , Hannover , Germany
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Korbecki J, Gutowska I, Kojder I, Jeżewski D, Goschorska M, Łukomska A, Lubkowska A, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. New extracellular factors in glioblastoma multiforme development: neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15, sphingosine-1-phosphate and cytomegalovirus infection. Oncotarget 2018; 9:7219-7270. [PMID: 29467963 PMCID: PMC5805549 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of cancer. For example, more significance is now assigned to the tumor microenvironment, especially with regard to intercellular signaling in the tumor niche which depends on many factors secreted by tumor cells. In addition, great progress has been made in understanding the influence of factors such as neurotensin, growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), and infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) on the 'hallmarks of cancer' in glioblastoma multiforme. Therefore, in the present work we describe the influence of these factors on the proliferation and apoptosis of neoplastic cells, cancer stem cells, angiogenesis, migration and invasion, and cancer immune evasion in a glioblastoma multiforme tumor. In particular, we discuss the effect of neurotensin, GDF-15, S1P (including the drug FTY720), and infection with CMV on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), microglial cells, neutrophil and regulatory T cells (Treg), on the tumor microenvironment. In order to better understand the role of the aforementioned factors in tumoral processes, we outline the latest models of intratumoral heterogeneity in glioblastoma multiforme. Based on the most recent reports, we discuss the problems of multi-drug therapy in treating glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biała, 43-309 Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kojder
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Jeżewski
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Goschorska
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Łukomska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Pasquereau S, Al Moussawi F, Karam W, Diab Assaf M, Kumar A, Herbein G. Cytomegalovirus, Macrophages and Breast Cancer. Open Virol J 2017; 11:15-27. [PMID: 28567162 PMCID: PMC5420183 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901711010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a betaherpesvirus that is highly host specific, infects among others epithelial cells and macrophages, and has been recently mentioned as having oncomodulatory properties. HCMV is detected in the breast tumor tissue where macrophages, especially tumor associated macrophages, are associated with a poor prognosis. In this review, we will discuss the potential implication of HCMV in breast cancer with emphasis on the role played by macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pasquereau
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - F Al Moussawi
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - W Karam
- Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | | | - A Kumar
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - G Herbein
- Pathogens & Inflammation/EPILAB Laboratory, Department of Virology, University of Franche-Comté, COMUE Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, UPRES EA4266, SFR FED 4234, CHRU Besançon, Besançon, France
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CD13 Autoantibodies Are Elevated in Sera From Mothers of Infants With Neonatal Cholestasis of Different Causes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:76-82. [PMID: 27203397 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection induces production of CD13-specific autoantibodies, which may promote inflammation and tissue damage. HCMV infection has been suggested as a cause of biliary atresia (BA), but little is known of its role in other forms of neonatal cholestasis. We studied serum levels of CD13-specific autoantibodies in mothers of infants with neonatal cholestasis of different causes, including BA, and in mothers of healthy, term infants without cholestasis, as well as in healthy blood donors. METHODS Using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we measured CD13-specific autoantibody levels in serum from the above-mentioned groups. In addition, the effect of serum from mothers of infants with neonatal cholestasis was tested on the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. RESULTS CD13-specific autoantibodies were found in mothers of infants with neonatal cholestasis, but not in mothers of infants without cholestasis and healthy blood donors, and were associated with HCMV seropositivity. Sera from mothers of infants with all forms of neonatal cholestasis inhibited differentiation of monocytes into macrophages, but this was not dependent on CD13-specific autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS The significantly higher frequency of CD13-specific autoantibodies in mothers of infants with neonatal cholestasis of all forms compared with mothers of healthy infants without cholestasis suggests an association, but does not prove that they are pathogenic. The presence of CD13-specific autoantibodies does not correlate with HCMV IgG serostatus, suggesting a more complicated mechanism that possibly reflects active HCMV infection in these individuals. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether these autoantibodies contribute to the development of cholestasis or represent an epiphenomenon.
