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Park A, Lee JY. Adenoviral Vector System: A Comprehensive Overview of Constructions, Therapeutic Applications and Host Responses. J Microbiol 2024; 62:491-509. [PMID: 39037484 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors are crucial for gene therapy and vaccine development, offering a platform for gene delivery into host cells. Since the discovery of adenoviruses, first-generation vectors with limited capacity have evolved to third-generation vectors flacking viral coding sequences, balancing safety and gene-carrying capacity. The applications of adenoviral vectors for gene therapy and anti-viral treatments have expanded through the use of in vitro ligation and homologous recombination, along with gene editing advancements such as CRISPR-Cas9. Current research aims to maintain the efficacy and safety of adenoviral vectors by addressing challenges such as pre-existing immunity against adenoviral vectors and developing new adenoviral vectors from rare adenovirus types and non-human species. In summary, adenoviral vectors have great potential in gene therapy and vaccine development. Through continuous research and technological advancements, these vectors are expected to lead to the development of safer and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyeseu Park
- The Laboratory of Viromics and Evolution, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Yoon Lee
- The Laboratory of Viromics and Evolution, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54531, Republic of Korea.
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2
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A Single Amino Acid Switch in the Adenoviral DNA Binding Protein Abrogates Replication Center Formation and Productive Viral Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0014422. [PMID: 35254132 PMCID: PMC9040859 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00144-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses are very efficient high-capacity vaccine vectors and are common gene delivery systems. Despite their extensive use in preclinical models and clinical trials over the past decades, adenoviral vectors still require optimization. To achieve that, more thorough characterizations of adenoviral genes and gene products, as well as pathogen-host interactions, are indispensable. The adenoviral DNA binding protein (DBP) is a key regulatory protein involved in various cellular and viral processes. Here, we show that single amino acid exchange mutations in human adenovirus C5 (HAdV-C5) DBP strongly influence adenoviral replication by altering interaction with the cellular ubiquitination machinery. Specifically, phenotypic analyses of DBP mutants demonstrate that single amino acid substitutions can regulate interactions with the cellular USP7 deubiquitinase, impede viral DNA synthesis, and completely abolish viral late protein expression and progeny production. Importantly, cells infected with the DBP mutant UBM5 consistently lack DBP-positive replication centers (RCs), which are usually formed during the transition from the early to the late phase of infection. Our findings demonstrate that DBP regulates a key step at the onset of the late phase of infection and that this activity is unambiguously linked to the formation and integrity of viral RCs. These data provide the experimental basis for future work that targets DBP and its interference with the formation of viral RCs during productive infection. Consequently, this work will have immediate impact on DNA virus and adenovirus research in general and, potentially, also on safety optimization of existing and development of novel adenoviral vectors and anti-adenoviral compounds.
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Sui S, Yu H, Wang X, Wang W, Yang X, Pan X, Zhou Q, Xin C, Du R, Wu S, Zhang J, Cao Q, Wang N, Kuehn MH, Zhu W. iPSC-Derived Trabecular Meshwork Cells Stimulate Endogenous TM Cell Division Through Gap Junction in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:28. [PMID: 34427623 PMCID: PMC8399400 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Decreased trabecular meshwork (TM) cellularity has been implicated as a major reason for TM dysfunction and aqueous humor (AH) outflow abnormalities in primary open angle glaucoma. We previously found that transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived TM cells can restore TM function and stimulate endogenous TM cell division. The goal of the present study is to investigate whether signaling via gap junctions is involved in this process. Methods Differentiated iPSCs were characterized morphologically, transcriptionally, and immunohistochemically. After purification, iPSC-TM were co-cultured with mouse TM (MTM) cells to mimic the transplantation procedure. Through the pharmacological antagonists and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technique, the gap junction function in iPSC-based therapy was determined. Results In the co-culture system, iPSC-TM increase MTM cell division as well as transfer of Ca2+ to MTM. This effect was blocked by treatment with the gap junction inhibitors carbenoxolone (CBX) or flufenamic acid (FFA). The shRNA mediated knock down of connexin 43 (Cx43) expression in iPSC-TM also results in decreased Ca2+ transfer and lower MTM proliferation rates. In vivo, Cx43 downregulation in transplanted iPSC-TM weakened their regenerative role in an Ad5.myocilinY437H mouse model of glaucoma. Mice receiving these cells exhibited lower TM cellularity and higher intraocular pressure (IOP) than those receiving unmodified iPSC-TM. Conclusions Our findings reveal a crucial role of gap junction, especially Cx43, in iPSC-based TM regeneration, and provides insights to enhance the regenerative effect of iPSCs in glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangru Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangji Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuejiao Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojing Pan
