1
|
Verburg SG, Lelievre RM, Westerveld MJ, Inkol JM, Sun YL, Workenhe ST. Viral-mediated activation and inhibition of programmed cell death. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010718. [PMID: 35951530 PMCID: PMC9371342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are ubiquitous intracellular genetic parasites that heavily rely on the infected cell to complete their replication life cycle. This dependency on the host machinery forces viruses to modulate a variety of cellular processes including cell survival and cell death. Viruses are known to activate and block almost all types of programmed cell death (PCD) known so far. Modulating PCD in infected hosts has a variety of direct and indirect effects on viral pathogenesis and antiviral immunity. The mechanisms leading to apoptosis following virus infection is widely studied, but several modalities of PCD, including necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and paraptosis, are relatively understudied. In this review, we cover the mechanisms by which viruses activate and inhibit PCDs and suggest perspectives on how these affect viral pathogenesis and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shayla Grace Verburg
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | | | | | - Jordon Marcus Inkol
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Yi Lin Sun
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Samuel Tekeste Workenhe
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tummers B, Green DR. The evolution of regulated cell death pathways in animals and their evasion by pathogens. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:411-454. [PMID: 34898294 PMCID: PMC8676434 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that animals utilize to control infections are the regulated cell death pathways of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Over the course of evolution these pathways have become intricate and complex, coevolving with microbes that infect animal hosts. Microbes, in turn, have evolved strategies to interfere with the pathways of regulated cell death to avoid eradication by the host. Here, we present an overview of the mechanisms of regulated cell death in Animalia and the strategies devised by pathogens to interfere with these processes. We review the molecular pathways of regulated cell death, their roles in infection, and how they are perturbed by viruses and bacteria, providing insights into the coevolution of host-pathogen interactions and cell death pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaur R, Gupta M, Singh S, Joshi N, Sharma A. Enhancing RNAi Efficiency to Decipher the Functional Response of Potential Genes in Bemisia tabaci AsiaII-1 (Gennadius) Through dsRNA Feeding Assays. Front Physiol 2020; 11:123. [PMID: 32194431 PMCID: PMC7061899 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a global invasive pest that causes substantial losses to agricultural crops worldwide either by direct feeding or vectoring numerous plant viruses. Management with insecticides remains a big challenge due to its rapid resistance development potential as well as the impact of these chemicals on non-target organisms. Thus, in search of alternate and novel pest management strategies RNA interference (RNAi) has come up as potential future tool in this direction. The present study targets nine potential genes (Aquaporin (AQP), Calcitonin (CAL), CyclophilinB (CYCP), Knottin-1 (k-1), Heat shock proteins (Hsp20, Hsp40 and Hsp70), SWItch/Sucrose Non-fermentable (SNF7) and inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) of whitefly that have been implicated to play a role in various vital physiological functions and virus transmission. The RNAi mediated knockdown efficiency of these genes has been improved through the conjugation of respective target gene dsRNA with CQD (carbon quantum dots) nanoparticles or simultaneous knockdown of dsRNA specific gut nucleases. The studies revealed that feeding of dsRNA (40 μg/ml sucrose diet) of the target gene(s) either conjugated with CQD or along with dsRNA against dsRNase (dsdsRNase) (40 μg/ml sucrose diet) enhanced the RNAi efficiency by 24-89% compared to whiteflies fed with naked dsRNA of the same target gene. The studies provide insights about the functional role of various genes in whitefly, which can possibly be exploited for the management of this pest in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Mridula Gupta
- Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, India
| | - Satnam Singh
- Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, India
| | - Neelam Joshi
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gypsy moth genome provides insights into flight capability and virus-host interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:1669-1678. [PMID: 30642971 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818283116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its accidental introduction to Massachusetts in the late 1800s, the European gypsy moth (EGM; Lymantria dispar dispar) has become a major defoliator in North American forests. However, in part because females are flightless, the spread of the EGM across the United States and Canada has been relatively slow over the past 150 years. In contrast, females of the Asian gypsy moth (AGM; Lymantria dispar asiatica) subspecies have fully developed wings and can fly, thereby posing a serious economic threat if populations are established in North America. To explore the genetic determinants of these phenotypic differences, we sequenced and annotated a draft genome of L. dispar and used it to identify genetic variation between EGM and AGM populations. The 865-Mb gypsy moth genome is the largest Lepidoptera genome sequenced to date and encodes ∼13,300 proteins. Gene ontology analyses of EGM and AGM samples revealed divergence between these populations in genes enriched for several gene ontology categories related to muscle adaptation, chemosensory communication, detoxification of food plant foliage, and immunity. These genetic differences likely contribute to variations in flight ability, chemical sensing, and pathogen interactions among EGM and AGM populations. Finally, we use our new genomic and transcriptomic tools to provide insights into genome-wide gene-expression changes of the gypsy moth after viral infection. Characterizing the immunological response of gypsy moths to virus infection may aid in the improvement of virus-based bioinsecticides currently used to control larval populations.