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Paijo J, Döring M, Spanier J, Grabski E, Nooruzzaman M, Schmidt T, Witte G, Messerle M, Hornung V, Kaever V, Kalinke U. cGAS Senses Human Cytomegalovirus and Induces Type I Interferon Responses in Human Monocyte-Derived Cells. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005546. [PMID: 27058035 PMCID: PMC4825940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections of healthy individuals are mostly unnoticed and result in viral latency. However, HCMV can also cause devastating disease, e.g., upon reactivation in immunocompromised patients. Yet, little is known about human immune cell sensing of DNA-encoded HCMV. Recent studies indicated that during viral infection the cyclic GMP/AMP synthase (cGAS) senses cytosolic DNA and catalyzes formation of the cyclic di-nucleotide cGAMP, which triggers stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and thus induces antiviral type I interferon (IFN-I) responses. We found that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) as well as monocyte-derived DC and macrophages constitutively expressed cGAS and STING. HCMV infection further induced cGAS, whereas STING expression was only moderately affected. Although pDC expressed particularly high levels of cGAS, and the cGAS/STING axis was functional down-stream of STING, as indicated by IFN-I induction upon synthetic cGAMP treatment, pDC were not susceptible to HCMV infection and mounted IFN-I responses in a TLR9-dependent manner. Conversely, HCMV infected monocyte-derived cells synthesized abundant cGAMP levels that preceded IFN-I production and that correlated with the extent of infection. CRISPR/Cas9- or siRNA-mediated cGAS ablation in monocytic THP-1 cells and primary monocyte-derived cells, respectively, impeded induction of IFN-I responses following HCMV infection. Thus, cGAS is a key sensor of HCMV for IFN-I induction in primary human monocyte-derived DC and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Paijo
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius Döring
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Spanier
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Grabski
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Volkhard Kaever
- Research Core Unit Metabolomics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Is Pulmonary non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Disease Linked with a High Burden of Latent Cytomegalovirus? J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:113-6. [PMID: 26759253 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) establishes lifelong infections with episodes of active replication. We hypothesized that recurrent CMV replication in older individuals may suppress protective immune responses to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and so potentiate pulmonary disease. Accordingly, levels of antibodies to three CMV antigen preparations were higher in NTM patients than in age-matched controls. This did not reflect broad-spectrum B cell activation as total immunoglobulin levels were not equivalently increased.
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Jarzembowski T, Daca A, Witkowski J, Rutkowski B, Gołębiewska J, Dębska-Ślizień A. Does CMV infection impact the virulence of Enterococcus faecalis? Virulence 2013; 4:641-5. [PMID: 24162854 PMCID: PMC3906299 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Fornara O, Odeberg J, Khan Z, Stragliotto G, Peredo I, Butler L, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Human cytomegalovirus particles directly suppress CD4 T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Immunobiology 2013; 218:1034-40. [PMID: 23434301 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are important regulators of the immune system and are vital for mounting a strong immune response against viral infections. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is known to be a strong modulator of the innate as well as adaptive immune responses. In this study, we found that HCMV directly inhibited proliferation of CD4 T cells and rendered them unresponsive to immunological stimuli. This effect was not observed when CD4 T cells were treated with herpes simplex virus-1/2 or measles virus. When stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, or phorbol myristate acetate, HCMV-treated T cells were unable to proliferate, revealing an ability of HCMV to inhibit CD4 T cell response. Furthermore, HCMV also prevented proliferation of leukemic T-cell lines. HCMV-treated CD4 T cells expressed the activation markers CD45RO and CD69, were not apoptotic and produced decreased levels of the cytokines IL-4, IFN-γ and TNF-α, compared to untreated controls. The inhibitory effect of HCMV on CD4 T cell proliferation was not mediated by HCMV gH, gB or other immunogenic glycoproteins, since intravenous immunoglobulins or gB- or gH-specific neutralizing antibodies did not prevent the suppression of T-cell proliferation. Our observations show that HCMV inhibits CD4 T cell function with potential clinical consequences for both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesja Fornara
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Gredmark-Russ S, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Dendritic cell biology in human cytomegalovirus infection and the clinical consequences for host immunity and pathology. Virulence 2012; 3:621-34. [PMID: 23076329 PMCID: PMC3545944 DOI: 10.4161/viru.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), a member of the herpesvirus family, establishes life-long persistence and latency after primary infection and can be reactivated later in life. In immunosuppressed patients, it is an important pathogen that can cause severe disease. HCMV is also thought to play a causative role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. The virus can infect different immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) and can take advantage of host immune functions to avoid immune recognition. These characteristics have sparked major interest in understanding HCMV and its interaction with immune cells and their relevance to disease pathogenesis. In this review, we focus on the complex host-pathogen relationship between HCMV and DCs, including the persistence of the virus in these cells, their function in the immune response to HCMV infection and the potential clinical consequences of HCMV infection in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Interplay between human cytomegalovirus and intrinsic/innate host responses: a complex bidirectional relationship. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:607276. [PMID: 22701276 PMCID: PMC3371353 DOI: 10.1155/2012/607276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and its host is a complex process that begins with viral attachment and entry into host cells, culminating in the development of a specific adaptive response that clears the acute infection but fails to eradicate HCMV. We review the viral and cellular partners that mediate early host responses to HCMV with regard to the interaction between structural components of virions (viral glycoproteins) and cellular receptors (attachment/entry receptors, toll-like receptors, and other nucleic acid sensors) or intrinsic factors (PML, hDaxx, Sp100, viperin, interferon inducible protein 16), the reactions of innate immune cells (antigen presenting cells and natural killer cells), the numerous mechanisms of viral immunoevasion, and the potential exploitation of events that are associated with early phases of virus-host interplay as a therapeutic strategy.