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Qingdao Eye Hospital, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen Xin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Eye Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Du
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Eye Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shen Wu
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Eye Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxue Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Eye Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qilong Cao
- Qingdao Haier Biotech Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital Eye Center, Beijing, China
| | - Markus H Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beijing University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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4
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Viral DNA Binding Protein SUMOylation Promotes PML Nuclear Body Localization Next to Viral Replication Centers. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00049-20. [PMID: 32184235 PMCID: PMC7078464 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00049-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have developed mechanisms to manipulate cellular antiviral measures to ensure proper DNA replication, with detailed processes far from being understood. Host cells repress incoming viral genomes through a network of transcriptional regulators that normally control cellular homeostasis. The nuclear domains involved are promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear bodies (PML-NBs), interferon-inducible, dot-like nuclear structures and hot spots of SUMO posttranslational modification (PTM). In HAdV-infected cells, such SUMO factories are found in close proximity to newly established viral replication centers (RCs) marked by the adenoviral DNA binding protein (DBP) E2A. Here, we show that E2A is a novel target of host SUMOylation, leading to PTMs supporting E2A function in promoting productive infection. Our data show that SUMOylated E2A interacts with PML. Decreasing SUMO-E2A protein levels by generating HAdV variants mutated in the three main SUMO conjugation motifs (SCMs) led to lower numbers of viral RCs and PML-NBs, and these two structures were no longer next to each other. Our data further indicate that SUMOylated E2A binds the host transcription factor Sp100A, promoting HAdV gene expression, and represents the molecular bridge between PML tracks and adjacent viral RCs. Consequently, E2A SCM mutations repressed late viral gene expression and progeny production. These data highlight a novel mechanism used by the virus to benefit from host antiviral responses by exploiting the cellular SUMO conjugation machinery.IMPORTANCE PML nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) are implicated in general antiviral defense based on recruiting host restriction factors; however, it is not understood so far why viruses would establish viral replication centers (RCs) juxtaposed to such "antiviral" compartments. To understand this enigma, we investigate the cross talk between PML-NB components and viral RCs to find the missing link connecting both compartments to promote efficient viral replication and gene expression. Taken together, the current concept is more intricate than originally believed, since viruses apparently take advantage of several specific PML-NB-associated proteins to promote productive infection. Simultaneously, they efficiently inhibit antiviral measures to maintain the viral infectious program. Our data provide evidence that SUMOylation of the viral RC marker protein E2A represents the basis of this virus-host interface and regulates various downstream events to support HAdV productive infection. These results are the basis of our current attempts to generate and screen for specific E2A SUMOylation inhibitors to constitute novel therapeutic approaches to limit and prevent HAdV-mediated diseases and mortality of immunosuppressed patients.
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Benati D, Miselli F, Cocchiarella F, Patrizi C, Carretero M, Baldassarri S, Ammendola V, Has C, Colloca S, Del Rio M, Larcher F, Recchia A. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated In Situ Correction of LAMB3 Gene in Keratinocytes Derived from a Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa Patient. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2592-2603. [PMID: 30122422 PMCID: PMC6224783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of basement membrane heterotrimeric laminin 332 component, coded by LAMA3, LAMB3, and LAMC2 genes, causes junctional epidermolysis bullosa (JEB), a severe skin adhesion defect. Herein, we report the first application of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homology direct repair (HDR) to in situ restore LAMB3 expression in JEB keratinocytes in vitro and in immunodeficient mice transplanted with genetically corrected skin equivalents. We packaged an adenovector carrying Cas9/guide RNA (gRNA) tailored to the intron 2 of LAMB3 gene and an integration defective lentiviral vector bearing a promoterless quasi-complete LAMB3 cDNA downstream a splice acceptor site and flanked by homology arms. Upon genuine HDR, we exploited the in vitro adhesion advantage of laminin 332 production to positively select LAMB3-expressing keratinocytes. HDR and restored laminin 332 expression were evaluated at single-cell level. Notably, monoallelic-targeted integration of LAMB3 cDNA was sufficient to in vitro recapitulate the adhesive property, the colony formation typical of normal keratinocytes, as well as their cell growth. Grafting of genetically corrected skin equivalents onto immunodeficient mice showed a completely restored dermal-epidermal junction. This study provides evidence for efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated in situ restoration of LAMB3 expression, paving the way for ex vivo clinical application of this strategy to laminin 332 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Benati
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Miselli
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabienne Cocchiarella