Collapse
|
5
|
Inan C, Muratoglu H, Arif BM, Demirbag Z. Transcriptional analysis of the putative glycosyltransferase gene (amv248) of the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Virus Res 2017; 243:25-30. [PMID: 29020603 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV), the most studied member of the genus Betaentomopoxvirus, was initially isolated from Red Hairy caterpillar larvae, Amsacta moorei. According to genome sequence and previous studies it was shown that amv248 encodes a putative glycosyltransferase that is the only conserved attachment protein in betaentomopoxviruses. Transcriptional analysis of the amv248 gene by RT-PCR and qPCR showed that transcription starts at 6h post infection (hpi). Also, transcription was not affected by a DNA replication inhibitor but was severely curtailed by a protein synthesis inhibitor. These results indicate that amv248 belongs to the intermediate class of gene expression. 5' and 3' untranslated regions analysis revealed that transcription initiates at position -126 relative to the translational start site, and ends between 50 and 83 bases after the stop codon. To narrow down the size and location of the gene's promoter, the upstream region as well as several different sized deletions thereof were generated and cloned upstream of a luciferase reporter gene. The constructs were used to measure the Firefly and Renilla luciferase activities in dual assays. The results showed that luciferase activity decreased when bases -198 to -235 of amv248 upstream region were missing. Sequence analysis among the intermediate gene promoters of AMEV showed that TTTAT(T/A)TT(T/A)2TTA is possibly a common motif, however, further investigations are needed to confirm this conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Inan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hacer Muratoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Basil M Arif
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muratoglu H, Nalcacioglu R, Arif BM, Demirbag Z. Genome-wide analysis of differential mRNA expression of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus, mediated by the gene encoding a viral protein kinase (AMV197). Virus Res 2016; 215:25-36. [PMID: 26820433 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insect-born entomopoxviruses (Fam: Poxviridae) are potentially important bio-pesticide against insect pests and expression vectors as well as vectors for transient human gene therapies including recombinant viral vaccines. For these reasons, it is necessary to understand the regulatory genes functions to improve its biotechnological potential. Here, we focused on the characterization of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr; ORF AMV197) protein kinase gene from the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV), the type species of the genus Betaentomopoxvirus. Transcription of the parental and an amv197-null recombinant AMEV was compared by whole-genome gene expression microarray analysis. Blast2GO analysis reflected a broad diversity of upregulated and downregulated genes. Results showed that expression levels of 102 genes (45%) out of 226 tested genes changed significantly in the recombinant AMEV infected cells. Of these transcripts, 72 (70.58%) were upregulated and 30 (29.41%) were downregulated throughout the infection period. Genes involved in DNA repair, replication and nucleotide metabolism, transcription and RNA modification, and protein modification were mostly upregulated at different times in cells infected with the recombinant virus. Furthermore, transcription of all studied cellular genes including metabolism of apoptosis (Nedd2-like caspase, hemolin and elongation factor-1 alpha (ef1a) gene) was downregulated in the absence of amv197. Quantitative real time reverse transcription-PCR confirmed viral transcriptional changes obtained by microarray. The results of this study indicated that the product of amv197 appears to affect the transcriptional regulation of most viral and many cellular genes. Further investigations are, however, needed to narrow down the role of AMV197 throughout the infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hacer Muratoglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Remziye Nalcacioglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Basil M Arif
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Viral IAPs, then and now. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
8
|