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15
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Varani S, Landini MP. Cytomegalovirus-induced immunopathology and its clinical consequences. HERPESVIRIDAE 2011; 2:6. [PMID: 21473750 PMCID: PMC3082217 DOI: 10.1186/2042-4280-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous DNA virus that causes severe disease in patients with immature or impaired immune systems. During active infection, CMV modulates host immunity, and CMV-infected patients often develop signs of immune dysfunction, such as immunosuppression and autoimmune phenomena. Furthermore, active viral infection has been observed in several autoimmune diseases, and case reports have linked primary CMV infection and the onset of autoimmune disorders. In addition, CMV infection promotes allograft rejection and graft-versus-host disease in solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, respectively, further implicating CMV in the genesis and maintenance of immunopathological phenomena. The mechanisms by which CMV could induce inhibition of host defense, inflammation, and autoimmunity are discussed, as is the treatment of virus-induced immunopathology with antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Varani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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16
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The mouse cytomegalovirus glycoprotein m155 inhibits CD40 expression and restricts CD4 T cell responses. J Virol 2011; 85:5208-12. [PMID: 21411536 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02178-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMV) utilize a variety of immunomodulatory strategies to facilitate the establishment of lifelong persistence in their infected hosts. We show that the mouse CMV (MCMV) m155 open reading frame (ORF) is required for the posttranscriptional inhibition of CD40 expression in infected antigen-presenting cells. Consistent with the known importance of CD40-mediated costimulation of T cells, a m155-deficient virus induces enhanced MCMV epitope-specific CD4 T cell responses.
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Elkind MSV, Luna JM, Moon YP, Boden-Albala B, Liu KM, Spitalnik S, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Paik MC. Infectious burden and carotid plaque thickness: the northern Manhattan study. Stroke 2010; 41:e117-22. [PMID: 20075350 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.571299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The overall burden of prior infections may contribute to atherosclerosis and stroke risk. We hypothesized that serological evidence of common infections would be associated with carotid plaque thickness in a multiethnic cohort. METHODS Antibody titers to 5 common infectious microorganisms (ie, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpesvirus 1 and 2) were measured among stroke-free community participants and a weighted index of infectious burden was calculated based on Cox models previously derived for the association of each infection with stroke risk. High-resolution carotid duplex Doppler studies were used to assess maximum carotid plaque thickness. Weighted least squares regression was used to measure the association between infectious burden and maximum carotid plaque thickness after adjusting for other risk factors. RESULTS Serological results for all 5 infectious organisms were available in 861 participants with maximum carotid plaque thickness measurements available (mean age, 67.2+/-9.6 years). Each individual infection was associated with stroke risk after adjusting for other risk factors. The infectious burden index (n=861) had a mean of 1.00+/-0.35 SD and a median of 1.08. Plaque was present in 52% of participants (mean, 0.90+/-1.04 mm). Infectious burden was associated with maximum carotid plaque thickness (adjusted increase in maximum carotid plaque thickness 0.09 mm; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.15 mm per SD increase of infectious burden). CONCLUSIONS A quantitative weighted index of infectious burden, derived from the magnitude of association of individual infections with stroke, was associated with carotid plaque thickness in this multiethnic cohort. These results lend support to the notion that past or chronic exposure to common infections, perhaps by exacerbating inflammation, contributes to atherosclerosis. Future studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis and to define optimal measures of infectious burden as a vascular risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S V Elkind