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Clarissa Patrizi
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marta Carretero
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases), Madrid, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha Baldassarri
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcela Del Rio
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases), Madrid, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases), Madrid, Spain; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandra Recchia
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Decreased Vector Gene Expression from E2b Gene-Deleted Adenovirus Serotype 5 Vaccines Intensifies Proinflammatory Immune Responses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00061-17. [PMID: 28381403 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00061-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vectors are promising vaccine candidates due to their intrinsic immunogenicity and potent transgene expression; however, widespread preexisting Ad5 immunity has been considered a developmental impediment to the use of traditional, or conventional, E1 and E3 gene-deleted Ad5 (Ad5[E1-]) vaccines. Even in the presence of anti-Ad5 immunity, recent murine and human studies have confirmed E2b gene-deleted Ad5 (Ad5[E1-,E2b-]) vaccines to be highly efficacious inducers of transgene-specific memory responses and significantly less toxic options than Ad5[E1-] vaccines. While these findings have been substantially confirmed, the molecular mechanisms underlying the different reactions to these vaccine platforms are unknown. Using cultures of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) derived from multiple human donors, we found that Ad5[E1-,E2b-] vaccines trigger higher levels of hPBMC proinflammatory cytokine secretion than Ad5[E1-] vaccines. Interestingly, these responses were generated regardless of the donors' preexisting anti-Ad5 humoral and cell-mediated immune response status. In vitro hPBMC infection with the Ad5[E1-,E2b-] vaccine also provoked greater Th1-dominant gene responses yet smaller amounts of Ad-derived gene expression than Ad5[E1-] vaccines. These results suggest that Ad5[E1-,E2b-] vaccines, in contrast to Ad5[E1-] vaccines, do not promote activities that suppress innate immune signaling, thereby allowing for improved vaccine efficacy and a superior safety profile independently of previous Ad5 immunity.
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Amino acid exchanges in the putative nuclear export signal of adenovirus type 5 L4-100K severely reduce viral progeny due to effects on hexon biogenesis. J Virol 2012; 87:1893-8. [PMID: 23175361 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02061-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus type 5 nonstructural L4-100K protein is indispensable for efficient lytic infection. During the late phase, L4-100K promotes selective translation of viral late transcripts and mediates the trimerization of the major capsid protein hexon. In the present study, the role of a potential nuclear export signal in L4-100K was investigated. Intriguingly, amino acid substitutions in this sequence resulted in severely diminished progeny virus production, seemingly by precluding proper hexon biogenesis.
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8
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Transcriptional activation of the adenoviral genome is mediated by capsid protein VI. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002549. [PMID: 22427750 PMCID: PMC3303589 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression of DNA viruses requires nuclear import of the viral genome. Human
Adenoviruses (Ads), like most DNA viruses, encode factors within early
transcription units promoting their own gene expression and counteracting
cellular antiviral defense mechanisms. The cellular transcriptional repressor
Daxx prevents viral gene expression through the assembly of repressive chromatin
remodeling complexes targeting incoming viral genomes. However, it has remained
unclear how initial transcriptional activation of the adenoviral genome is
achieved. Here we show that Daxx mediated repression of the immediate early Ad
E1A promoter is efficiently counteracted by the capsid protein VI. This requires
a conserved PPxY motif in protein VI. Capsid proteins from other DNA viruses
were also shown to activate the Ad E1A promoter independent of Ad gene
expression and support virus replication. Our results show how Ad entry is
connected to transcriptional activation of their genome in the nucleus. Our data
further suggest a common principle for genome activation of DNA viruses by
counteracting Daxx related repressive mechanisms through virion proteins. To initiate infection, DNA viruses deliver their genome to the nucleus and
express viral genes required for genome replication. Efficient transport is
achieved by packing the viral genome as a condensed, transcriptionally inactive
nucleo-protein complex. However, for most DNA viruses, including Adenoviruses
(Ads), it remains unclear how the viral genome is decondensed and how
transcription is initiated inside the nucleus. Cells control unwanted gene
expression by chromatin modification mediated through transcriptionally
repressive complexes. A key factor in repressive complex assemblies is the
transcriptional repressor Daxx. The Ad structural capsid protein VI is required
for endosomal escape and nuclear transport. Here we show that protein VI also
activates the Ad E1A promoter to initiate Ad gene expression. This is achieved
through the removal of Daxx repression from the E1A promoter, which requires a
conserved ubiquitin ligase interacting motif (PPxY-motif) in protein VI. We
further show that capsid proteins from other unrelated DNA viruses also activate
the Ad E1A promoter and support Ad replication by counteracting Daxx repression,
functionally replacing protein VI. Our data suggest that reversal of Daxx
repression by virion proteins is a widespread mechanism among DNA viruses that
is not restricted to a single virus family.