Özşahin E, Sezen K, Demirbağ Z. Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus encodes a functional esterase (amv133) with protease activity. Intervirology 2015; 58:41-8. [PMID: 25591507 DOI: 10.1159/000369018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lipolytic genes have been investigated in several viral genomes, and some of them show enzyme activity which can be used for various functions including the production of DNA replication metabolites, rescue from endosomes, and membrane fusion. Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV) replicates in nearly the entire insect body, especially in the adipose tissue. One of the open reading frames (ORFs) in the AMEV genome, amv133, encodes a putative lipase enzyme. In this study, we therefore investigate the enzyme activity of amv133. METHODS amv133 was aligned with known lipase genes and their homologs in entomopoxviruses. Expressed proteins were partially purified and assayed for lipase, esterase and protease. RESULTS We found that amv133 contains all the domains required for a functional lipase enzyme and that it shows a significant similarity with homologs in other entomopoxviruses. Since there is a similarity of the catalytic triad between lipases and serine proteases, we also investigated the protease activity of amv133. Lipase, esterase and protease assays showed that amv133 encodes a functional esterase enzyme with protease activity. CONCLUSION The current data show that amv133 is a conserved gene in all entomopoxvirus genomes sequenced so far and might contribute greatly to degrading the lipids or proteins and hence improve the virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Özşahin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ozsahin E, Sezen K, Demirbag Z. Transcriptional analysis of ORF amv133 of Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2541-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
10
|
Takatsuka J, Nakai M. Replication of Mythimna separata entomopoxvirus in High Five™ cells and the construction of a recombinant. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 118:12-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
11
|
Perera S, Krell P, Demirbag Z, Nalçacioğlu R, Arif B. Induction of apoptosis by the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1876-1887. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.051888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CF-70-B2 cells derived from the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) undergo apoptosis when infected with Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus (AMEV), as characterized by membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL) staining, condensed chromatin and induction of caspase-3/7 activity. The apoptotic response was reduced when cells were infected with UV-inactivated AMEV, but not when infected in the presence of the DNA synthesis inhibitor, cytosine β-d-arabinofuranoside. Hence, only pre-DNA replication events were involved in inducing the antiviral response in CF-70-B2 cells. The virus eventually overcame the host’s antiviral response and replicated to high progeny virus titres accompanied by high levels of caspase-3/7 activity. The CF-70-B2 cells were less productive of progeny virus in comparison to LD-652, a Lymantria dispar cell line routinely used for propagation of AMEV. At late stages of infection, LD-652 cells also showed characteristics of apoptosis such as oligosomal DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining, condensed chromatin and increased caspase-3/7 activity. Induction of apoptosis in LD-652 cells was dependent on viral DNA replication and/or late gene expression. A significantly reduced rate of infection was observed in the presence of general caspase inhibitors Q-VD-OPH and Z-VAD-FMK, indicating caspases may be involved in productive virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srini Perera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Krell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zihni Demirbag
- Department of Biology, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Basil Arif
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ikeda M, Yamada H, Hamajima R, Kobayashi M. Baculovirus genes modulating intracellular innate antiviral immunity of lepidopteran insect cells. Virology 2013; 435:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
13
|
Induction of reaper ortholog mx in mosquito midgut cells following baculovirus infection. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:1337-45. [PMID: 21331076 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Many vertebrate and insect viruses possess antiapoptotic genes that are required for their infectivity. This led to the hypothesis that apoptosis is an innate immunoresponse important for limiting virus infections. The role of apoptosis may be especially important in insect antiviral defense because of the lack of adaptive immunity. However, the cellular mechanism that elicits apoptosis in response to viral infection in insects has not been determined. Using an in vivo infection system with the mosquito baculovirus CuniNPV (Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus), we demonstrated that michelob_x (mx), the mosquito ortholog of Drosophila proapoptotic gene reaper, is specifically induced in larval midgut cells following viral infection. Interestingly, the dynamics of mx induction corresponds with the outcome of the infection. In the permissive mosquito C. quinquefasciatus, a slow induction of mx failed to induce prompt apoptosis, and the infected cells eventually undergo necrosis with heavy loads of encapsulated viruses. In contrast, in the refractory mosquito Aedes aegypti, a rapid induction of mx within 30 min p.i. is followed by apoptosis within 2-6 h p.i., suggesting a possible role for apoptosis in limiting viral infection. When the execution of apoptosis was delayed by caspase inhibitors, viral gene expression became detectable in the A. aegypti larvae.