- Neurological Institute, 710 West 168th Street, Box 182, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Elkind MSV, Luna JM, Moon YP, Boden-Albala B, Liu KM, Spitalnik S, Rundek T, Sacco RL, Paik MC. Infectious burden and carotid plaque thickness: the northern Manhattan study. Stroke 2010. [PMID: 20075350 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The overall burden of prior infections may contribute to atherosclerosis and stroke risk. We hypothesized that serological evidence of common infections would be associated with carotid plaque thickness in a multiethnic cohort. METHODS Antibody titers to 5 common infectious microorganisms (ie, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpesvirus 1 and 2) were measured among stroke-free community participants and a weighted index of infectious burden was calculated based on Cox models previously derived for the association of each infection with stroke risk. High-resolution carotid duplex Doppler studies were used to assess maximum carotid plaque thickness. Weighted least squares regression was used to measure the association between infectious burden and maximum carotid plaque thickness after adjusting for other risk factors. RESULTS Serological results for all 5 infectious organisms were available in 861 participants with maximum carotid plaque thickness measurements available (mean age, 67.2+/-9.6 years). Each individual infection was associated with stroke risk after adjusting for other risk factors. The infectious burden index (n=861) had a mean of 1.00+/-0.35 SD and a median of 1.08. Plaque was present in 52% of participants (mean, 0.90+/-1.04 mm). Infectious burden was associated with maximum carotid plaque thickness (adjusted increase in maximum carotid plaque thickness 0.09 mm; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.15 mm per SD increase of infectious burden). CONCLUSIONS A quantitative weighted index of infectious burden, derived from the magnitude of association of individual infections with stroke, was associated with carotid plaque thickness in this multiethnic cohort. These results lend support to the notion that past or chronic exposure to common infections, perhaps by exacerbating inflammation, contributes to atherosclerosis. Future studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis and to define optimal measures of infectious burden as a vascular risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S V Elkind
- Neurological Institute, 710 West 168th Street, Box 182, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Yew KH, Carsten B, Harrison C. Scavenger receptor A1 is required for sensing HCMV by endosomal TLR-3/-9 in monocytic THP-1 cells. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:883-93. [PMID: 19914718 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes provide initial surveillance for pathogenic glycopeptides via scavenger receptors (SRs) and for viruses via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which trigger pro-inflammatory response. However, specific interactions between SR-A1 and TLRs have not yet been assessed in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-exposed monocytes. Our results showed two patterns of gene expression upon HCMV exposure: genes that were induced within 10 min include SR-A1, Lyn, TLR-2, and IL-12p35, whereas those induced at 1h are TLR-3, TLR-9, TRIF, IRF-3, and IFN-beta. NF-kappaB p65 and TNF-alpha were elevated at both 10 min and 1h post exposure. Further, inhibitory studies using neutralizing antibodies and morpholino antisense oligonucleotides suggested that within 10 min of HCMV exposure, transcription of TNF-alpha and IL-12 genes is TLR-2-dependent fashion. However, induction of both TLR-3-mediated IFN-beta and TLR-9-mediated TNF-alpha at 1h was dependent on SR-A1. These findings reveal a novel mechanistic insight into an interrelationship between SR-A1 and TLR-3/-9 signaling in HCMV-exposed monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok-Hooi Yew
- Pediatric Infectious Disease, Children's Mercy Hospitals, Kansas City, MO, United States
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21
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Lin YL, Li M. Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus inhibit oral bacteria-induced macrophage activation and phagocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 24:243-8. [PMID: 19416455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition caused by periodontal microorganisms. Viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are associated with certain types of periodontal disease, but their roles in promoting the disease are unclear. Because both viruses infect human macrophages, cells which play key roles in the clearance of pathogenic bacteria, it is likely that the viruses alter the functional capacity of macrophages by inhibiting their defense mechanisms against invading pathogens. METHODS Macrophages preinfected with HCMV or EBV were