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Schmid M, Gonzalez RA, Dobner T. CRM1-dependent transport supports cytoplasmic accumulation of adenoviral early transcripts. J Virol 2012; 86:2282-92. [PMID: 22171254 PMCID: PMC3302419 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06275-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of adenoviruses is divided by convention into early and late phases, separated by the onset of viral genome replication. Early events include virus adsorption, transport of the genome into the nucleus, and the expression of early genes. After the onset of viral DNA replication, transcription of the major late transcription unit (MLTU) and thereby synthesis of late proteins is induced. These steps are controlled by an orchestra of regulatory processes and require import of the genome and numerous viral proteins into the nucleus, as well as active transport of viral transcripts and proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The latter is achieved by exploiting the shuttling functions of cellular transport receptors, which normally stimulate the nuclear export of cellular mRNA and protein cargos. A set of adenoviral early and late proteins contains a leucine-rich nuclear export signal of the HIV-1 Rev type, known to be recognized by the cellular export receptor CRM1. However, a role for CRM1-dependent export in supporting adenoviral replication has not been established. To address this issue in detail, we investigated the impact of two different CRM1 inhibitors on several steps of the adenoviral life cycle. Inhibition of CRM1 led to a reduction in viral early and late gene expression, viral genome replication, and progeny virus production. For the first time, our findings indicate that CRM1-dependent shuttling is required for the efficient export of adenoviral early mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schmid
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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Adenovirus 12 E4orf6 inhibits ATR activation by promoting TOPBP1 degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:12251-6. [PMID: 20566845 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914605107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the cellular DNA damage response is detrimental to adenovirus (Ad) infection. Ad has therefore evolved a number of strategies to inhibit ATM- and ATR-dependent signaling pathways during infection. Recent work suggests that the Ad5 E4orf3 protein prevents ATR activation through its ability to mislocalize the MRN complex. Here we provide evidence to indicate that Ad12 has evolved a different strategy from Ad5 to inhibit ATR. We show that Ad12 utilizes a CUL2/RBX1/elongin C-containing ubiquitin ligase to promote the proteasomal degradation of the ATR activator protein topoisomerase-IIbeta-binding protein 1 (TOPBP1). Ad12 also uses this complex to degrade p53 during infection, in contrast to Ad5, which requires a CUL5-based ubiquitin ligase. Although Ad12-mediated degradation of p53 is dependent upon both E1B-55K and E4orf6, Ad12-mediated degradation of TOPBP1 is solely dependent on E4orf6. We propose that Ad12 E4orf6 has two principal activities: to recruit the CUL2-based ubiquitin ligase and to act as substrate receptor for TOPBP1. In support of the idea that Ad12 E4orf6 specifically prevents ATR activation during infection by targeting TOPBP1 for degradation, we demonstrate that Ad12 E4orf6 can inhibit the ATR-dependent phosphorylation of CHK1 in response to replication stress. Taken together, these data provide insights into how Ad modulates ATR signaling pathways during infection.