Collapse
|
14
|
Perera SC, Wong P, Krell PJ, Arif BM. Expression of heterologous genes in the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. J Virol Methods 2010; 165:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Fath-Goodin A, Kroemer JA, Webb BA. The Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus vankyrin protein P-vank-1 inhibits apoptosis in insect Sf9 cells. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 18:497-506. [PMID: 19453763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00892.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus (CsIV) vankyrin genes encode proteins containing truncated ankyrin repeat domains with sequence homology to the inhibitory domains of NF-kappaB transcription factor inhibitors, IkappaBs. The CsIV vankyrin proteins are thought to be involved in the suppression of NF-kappaB activity during immune response and/or developmental events in the parasitized host. Here we report that when P-vank-1 was expressed stably from Sf9 cells, prolonged survival of these cells was observed after baculovirus infection, UV irradiation, and treatment with the apoptosis-inducing chemical camptothecin compared to untransformed Sf9 cells. Furthermore, P-vank-1 inhibited nuclear and internucleosomal degradation and caspase activity after induction of apoptosis in Sf9 cells stably expressing P-vank-1. This is the first report of a polydnavirus protein with anti-apoptotic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Fath-Goodin
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Interplay between poxviruses and the cellular ubiquitin/ubiquitin-like pathways. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:607-14. [PMID: 19174161 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational polypeptide tagging by conjugation with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like (Ub/Ubl) molecules is a potent way to alter protein functions and/or sort specific protein targets to the proteasome for degradation. Many poxviruses interfere with the host Ub/Ubl system by encoding viral proteins that can usurp this pathway. Some of these include viral proteins of the membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) domain, p28/Really Interesting New Gene (RING) finger, ankyrin-repeat/F-box and Broad-complex, Tramtrack and Bric-a-Brac (BTB)/Kelch subgroups of the E3 Ub ligase superfamily. Here we describe and discuss the various strategies used by poxviruses to target and subvert the host cell Ub/Ubl systems.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
To prolong cell viability and facilitate replication, viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to inhibit the host apoptotic response. Cellular proteases such as caspases and serine proteases are instrumental in promoting apoptosis. Thus, these enzymes are logical targets for virus-mediated modulation to suppress cell death. Four major classes of viral inhibitors antagonize caspase function: serpins, p35 family members, inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, and viral FLICE-inhibitory proteins. Viruses also subvert activity of the serine proteases, granzyme B and HtrA2/Omi, to avoid cell death. The combined efforts of viruses to suppress apoptosis suggest that this response should be avoided at all costs. However, some viruses utilize caspases during replication to aid virus protein maturation, progeny release, or both. Hence, a multifaceted relationship exists between viruses and the apoptotic response they induce. Examination of these interactions contributes to our understanding of both virus pathogenesis and the regulation of apoptotic enzymes in normal cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja M Best
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Apoptosis is a common cellular response to virus infection. However, many viruses have evolved strategies, such as the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins, to combat this response. One such family of anti-apoptotic viral proteins is the p35 family of caspase inhibitors, which are expressed by certain insect viruses. Expression of p35 prevents the host cell from undergoing apoptosis, thereby allowing for propagation of the virus. p35 family members are potent inhibitors of caspases. Members of the family fall into one of three groups that inhibit different classes of caspases. Since the discovery of the first p35 gene in 1991, the anti-apoptotic function of this protein family has been studied extensively. This unique type of protease inhibitor has proven to be extremely useful in the study of apoptosis in experimental settings ranging from nematodes to mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Means
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology Program, Arthropod Genomics Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Rollie J Clem
- Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology Program, Arthropod Genomics Center, Division of Biology, Ackert Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