evaluated following stimulation by selected oral bacteria. Bacteria-induced macrophage activation was assayed by measuring the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) produced in the media, and phagocytic activity was analysed by a phagocytosis assay with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bacteria. The virus-infected macrophages were also subjected to semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction to measure the expression of toll-like receptor 9, which is involved in the activation of phagocytosis-related pathways. RESULTS Both HCMV and EBV significantly diminished the TNF-alpha production typically induced by oral bacteria, inhibited the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and downregulated the expression of toll-like receptor 9. CONCLUSION Infection by HCMV or EBV inhibits the functional ability of macrophages to respond to bacterial challenge, thereby suggesting their pathogenic role in the development of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Lin
- Department of Oral Health Research, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, KY, USA
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Zedtwitz-Liebenstein K, Jaksch P, Burgmann H, Friehs H, Hofbauer R, Schellongowski P, Frass M. Evaluation of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 in lung transplant patients with human cytomegalovirus infection. Clin Transplant 2009; 23:687-91. [PMID: 19624695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2009.01041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that interleukin-6 (IL-6) in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) might serve as additional diagnostic parameter in lung transplant patients with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Therefore, we compared IL-6 levels in HCMV-positive vs. HCMV-negative patients. IL-6 was measured by ELISA in plasma and BAL in 111 patients. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of IL-10 on IL-6 production in HCMV-positive patients. For HCMV-DNA detection in plasma and BAL a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used. IL-6 levels were significantly higher in the HCMV-positive group (n = 39; BAL p = 0.045; plasma p = 0.017) in comparison to the HCMV-negative group (n = 72). IL-10 did not correlate with IL-6 concentration (p = 0.146). Donor (D) or recipient (R) HCMV-constellation did not influence IL-6 concentration. IL-6 levels were not influenced by elevated levels of HCMV copies. Our data suggest that IL-6 does not serve as a good diagnostic parameter for existence of HCMV infection in lung transplant patients. Because of the wide range of the IL-6 levels in both groups, we were not able to find a breakpoint differentiating between infected and not-infected patients. Another important finding was that IL-6 production is not dependent of the HCMV status of D/R.
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Albert Christophersen O, Haug A. More about hypervirulent avian influenza: Is the world now better prepared? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08910600701343286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Haug
- Norwegian University of Life Science (UMB), Arboretveien, Ås, Norway
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Jaworowski A, Cheng WJ, Westhorpe CL, Abendroth A, Crowe SM, Slobedman B. Enhanced monocyte Fc phagocytosis by a homologue of interleukin-10 encoded by human cytomegalovirus. Virology 2009; 391:20-4. [PMID: 19564031 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) expresses several homologues of human interleukin 10 (hIL-10) possessing immunomodulatory properties which may promote viral infection by modulating the function of myeloid cells. We examined the phenotype and phagocytic capability of human monocytes exposed to hIL-10, an HCMV-encoded hIL-10 homologue expressed during the productive phase of infection (cmvIL-10), and a differentially spliced form of cmvIL-10 expressed during latent and productive phases of infection, (LAcmvIL-10). hIL-10 and cmvIL-10 upregulated expression of Fcgamma receptors, stimulated phagocytosis of IgG-opsonised erythrocytes and decreased MHC class II (HLA-DR) expression on purified monocytes within 24 h. In contrast, LAcmvIL-10 decreased HLA-DR expression at later times (48 h and 72 h) but did not increase Fcgamma receptor expression. We conclude that cmvIL-10 promotes differentiation of monocytes towards a pro-phagocytic phenotype and that LAcmvIL-10 does not affect monocytes by the same mechanism as cmvIL-10. The significance of these properties to cytomegalovirus pathogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Jaworowski
- Centre for Virology, Macfarlane Burnet Institute for Public Health and Medical Research, Melbourne 3004, Australia.