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Wimmer P, Täuber B, Spruss T, Dobner T. Adenovirus type 5 early encoded proteins of the E1 and E4 regions induce oncogenic transformation of primary rabbit cells. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1828-33. [PMID: 20335490 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.020537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the molecular mechanisms of viral-mediated oncogenesis has contributed enormously to the understanding of the basic principles of normal/malignant cell growth. Transformation by human adenoviruses is a multi-step process involving the modulation of numerous cellular pathways, leading to inhibition of apoptosis and growth arrest. However, the molecular mechanism of how the adenovirus oncogenes facilitate transformation of rodent cells, while concurrently failing to do so for human cells, remains elusive. In this report, we demonstrate for the first time that the transformation capabilities of adenovirus type 5 oncogenes are not restricted to rodent cells, but include cells of the related mammalian order Lagomorpha, inducing considerable morphological alterations, enhanced cell growth and tumour induction in vivo. Furthermore, the established cell lines may represent a suitable tool for further development to generate E4-mutated adenoviruses, which has so far been difficult as mutations within the E4 region often prove to be lethal without a helper-cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wimmer
- Heinrich-Pette-Institute for Experimental Virology and Immunology, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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Anti-EphA2 Antibodies with Distinct In Vitro Properties Have Equal In Vivo Efficacy in Pancreatic Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2009:951917. [PMID: 20130824 PMCID: PMC2814375 DOI: 10.1155/2009/951917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase is overexpressed in a variety of human epithelial cancers and is a determinant of malignant cellular behavior in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Moreover, it is expressed in tumor endothelium and its activation promotes angiogenesis. To better clarify the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to the EphA2 receptor, we generated a large number of mAbs by differential screening of phage-Ab libraries by oligonucleotide microarray technology and implemented a strategy for the rapid identification of antibodies with the desired properties. We selected two high-affinity and highly specific EphA2 monoclonal antibodies with different in vitro properties on the human pancreatic tumor cell line MiaPaCa2. One is a potent EphA2-agonistic antibody, IgG25, that promotes receptor endocytosis and subsequent degradation, and the second is a ligand antagonist, IgG28, that blocks the binding to ephrin A1 and is cross-reactive with the mouse EphA2 receptor. We measured the effect of antibody treatment on the growth of MiaPaCa2 cells orthotopically transplanted in nude mice. Both IgG25 and IgG28 had strong antitumor and antimetastatic efficacy. In vivo treatment with IgG25 determined the reduction of the EphA2 protein levels in the tumor and the phosphorylation of FAK on Tyr576 while administration of IgG28 caused a decrease in tumor vascularization as measured by immunohistochemical analysis of CD31 in tumor sections. These data show that in a pancreatic cancer model comparable therapeutic efficacy is obtained either by promoting receptor degradation or by blocking receptor activation.
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From the first to the third generation adenoviral vector: what parameters are governing the production yield? Biotechnol Adv 2008; 27:133-44. [PMID: 19013226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviral viral vector serotype 5 (AdV) is presently the primary viral vector used in gene therapy trials. Advancements in AdV process development directly contribute to the clinical application and commercialization of the AdV gene delivery technology. Notably, the development of AdV production in suspension culture has driven the increase in AdV volumetric and specific productivity, therefore providing large quantities of AdV required for clinical studies. This review focuses on detailing the viral, cell and cell culture parameters governing the productivity of the three generations of AdV vectors.
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Alexeyev MF, Venediktova N, Pastukh V, Shokolenko I, Bonilla G, Wilson GL. Selective elimination of mutant mitochondrial genomes as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NARP and MILS syndromes. Gene Ther 2008; 15:516-23. [PMID: 18256697 PMCID: PMC10416612 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are not uncommon, and may result from mutations in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). At present, only palliative therapies are available for these disorders, and interest in the development of efficient treatment protocols is high. Here, we demonstrate that in cells heteroplasmic for the T8993G mutation, which is a cause for the NARP and MILS syndromes, infection with an adenovirus, which encodes the mitochondrially targeted R.XmaI restriction endonuclease, leads to selective destruction of mutant mtDNA. This destruction proceeds in a time- and dose-dependent manner and results in cells with significantly increased rates of oxygen consumption and ATP production. The delivery of R.XmaI to mitochondria is accompanied by improvement in the ability to utilize galactose as the sole carbon source, which is a surrogate indicator of the proficiency of oxidative phosphorylation. Concurrently, the rate of lactic acid production by these cells, which is a marker of mitochondrial dysfunction, decreases. We further demonstrate that levels of phosphorylated P53 and gammaH2ax proteins, markers of nuclear DNA damage, do not change in response to infection with recombinant adenovirus indicating the absence of nuclear DNA damage and the relative safety of the technique. Finally, some advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Alexeyev
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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15
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Alexeyev MF, Venediktova N, Pastukh V, Shokolenko I, Bonilla G, Wilson GL. Selective elimination of mutant mitochondrial genomes as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NARP and MILS syndromes. Gene Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.2008.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wintermeyer P, Wands JR. Vaccines to prevent chronic hepatitis C virus infection: current experimental and preclinical developments. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42:424-32. [PMID: 17671756 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-007-2057-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wintermeyer