İnce İA, Westenberg M, Vlak JM, Demirbağ Z, Nalçacıoğlu R, van Oers MM. Open reading frame 193R of Chilo iridescent virus encodes a functional inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP). Virology 2008; 376:124-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Li Q, Li H, Blitvich BJ, Zhang J. The Aedes albopictus inhibitor of apoptosis 1 gene protects vertebrate cells from bluetongue virus-induced apoptosis. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 16:93-105. [PMID: 17257212 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2007.00705.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We sequenced and characterized the inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) 1 gene from Aedes albopictus, designated as Aaiap1. The Aaiap1 gene rescued Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells from apoptosis when cotransfected with the Drosophila pro-apoptotic hid gene. The antiapoptotic function of the Aaiap1 gene was evaluated in the bluetongue virus (BTV)-induced apoptosis system. BTV infection induced apoptosis in vertebrate cells via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This was shown by the translocation of cytochrome C and the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac, also known as DIABLO) from the mitochondria and the subsequent activation of caspase-9 and -3. Stable expression of the Aaiap1 gene in derivative baby hamster kidney cells delayed BTV-induced apoptosis by 24 h and reduced the BTV progeny yield by 10-fold. This study provides the first evidence that the mosquito AaIAP1 protein possesses antiapoptotic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Division of Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Means JC, Penabaz T, Clem RJ. Identification and functional characterization of AMVp33, a novel homolog of the baculovirus caspase inhibitor p35 found in Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus. Virology 2006; 358:436-47. [PMID: 17010407 PMCID: PMC2582192 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Members of the baculovirus p35 gene family encode proteins that specifically inhibit caspases, cysteine proteases that are involved in apoptosis. To date, p35 homologs have only been found in baculoviruses. We have identified AMVp33, a gene from Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus with low but significant homology to baculovirus p35 genes. Expression of AMVp33 blocked apoptosis in several different insect and human cell lines. Purified recombinant P33 protein was an efficient inhibitor of insect and human effector caspases, but not initiator caspases. P33 was cleaved by effector caspases, and the resulting cleavage fragments stably associated with the caspases. Mutation of the predicted caspase cleavage site in P33 eliminated cleavage, caspase inhibition and anti-apoptotic function. Thus, AMVp33 encodes a caspase inhibitor similar to baculovirus P35 with a preference for effector caspases. This is the first report of a p35 homolog from any viral or cellular genome outside of the baculovirus family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Means
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 232 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Taylor JM, Barry M. Near death experiences: poxvirus regulation of apoptotic death. Virology 2006; 344:139-50. [PMID: 16364745 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 09/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a critical role in the elimination of virus-infected cells. As a result, a growing number of viruses encode numerous potent anti-apoptotic proteins to counteract apoptosis in an effort to prolong their own survival. This review describes the numerous mechanisms by which poxviruses inhibit apoptosis thereby modulating life and death of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Taylor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li Q, Liston P, Schokman N, Ho JM, Moyer RW. Amsacta moorei Entomopoxvirus inhibitor of apoptosis suppresses cell death by binding Grim and Hid. J Virol 2005; 79:3684-91. [PMID: 15731262 PMCID: PMC1075740 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.6.3684-3691.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis (iap) genes have been identified in the genomes of two independent families of insect viruses, the Baculoviridae and the Entomopoxvirinae. In this report, we examined the functional attributes of the Amsacta moorei entomopoxvirus-encoded IAP protein (AMV-IAP). The binding specificity of the individual baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains of AMV-IAP was investigated by using a random-peptide, phage display library, and sequences similar to the amino termini of proapoptotic Drosophila proteins in the Reaper/Hid/Grim family were identified. Furthermore, the BIR domains of AMV-IAP protein were demonstrated to bind the mammalian IAP inhibitor Smac through the AVPI tetrapeptide sequence, suggesting that the peptide binding pocket and groove found in the insect and mammalian IAPs is conserved in this viral protein. Interaction analysis implicated BIR1 as the high-affinity site for Grim, while BIR2 interacted more strongly with Hid. Both Grim and Hid were demonstrated to interact with AMV-IAP in vivo, and Grim- or Hid-induced cell death was suppressed when AMV-IAP was coexpressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianjun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Box 100266, Gainesville, FL 32610-0266, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|