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Khan KA, Coaquette A, Davrinche C, Herbein G. Bcl-3-regulated transcription from major immediate-early promoter of human cytomegalovirus in monocyte-derived macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7784-94. [PMID: 19494302 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monocytes/macrophages are key cells in the pathogenesis of human CMV (HCMV) infection, but the in vitro rate of viral production in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) is considerably lower than in fibroblasts. Considering that the NF-kappaB signaling pathway is potentially involved in the replication strategy of HCMV through efficient transactivation of the major immediate-early promoter (MIEP), efficient viral replication, and late gene expression, we investigated the composition of the NF-kappaB complex in HCMV-infected MDMs and fibroblasts. Preliminary studies showed that HCMV could grow in primary MDM culture but that the viral titer in culture supernatants was lower than that observed in the supernatants of more permissive MRC5 fibroblasts. EMSA and microwell colorimetric NF-kappaB assay demonstrated that HCMV infection of MDMs increased p52 binding activity without activating the canonical p50/p65 complex. Moreover, Bcl-3 was up-regulated and was demonstrated to associate with p52, indicating p52/Bcl-3 complexes as the major component of the NF-kappaB complex in MDMs. Luciferase assays in promonocytic U937 cells transfected with an MIEP-luciferase reporter construct demonstrated MIEP activation in response to p52 and Bcl-3 overexpression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that p52 and Bcl-3 bind the MIEP in acutely HCMV-infected MDMs. In contrast, HCMV infection of MRC5 fibroblasts resulted in activation of p50/p65 heterodimers. Thus, activation of p52/Bcl-3 complexes in MDMs and p50/p65 heterodimers in fibroblasts in response to HCMV infection might explain the low-level growth of the virus in MDMs vs efficient growth in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Aziz Khan
- Department of Virology, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 133, Equipe d'Accueil 3186, Franche-Comté University, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon, Besançon, France
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Varani S, Frascaroli G, Landini MP, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Human cytomegalovirus targets different subsets of antigen-presenting cells with pathological consequences for host immunity: implications for immunosuppression, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. Rev Med Virol 2009; 19:131-45. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zedtwitz-Liebenstein K, Jaksch P, Wulkersdorfer B, Friehs H, Pempelfort SD, Burgmann H, Frass M. Usefulness of Interleukin-10 Detection in Lung Transplant Patients With Human Cytomegalovirus Infection With Respect to Virus Persistence. Transplantation 2007; 84:268-71. [PMID: 17667821 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000267157.78945.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in lung transplant patients induces an inflammatory response, including local production of cytokines involved in viral clearance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential value of monitoring interleukin (IL)-10 with respect to HCMV persistence in blood and/or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). METHODS A quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay was used for HCMV-DNA detection in plasma and BAL. IL-10 was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in blood and with BAL in 101 lung transplant patients. IL-10 levels were correlated with clinical outcome. RESULTS A total of 23 patients of 35 (66%) with detectable HCMV in plasma and/or BAL exhibited increased levels of IL-10 in plasma and/or BAL. Complete clearance of HCMV was observed after 168 (median 130) days in the IL-10-positive group (n=23) in comparison with 87 (median 58) days in the IL-10-negative group (n=12; P<0.024). In the seven HCMV-positive patients with positive IL-10 levels in BAL only, HCMV persisted in BAL for a median of 579 days without signs of systemic infection (positive plasma levels) or clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS We show that in lung transplant patients with elevated levels of IL-10 in plasma and/or BAL, HCMV clearance is prolonged because of the influence of anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Odeberg J, Wolmer N, Falci S, Westgren M, Sundtröm E, Seiger A, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Late human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins inhibit differentiation of human neural precursor cells into astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:583-93. [PMID: 17154414 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of congenital infections in developed countries, with an incidence varying between 0.5-2.2%. Such infection may be the consequence of either a primary infection or reactivation of a latent infection in the mother and the outcome may vary from asymptomatic to severe brain disorders. Moreover, infants that are asymptomatic at the time of birth may still develop neurologic sequelae at a later age. Our hypothesis is that infection of stem cells of the central nervous system by HCMV alters the proliferation, differentiation or migration of these cells, and thereby gives rise to the brain abnormalities observed. We show that infection of human neural precursor cells (NPCs) with the laboratory strain Towne or the clinical isolate TB40 of HCMV suppresses the differentiation of these cells into astrocytes even at an multiplicity of infection (MOI) as low as 0.1 (by 33% and 67%, respectively). This inhibition required active viral replication and the expression of late HCMV proteins. Infection as late as 24 hr after the onset of differentiation, but not after 72 hr, also prevented the maturation of infected cultures. Furthermore, in cultures infected with TB40 (at an MOI of 1), approximately 54% of the cells were apoptotic and cell proliferation was significantly attenuated. Clearly, HCMV can reduce the capacity of NPCs to differentiate into astrocytes and this effect may provide part of the explanation for the abnormalities in brain development associated with congenital HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Odeberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Odeberg J, Wolmer N, Falci S, Westgren M, Seiger A, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Human cytomegalovirus inhibits neuronal differentiation and induces