- The Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital and The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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17
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Harrop R, John J, Carroll MW. Recombinant viral vectors: cancer vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:931-47. [PMID: 17030074 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date cancer vaccines have yet to show efficacy in a phase III trial. However, the clinical benefit seen with monoclonal antibody mediated therapies (e.g., Herceptin) has provided proof of principle that immune responses directed against tumour-associated antigens could have therapeutic potential. The failure of past cancer vaccine trials is likely due to several factors including the inappropriate choice of tumour antigen, use of an unoptimised antigen delivery system or vaccination schedule or selection of the wrong patient group. Any one of these variables could potentially result in the induction of an immune response of insufficient magnitude to deliver clinical benefit. Live recombinant viral vaccines have been used in the development of cancer immunotherapy approaches for the past 10 years. Though such vectors are self-adjuvanted and offer the ability to express multiple tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) along with an array of immune co-factors, arguably, they have yet to demonstrate convincing efficacy in pivotal clinical trials. However, in recent years, more coordinated studies have revealed mechanisms to optimise current vectors and have lead to the development of new advantageous vector systems. In this review, we highlight that live recombinant viral vectors provide a versatile and effective antigen delivery system and describe the optimal properties of an effective viral vector. Additionally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the panel of recombinant viral systems currently available to cancer vaccinologists and how they can work in synergy in heterologous prime boost protocols and with other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Harrop
- Oxford BioMedica (U.K.) Ltd., Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA U.K
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18
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Qureshi SA. Hepatitis C virus-biology, host evasion strategies, and promising new therapies on the horizon. Med Res Rev 2006; 27:353-73. [PMID: 16958135 DOI: 10.1002/med.20063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C reduces the quality of life for some 170 million people around the globe and is one of the most prevalent diseases on the planet. It is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that is replicated by an error-prone polymerase and therefore undergoes rapid evolution. To date, although much has been learned about the biology of HCV, only a partially effective combination therapy comprised of ribavirin and pegylated-interferon-alpha is available to hepatitis C sufferers. Given the prevalence of hepatitis C, together with the fact that almost half the chronically infected HCV patients are refractory to current therapy, there is an urgent need for an efficacious immunoprophylactic that protects individuals from HCV infection, as well as drugs that impede the viral life cycle effectively and eradicate infection. Herein, I provide an overview of the molecular biology of HCV, highlighting the functions of different virally encoded proteins in terms of how they alter signaling pathways of host cell to establish an infection and discuss whether a more promising therapy for treating hepatitis C is anywhere in sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohail A Qureshi
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi 74800, Pakistan.
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19
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Fattori E, Zampaglione I, Arcuri M, Meola A, Ercole BB, Cirillo A, Folgori A, Bett A, Cappelletti M, Sporeno E, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Colloca S. Efficient immunization of rhesus macaques with an HCV candidate vaccine by heterologous priming-boosting with novel adenoviral vectors based on different serotypes. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1088-96. [PMID: 16554842 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Efficient vaccination against viral agents requires a strong T-cell-mediated immune response to clear viral-infected cells. Optimal vaccination can be achieved by administration of recombinant viral vectors encoding phatogen antigens. Adenoviral vectors have attracted considerable attention as potential viral vectors for genetic vaccination owing to their favorable safety profile and potent transduction efficiency following intramuscular injection. However, the neutralizing antibody response against adenoviral capsid proteins following adenoviral vectors injection limits the success of vaccination protocols based on multiple administrations of the same adenoviral serotype. In this work, we describe efficient immunization of rhesus macaques, the preferred model for preclinical assessment, with an HCV candidate vaccine by heterologous priming-boosting with adenoviral vectors based on different serotypes. The induced responses are broad and show significant cross-strain reactivity. Boosting can be delayed for over 2 years after priming, indicating that there is long-term maintenance of resting memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fattori
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biololgy, Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare P Angeletti, Pomezia, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Abstract
The recent discovery of natural immunity to the hepatitis C virus and vaccine efficacy in the chimpanzee challenge model has allowed optimism about the development of at least a partly effective vaccine against this heterogeneous pathogen that is responsible for much of the chronic liver disease around the world. The immune systems of some infected individuals can spontaneously clear the virus, whereas other people need treatment with antivirals that work partly by stimulating humoral and cellular immune responses. Therefore, therapeutic vaccine strategies are also being pursued to improve treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Houghton
- Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, USA.
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