apoptosis in human neural precursor cells. J Virol 2006; 80:8929-39. [PMID: 16940505 PMCID: PMC1563895 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00676-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the most common cause of congenital infections in developed countries, with an incidence varying between 0.5 and 2.2% and consequences varying from asymptomatic infection to lethal conditions for the fetus. Infants that are asymptomatic at birth may still develop neurological sequelae, such as hearing loss and mental retardation, at a later age. Infection of neural stem and precursor cells by HCMV and consequent disruption of the proliferation, differentiation, and/or migration of these cells may be the primary mechanism underlying the development of brain abnormalities. In the present investigation, we demonstrate that human neural precursor cells (NPCs) are permissive for HCMV infection, by both the laboratory strain Towne and the clinical isolate TB40, resulting in 55% and 72% inhibition of induced differentiation of human NPCs into neurons, respectively, when infection occurred at the onset of differentiation. This repression of neuronal differentiation required active viral replication and involved the expression of late HCMV gene products. This capacity of HCMV to prevent neuronal differentiation declined within 24 h after initiation of differentiation. Furthermore, the rate of cell proliferation in infected cultures was attenuated. Surprisingly, HCMV-infected cells exhibited an elevated frequency of apoptosis at 7 days following the onset of differentiation, at which time approximately 50% of the cells were apoptotic at a multiplicity of infection of 10. These findings indicate that HCMV has the capacity to reduce the ability of human NPCs to differentiate into neurons, which may offer one explanation for the abnormalities in brain development associated with congenital HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Odeberg
- Neurotec Department, Division of Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation, Novum floor 5, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Frascaroli G, Varani S, Moepps B, Sinzger C, Landini MP, Mertens T. Human cytomegalovirus subverts the functions of monocytes, impairing chemokine-mediated migration and leukocyte recruitment. J Virol 2006; 80:7578-89. [PMID: 16840337 PMCID: PMC1563711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02421-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their role in innate and adaptive immunity, during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection, monocytes are considered to be an important target of infection, a site of latency, and vehicles for virus dissemination. Since chemokine receptors play crucial roles in monocyte activation and trafficking, we investigated the effects of HCMV on their expression and function. By using endotheliotropic strains of HCMV, we obtained high rates (roughly 50%) of in vitro-infected monocytes but only restricted viral gene expression. At 24 h after infection, while the chemokine receptors CX3CR and CCR7 were unaffected, CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR4 were downmodulated on the cell surface and retained intracellularly. Structural components of the viral particles, but not viral gene expression or soluble factors released from infected cells, accounted for the changed localization of the receptor molecules and for the block of chemokine-driven migration. HCMV-infected monocytes indeed became unresponsive to inflammatory and homeostatic chemokines, although the basal cell motility and responsiveness to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe were unaffected or slightly increased. The production of inflammatory mediators responsible for the recruitment of other immune cells was also hampered by HCMV. Whereas endothelial and fibroblast cells infected by HCMV efficiently recruited leukocytes, infected monocytes were unable to recruit lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. Our data further highlight the complex level of interference exerted by HCMV on the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Frascaroli
- Institute for Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Bego MG, St Jeor S. Human cytomegalovirus infection of cells of hematopoietic origin: HCMV-induced immunosuppression, immune evasion, and latency. Exp Hematol 2006; 34:555-70. [PMID: 16647557 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 11/15/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Bego
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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The Immune System in Atherosclerosis and in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Heart Int 2006. [DOI: 10.1177/1826186806002003-401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is known to play a role in type 1 diabetes, but there is a paucity of information on its role in diabetes mellitus type 2. We examined the seroprevalence of selected viruses in a group of predominantly Hispanic patients with type 2 diabetes and control subjects without diabetes. METHODS One hundred thirteen patients, 83 with type 2 diabetes and 30 control subjects, all undergoing hemodialysis at the same facility in San Antonio, Texas, were tested for antibodies against coxsackie B viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and parvovirus. Sixty-six of these patients and 25 control subjects were tested bimonthly for 6 months. RESULTS We observed a greater seroprevalence of anti-CMV IgG antibodies among patients with diabetes (97.6%), compared with control subjects (86.7%), and the difference was statistically significant [OR = 6.2, 95% CI: 1.1 to 36.0, P < 0.05]. Three draws on a subset of 91 patients produced still greater odds [OR = 12.4, 95% CI: 1.3 to 117, P < 0.05]. There were significantly more (P < or = 0.001) vascular complications among patients with diabetes. There was a colinearity of trends between diabetes, seropositivity to CMV, and age. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated an up to 12 times greater odds of having type 2 diabetes for persons previously exposed to CMV. Since accelerated atherosclerosis is also associated with diabetes and CMV, past CMV infection may be a common factor that links atherosclerosis and diabetes. No other viruses tested in this study, either coxsackie B viruses or parvovirus, showed a significant association with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran K Hansson
- Karolinska Institute, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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